一种高郁闭度林分树高的估测方法
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摘要
针对单一无人机影像无法有效地提取高郁闭度林分树高的问题,该文提出一种结合无人机影像数据和全站仪测量的地形数据获取高郁闭度林分树高的方法。①利用搭载数码相机的小型无人机平台,以50m航高获取实验区局部高精度林分影像,利用全站仪获取实验区的地形数据;②利用无人机影像处理软件对影像进行处理,通过初步的几何校正以及空三加密过程得到整个实验区的高分辨率DEM和DOM模型;③采用局部最大值算法探测单株林木的树冠中心点坐标,利用自然生长算法和高程差值公式得到树冠中心对应的树根高程;④以树冠中心点高程以及树根高程的差值作为单木树高的估计值。通过实验得出:结合无人机影像与全站仪数据能够准确快速地获取高郁闭度林分树高,本文提出的方法可以为森林可持续经营提供数据基础。
Aiming at the problem that a single UAV image can not effectively extract the tree height for stands with high canopy closure,a method of obtaining the tree height based on the UAV image data and the terrain data from total station measurement was proposed.Firstly,a small UAV platform equipped digital camera was used to acquire the high-precision images of the stands in the experimental area with a flight altitude of 50 m,and the topographic data of the experimental area was obtained by using the Total Station.Then,the UAV images of the local stands were processed by the UAV image processing software Agisoft Photoscan to obtain the high-resolution DEM and DOM through initial geometric correction and aerial triangulation.And then the local maximum algorithm was used to detect the coordinates of the center of the canopy,the height of the tree bottom corresponding to the center of the canopy can be obtained by using the natural growth algorithm and the height difference formula.Finally,the estimated single tree height was obtained by taking the height difference between the center of the canopy and the tree bottom.The combination of UAV images and total station data can accurately and quickly obtain the tree height for stands with high canopy closure.The proposed method can provide basic data for the sustainable forest management.
Aiming at the problem that a single UAV image can not effectively extract the tree height for stands with high canopy closure,a method of obtaining the tree height based on the UAV image data and the terrain data from total station measurement was proposed.Firstly,a small UAV platform equipped digital camera was used to acquire the high-precision images of the stands in the experimental area with a flight altitude of 50 m,and the topographic data of the experimental area was obtained by using the Total Station.Then,the UAV images of the local stands were processed by the UAV image processing software Agisoft Photoscan to obtain the high-resolution DEM and DOM through initial geometric correction and aerial triangulation.And then the local maximum algorithm was used to detect the coordinates of the center of the canopy,the height of the tree bottom corresponding to the center of the canopy can be obtained by using the natural growth algorithm and the height difference formula.Finally,the estimated single tree height was obtained by taking the height difference between the center of the canopy and the tree bottom.The combination of UAV images and total station data can accurately and quickly obtain the tree height for stands with high canopy closure.The proposed method can provide basic data for the sustainable forest management.
引文
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[18]WALSWORTH N A,KING D J.Image modeling of forest changes associated with acid mine drainage[J].Computers&Geosciences,1999,25(5):567-580.
[19]林观土,王长委,韩锡君,等.全站仪在森林生态系统大样地定位中的应用[J].测绘科学,2011,36(4):242-243,207.(LIN Guantu,WANG Changwei,HANXijun,et al.Application of total station in the location of forest ecosystem.[J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,2011,36(4):242-243,207.)
[20]柯正谊,何建邦,池天河.数字地面模型[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1993.(KE Zhengyi,HE Jianbang,CHI Tianhe.Digital terrain model[M].Beijing:China Science and Technology Press,1993.)
[21]STEMRNS M B.Probability distribution of a network of triangles[J].Siam Review,1967,9(3):591-591.
[22]周淑芳.基于机载LiDAR与航空像片的单木树高提取研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2007.(ZHOUShufang.Extraction of single tree height based on airborne LiDAR and aerial photograph[D].Harbin:Northeast Forestry University,2007.)
[2]曹忠.低空无人机森林资源调查与监测应用现状与展望[J].林业建设,2016(6):1-5.(CAO Zhong.Current situation and prospect of forest resources investigation and monitoring in low altitude unmanned aerial vehicle[J].Forestry Construction,2016(6):1-5.)
[3]PARIS C,BRUZZONE L.A three-dimensional modelbased approach to the estimation of the tree top height by fusing low-density LiDAR data and very high resolution optical images[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2015,53(1):467-480.
[4]杨凡,杨贵军,李振海,等.低矮植被的无人机激光雷达测高精度分析[J].测绘科学,2017,42(9):151-157.(YANG Fan,YANG Guijun,LI Zhenhai,et al.Low vegetation UAV laser radar altimetry accuracy analysis[J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,2017,42(9):151-157.)
[5]PANAGIOTIDIS D,ABDOLLAHNEJAD A,SUVROVY′P,et al.Determining tree height and crown diameter from high-resolution UAV imagery[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,2017,38(8/10):2392-2410.
[6]LISEIN J,PIERROT-DESEILLIGNY M,BONNET S,et al.A photogrammetric workflow for the creation of a forest canopy height model from small unmanned aerial system imagery[J].Forests,2013,4(4):922-944.
[7]GATZIOLIS D,LIENARD J,VOGS A,et al.3Dtree dimensionality assessment using photogrammetry and small unmanned aerial vehicles[J].Plos One,2015,10(9):1-21.
[8]PULITI S,ORKA H O,GOBAKKEN T,et al.Inventory of small forest areas using an unmanned aerial system[J].Remote Sensing,2015,7(8):9632-9654.
[9]ZARCO P J,DIAZ V R,ANGILERI V,et al.Tree height quantification using very high resolution imagery acquired from an unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)and automatic 3Dphoto-reconstruction methods[J].European Journal of Agronomy,2014,55:89-99.
[10]KARPINA M,JARZABEK-RYCHARD M,TYMKWP,et al.UAV-based automatic tree growth measurement for biomass estimation[J].ISPRS-International Archives of the Photogrammetry,Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences,2016,XLI-B8:685-688.
[11]李宇昊.无人遥感飞机在林业调查中的应用研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2008:83-85.(LI Yuhao.Application of unmanned remote sensing aircraft in forestry investigation[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2008:83-85.)
[12]李明泽,范文义,张元元.基于全数字摄影测量的林分立木高度量测[J].北京林业大学学报,2009,31(2):74-79.(LI Mingze,FAN Wenyi,ZHANG Yuanyuan.Measurement of stand height based on full digital photogrammetry[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2009,31(2):74-79.)
[13]王佳,冯仲科.航空数字摄影测量对林分立木测高及精度分析[J].测绘科学,2011,36(6):77-79.(WANGJia,FENG Zhongke.Aerial digital photogrammetry on the stand height and precision analysis of[J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,2011,36(6):77-79.)
[14]韦雪花.轻小型航空遥感森林几何参数提取研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2013.(WEI Xuehua.Extraction of forest geometric parameters from light and small aerial remote sensing[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2013.)
[15]陈喜全.关于哈尔滨实验林场土壤发生分类的探讨[J].东北林学院学报,1983,11(3):12-19.(CHENXiquan.Discussion on soil genesis classification in Harbin experimental forest farm[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry College,1983,11(3):12-19.)
[16]ROBERTS S D,DEAN T J,EVANS D L.Estimating individual tree leaf area in loblolly pine plantations using LiDAR-derived measurement of height and crown dimensions[J],Forest Ecology and Management,2005,213:54-70.
[17]POULIOT D A,KING D J,BELL F W,et al.Automated tree crown detect ion and delineation in high-resolution digital camera imagery of coniferous forest regeneration[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2002,82:322-334.
[18]WALSWORTH N A,KING D J.Image modeling of forest changes associated with acid mine drainage[J].Computers&Geosciences,1999,25(5):567-580.
[19]林观土,王长委,韩锡君,等.全站仪在森林生态系统大样地定位中的应用[J].测绘科学,2011,36(4):242-243,207.(LIN Guantu,WANG Changwei,HANXijun,et al.Application of total station in the location of forest ecosystem.[J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,2011,36(4):242-243,207.)
[20]柯正谊,何建邦,池天河.数字地面模型[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,1993.(KE Zhengyi,HE Jianbang,CHI Tianhe.Digital terrain model[M].Beijing:China Science and Technology Press,1993.)
[21]STEMRNS M B.Probability distribution of a network of triangles[J].Siam Review,1967,9(3):591-591.
[22]周淑芳.基于机载LiDAR与航空像片的单木树高提取研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2007.(ZHOUShufang.Extraction of single tree height based on airborne LiDAR and aerial photograph[D].Harbin:Northeast Forestry University,2007.)