南海南部北康盆地生物礁的类型及油气勘探前景
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摘要
南海南部北康盆地发育大量的生物礁,蕴藏丰富的油气资源。文章基于北康盆地高精度地震数据及钻井数据的研究表明,北康盆地的生物礁成像较好、类型齐全,有点礁、台地边缘礁、块状礁、层状礁、塔礁、环礁共6类型。其发育演化可以分为4个阶段,分别为早中新世的初始发育阶段、中中新世早期的繁盛阶段、中中新世晚期的衰退阶段和晚中新世的淹没阶段。古近纪及早中新世的断裂活动产生了大量的构造高点,为生物礁的初始发育创造了条件,而中中新世以来基底快速沉降导致的相对海平面的快速上升决定了生物礁主要发育于中中新世时期,而晚中新世以来相对海平面持续上升,致使生物礁退积到隆起顶部,从而进入淹没阶段。北康盆地的生物礁数量多、规模大,而且很少受后期成岩作用的二次改造,具备优质储层形成的前提。同时,区域烃源岩、疏导体系、盖层及生物礁的分布等油气地质条件,决定了中部隆起西部和东部隆起东部是北康盆地今后生物礁油气勘探的重点区域。
During the Miocene, there were a number of reefs developed in the Beikang Basin, which constitute potential for hydrocarbon exploration. The high-resolution seismic data and numerous well drilling data have provided an opportunity to understand the evolution of reefs in the study area. Six types of reefs were identified, i.e., point reef, platform-edge reef, block reef,bedded reef, pinnacle reef, and atoll reef, and their development could be divided into four stages. In early Miocene, a few pointreefs small in size initiated in this basin and they flourished in the early middle Miocene and mainly developed around the Central Uplift and Eastern Uplift. However, the reefs began to wither in the late middle Miocene in response to a rapid relative sea level rise which was caused by the loading subsidence. Since late Miocene, with the continuous rising of the relative sea level, many reefs formerly developed around the Central Uplift and Eastern Uplift have been submerged and only some atoll reefs have survived around the islands on the Eastern Uplift. Additionally, the numerous reefs which are little influenced by later diagenesis are favorable reservoirs for hydrocarbon exploration. The match relation of regional hydrocarbon rock, dredged system and the distribution of reefs indicates that the west of Central Uplift and the east of Eastern Uplift seem to be the favorable exploration zones for the hydrocarbon exploration of reefs in the Beikang Basin.
During the Miocene, there were a number of reefs developed in the Beikang Basin, which constitute potential for hydrocarbon exploration. The high-resolution seismic data and numerous well drilling data have provided an opportunity to understand the evolution of reefs in the study area. Six types of reefs were identified, i.e., point reef, platform-edge reef, block reef,bedded reef, pinnacle reef, and atoll reef, and their development could be divided into four stages. In early Miocene, a few pointreefs small in size initiated in this basin and they flourished in the early middle Miocene and mainly developed around the Central Uplift and Eastern Uplift. However, the reefs began to wither in the late middle Miocene in response to a rapid relative sea level rise which was caused by the loading subsidence. Since late Miocene, with the continuous rising of the relative sea level, many reefs formerly developed around the Central Uplift and Eastern Uplift have been submerged and only some atoll reefs have survived around the islands on the Eastern Uplift. Additionally, the numerous reefs which are little influenced by later diagenesis are favorable reservoirs for hydrocarbon exploration. The match relation of regional hydrocarbon rock, dredged system and the distribution of reefs indicates that the west of Central Uplift and the east of Eastern Uplift seem to be the favorable exploration zones for the hydrocarbon exploration of reefs in the Beikang Basin.
引文
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Ding Weiwei,Li Jiabiao,Dong Congzhi,Fang Yanxia.2015.Oligocene-Miocene carbonates in the Reed Bank area,South China Sea,and their tectono-sedimentary evolution[J].Marine Geophys Research,36:149-165.
Fournier F,Borgomano J,Montaggioni L.2005.Development patterns and controlling factors of Tertiary carbonate buildups:Insights from high-resolution 3D seismic and well data in the Malampaya gas field(Offshore Palawan,Philippines)[J].Sedimentary Geology,175:189-215.
Fournie F,Montaggioni L,Borgomano J.2004.Paleoenvironments and high-frequency cyclicity from Cenozoic South-East Asian shallow-water carbonates:A case study from the Oligo-Miocene buildups of Malampaya(Offshore Palawan,Philippines)[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,21:1-21.
Hall R.2002.Cenozoic geological and plate tectonic evolution of SEAsia and the SW Pacific:Computer-based reconstructions,model and animations[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,20:353-431.
Hutchison C S.2004.Marginal basin evolution:the southern South China Sea[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,21:1129-1148.
Ismail C M Z,Tucker M E.1999.An alternative stratigraphic scheme for the Sarawak Basin[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,17:215-232.
Jin Qinghuan,Wu Jinming,Xie Yuanqiu.2001.The Analysis and Oil Resource of Sedimentary Basins in West of Nansha Sea Area[M].China University of Geosciences Press,235-238(in Chinese).
Li Chunfeng,Li Jiabiao,Ding Weiwei,Franke D,Yao Yongjian,Shi Hesheng,Pang Xiong,Cao Ying,Lin Jian,Kulhanek D,Williams T,Bao Rui,Briais A,Brown A,Chen Yifeng,Clift P D,Frederick S,Colwell F S,Dadd K A,Almeida I H,Huang Xiaolong,Hyun Sangmin,Jiang Tao,Anthony P,Koppers P,Li Qianyu,Liu Chuanlian,Liu Qingsong,Liu Zhifei,Nagai R H,Alampay A P,Su Xin,Sun Zhen,Tejada G,Hai Son Trinh,Yeh C Y,Zhang Chuanlun,Zhang Fan,Zhang Guoliang,Zhao Xixi.2015.Seismic stratigraphy of the central South China Sea basin and implications for neotectonics[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Solid Earth,120:1377-1399.
Liu Zhenhu,Guo Lihua.2003.Subsidence and tectonic evolution of the Beikang Basin,the South China Sea[J].Marine Geology and Quaternary Geology,23(2):51-57(in Chinese with English abstract).
LüCaili,Wu Shiguo,Yao Yongjian,Fulthorpe C.2013.Development and controlling factors of Miocene carbonate platform in the Nam Con Son Basin,southwestern South China Sea[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,45:55-68.
Ma Yubo,Wu Shiguo,LüFuliang,Dong Dongdong,Sun Qiliang,Lu Yintao,Gu Mingfeng.2011.Seismic characteristics and development of Xisha carbonate platforms,northern South China Sea margin[J].Journal of Asian Earth Science,40:770-783.
Madon M,Abdul H.2007.Penecontemporaneous deformation in the Nyalau Formation(Oligo-Miocene),Central Sarawak[J].Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia,53:67-73.
Madon M,Ly K C,Wong R.2013.The structure and stratigraphy of deepwater Sarawak,Malaysia:Implications for tectonic evolution[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,76:312-333.
Madon M,Redzuan A H.1999.West Luconia Province[C]//The Petroleum Geology and Resources of Malaysia.PETRONAS,Kuala Lumpur,427-439.
Mi Lijun,Zeng Qingbo,Yang Haichang.2013.Types of organic reef and exploration direction in Zhujiang Formation of Dasha Uplift[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,34(2):24-31(in Chinese with English abstract).
Qiu Yan,Wang Yinming.2001.Reefs and paleostructure and paleoenviroment and the South China Sea[J].Marine Geology and Quaternary Geology,21(1):65-73(in Chinese with English abstract).
Riding R.2000.Structure and composition of organic reefs and carbonate mud mounds:concepts and categories[J].Earth Science Reviews,58:163-231.
Tyrrell W,Christian E.1992.Exploration history of Liuhua 11-1 field,Pearl river Mouth Basin,China[J].AAPG Bulletin,76:1209-1223.
Wang Hongbin,Yao Bochu,Liang Jiangqiang,Liu Zhenhu,Wang Liaoliang.2001.Tectonic characteristics and division of the Beikang Basin[J].Marine Geology and Quaternary Geology,21(2):49-54(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Liaoliang,Wu Nengyou,Zhou Zuyi,Chen Qiang.2002.History of the Cenozoic sedimentary evolution of the Beikang Basin,southwest South China Sea[J].Geology in China,29(1):96-102(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Wenzhi,Yang Yuemin,Wen Long,Luo Bing,Luo Wenjun,Xia Maolong,Sun Sainan.2016.A study of sedimentary characteristics of microbial carbonate:A case study of the Sinian Dengying Formation in Gaomo area,Sichuan Basin[J].Geology in China,43(1):306-318(in Chinese with English abstract).
Wilson M E J.2008.Global and regional influences on equatorial shallow-marine carbonates during the Cenozoic[J].Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,265:262-274.
Wu Shiguo,Yang Zhen,Wang Dawei,LüFuliang,Lüdmann T,Fulthorpe C,Wang Bin.2014.Architecture,development and geological control of the Xisha carbonate platforms,northwestern South China Sea[J].Marine Geology,350:71-83.
Yang Chupeng,Yao Yongjian,Li Xuejie,Chang Xiaohong.2014.Sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary cycle of Miocene carbonate buildups in Zengmu Basin,the Southern South China Sea[J].Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences,39(1):91-98(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yang Zhen,Wu Shiguo,Lv Fuliang,Wang Dawei,Wang Bin,Lu Yintao.2014.The evolution model of Later Cenozoic carbonate platform in Xisha Sea area and its geological control[J].Marine Geology and Quaternary Geology,34(5):47-54(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yang Zhen,Zhang Guangxue,Zhang Li,Xia Bin.2016a.Development and controlling factors of Neogene reefs in Xisha sea area[J].Petroleum Geology and Experiment,38(6):787-795(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yang Zhen,Zhang Guangxue,Zhang Li.2016b.The Evolution and Main Controlling Factors of Reef and Carbonate Platform in Wan'an Basin[J].Earth Science--Journal of China University of Geosciences,41(8):1349-1360(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yang Zhen,Zhang Guangxue,Zhang Li,Xia Bin.2016c.Paleogeomorphology of Early Middle Miocene in the Xisha sea area and its control factors[J].Marine Geology and Quaternary geology,36(3):47-57(in Chinese with English abstract).
Yang Zhen,Zhang Guangxue,Zhang Li,Wu Shiguo,Zhu Youhua,Qiang Kunsheng,Yan Wei.2017.The spatial and temporal distributions of Miocene carbonate platform in Xisha Sea area and its reservoir model[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,91(6):1360-1373(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zampetti V,Schlager W,Konijnenburg V,Everts A J.2004.Architecture and growth history of a Miocene carbonate plateform from 3Dseismic reflection data:Luconia Province,offshore sarawak,Malaysia[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,21:517-534.
Zhang Guangxue,Bai Zhiling.1998.The characteristics of structural styles and their influences on oil and gas accumulation of the Wan'an Basin in the southwestern South China Sea[J].Experimental Petroleum Geology&Experiment,20(3):210-216(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Li,Wang Liaoliang,Yi Hai.2003.The Formation and evolution of Beikang Basin[J].China Offshore Oil and Gas(Geology),17(4):245-248(in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhou Gang,Zhen Rongcai,Chen Haoru,Shi Jiannan,Wen Guohua.2013.The types of evolution of platform-edge reefs in the Permian Changxing Formation,eastern Sichuan Basin[J].Geology in China,40(1):1140-1149(in Chinese with English abstract).
金庆焕,吴进民,谢元秋.2001.南沙西部海域沉积盆地分析与油气资源[M].武汉:中国地质大学出版社,235-238.
刘振湖,郭丽华.2003.北康盆地沉降作用与构造运动[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,23(2):51-57.
米立军,曾清波,杨海长.2013.东沙隆起珠江组生物礁类型以及勘探方向[J].石油学报,34(2):24-31.
邱燕,王英民.2001.南海第三纪生物礁分布与古构造和古环境[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,21(1):65-73.
王宏斌,姚伯初,梁金强,刘振湖,王嘹亮.2001.北康盆地构造特征及其构造区划[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,21(2):49-54.
王嘹亮,吴能友,周祖翼,陈强.2002.南海西南部北康盆地新生代沉积演化史[J].中国地质,29(1):96-102.
王文之,杨跃明,文龙,罗冰,罗文军,夏茂龙,孙赛男.2016.微生物碳酸盐岩沉积特征研究--以四川盆地高磨地区灯影组为例[J].中国地质,43(1):306-318.
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