环境烟草烟雾暴露对儿童支气管哮喘的影响
|
摘要
近几十年,全球范围内儿童支气管哮喘的发病率呈增长趋势。环境烟草烟雾(ETS)暴露是儿童呼吸道疾病,特别是支气管哮喘发生的危险因素。围生期ETS暴露可以损伤肺功能、改变免疫状态,增加儿童支气管哮喘发生。本文综述ETS暴露对儿童哮喘的影响及机制,胎儿期及儿童期ETS暴露对支气管儿童呼吸道健康的影响,并介绍ETS暴露的标志物研究进展。
In the past few decades, the prevalence of bronchial asthma in children has increased abruptly worldwide. Environmental tobacco smoke(ETS) exposure is a risk factor for respiratory diseases in children, especially bronchial asthma. ETS exposure during prenatal and postnatal life can impair lung development, alter the immune system, and increase the prevalence of bronchial asthma in children. This review describes the effects and mechanisms of ETS on bronchial asthma, and the effects of ETS exposure on the lung health in children and fetal period, and the biomarkers of ETS exposure.
In the past few decades, the prevalence of bronchial asthma in children has increased abruptly worldwide. Environmental tobacco smoke(ETS) exposure is a risk factor for respiratory diseases in children, especially bronchial asthma. ETS exposure during prenatal and postnatal life can impair lung development, alter the immune system, and increase the prevalence of bronchial asthma in children. This review describes the effects and mechanisms of ETS on bronchial asthma, and the effects of ETS exposure on the lung health in children and fetal period, and the biomarkers of ETS exposure.
引文
[1]全国儿科哮喘协作组.第三次中国城市儿童哮喘流行病学调查[J].中华儿科杂志,2013,51(10):729-736.
[2]Cheraghi M,Salvi S.Environmental tobacco smoke(ETS)and respiratory health in children[J].Eur J Pediatr,2009,168(8):897-905.
[3]Hatoun J,Davisplourde K,Penti B,et al.Tobacco control laws and pediatric asthma[J].Pediatrics,2018,141(Suppl 1):S130-S130.
[4]Oberg M,Jaakkola MS,Woodward A,et al.Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke:a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries[J].Lancet,2011,377(9760):139-146.
[5]卫生部履行《烟草控制框架公约》领导小组办公室.2007年中国控制吸烟报告--创建无烟环境,享受健康生活[J].中国健康教育,2008,24(12):934-939.
[6]Norman RE,Carpenter DO,Scott J,et al.Environmental exposures:an underrecognized contribution to noncommunicable diseases[J].Rev Environ Health,2013,28(1):59-65.
[7]Scholtens S,Postma DS,Moffatt MF,et al.Novel childhood asthma genes interact with in utero and early-life tobacco smoke exposure[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol,2014,133(3):885-888.
[8]Moffatt MF,Kabesch M,Liang L,et al.Genetic variants regulating ORMDL3 expression contribute to the risk of childhood asthma[J].Nature,2007,448(7152):470-473.
[9]Rava M,Smit LA,Nadif R.Gene-environment interactions in the study of asthma in the postgenomewide association studies era[J].Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol,2015,15(1):70-78.
[10]Lambrecht BN,Hammad H.Allergens and the airway epithelium response:gateway to allergic sensitization[J].JAllergy Clin Immunol,2014,134(3):499-507.
[11]Yang IV,Lozupone CA,Schwartz DA.The environment,epigenome,and asthma[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol,2017,140(1):14-14.
[12]Christensen S,Jaffar Z,Cole E,et al.Prenatal environmental tobacco smoke exposure increases allergic asthma risk with methylation changes in mice[J].Environ Mol Mutagen,2017,58(6):423-433.
[13]Díezizquierdo A,Balaguer A,Lidónmoyano C,et al.Correlation between tobacco control policies and preterm births and low birth weight in Europe[J].Environ Res,2018,160(1):547-553.
[14]Robison RG,Kumar R,Arguelles LM,et al.Maternal smoking during pregnancy,prematurity and recurrent wheezing in early childhood[J].Pediatr Pulmonol,2012,47(7):666-673.
[15]Yang SI,Kim BJ,Lee SY,et al.Prenatal particulate matter/tobacco smoke increases infants'respiratory infections:COCOA study[J].Allergy Asthma Immunol Res,2015,7(6):573-582.
[16]Rosa MJ,Jung KH,Perzanowski MS,et al.Prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,environmental tobacco smoke and asthma[J].Respir Med,2011,105(6):869-876.
[17]Klingbeil EC,Hew KM,Nygaard UC,et al.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,tobacco smoke,and epigenetic remodeling in asthma[J].Immunol Res,2014,58(2-3):369-373.
[18]Sonnenschein-van der Voort AM,de Kluizenaar Y,Jaddoe VW,et al.Air pollution,fetal and infant tobacco smoke exposure,and wheezing in preschool children:a population-based prospective birth cohort[J].Environ Health,2012,11:91.doi:10.1186/1476-069X-11-91.
[19]Tong VT,Dietz PM,Morrow B,et al.Trends in smoking before,during,and after pregnancy-pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system,United states,40 sites,2000-2010[J].MMWR Surveill Summ,2013,62(6):1-19.
[20]den Dekker HT,Voort A,de Jongste JC,et al.Tobacco smoke exposure,airway resistance,and asthma in school-age children:the generation R study[J].Chest,2015,148(3):607-617.
[21]Cohen RT,Raby BA,Van Steen K,et al.In utero smoke exposure and impaired response to inhaled corticosteroids in children with asthma[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol,2010,126(3):491-497.
[22]Cook DG,Strachan DP,Carey IM.Parental smoking and spirometric indices in children[J].Thorax,1998,53(10):884-893.
[23]Brown SW,Liu B,Taioli E.The relationship between tobacco smoke exposure and airflow obstruction in US children:analysis of the national health and nutrition examination survey(2007-2012)[J].Chest,2018,153(3):630-637.
[24]Kerkhof M,Boezen HM,Granell R,et al.Transient early wheeze and lung function in early childhood associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease genes[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol,2014,133(1):68-76.e64.
[25]Vardavas CI,Hohmann C,Patelarou E,et al.The independent role of prenatal and postnatal exposure to active and passive smoking on the development of early wheeze in children[J].Eur Respir J,2016,48(1):115-124.
[26]Simons E,To T,Moineddin R,et al.Maternal second-hand smoke exposure in pregnancy is associated with childhood asthma development[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract,2014,2(2):201-207.
[27]Braback L,Lodge CJ,Lowe AJ,et al.Childhood asthma and smoking exposures before conception-a three-generational cohort study[J].Pediatr Allergy Immunol,2018,29(4):361-368.
[28]Miller LL,Henderson J,Northstone K,et al.Do grandmaternal smoking patterns influence the etiology of childhood asthma?[J].Chest,2014,145(6):1213-1218.
[29]Spindel ER,Mc Evoy CT.The role of nicotine in the effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy on lung development and childhood respiratory disease.Implications for dangers of E-cigarettes[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2016,193(5):486-494.
[30]Gibbs K,Collaco JM,Mc Grath-Morrow SA.Impact of tobacco smoke and nicotine exposure on lung development[J].Chest,2016,149(2):552-561.
[31]Feleszko W,Ruszczynski M,Jaworska J,et al.Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and risk of allergic sensitisation in children:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Arch Dis Child,2014,99(11):985-992.
[32]Lee JW,Jaffar Z,Pinkerton KE,et al.Alterations in DNAmethylation and airway hyperreactivity in response to in utero exposure to environmental tobacco smoke[J].Inhal Toxicol,2015,27(13):724-730.
[33]Chhabra D,Sharma S,Kho AT,et al.Fetal lung and placental methylation is associated with in utero nicotine exposure[J].Epigenetics,2014,9(11):1473-1484.
[34]Hu LW,Yang M,Chen S,et al.Effects of in utero and postnatal exposure to secondhand smoke on lung function by gender and asthma status:the seven northeastern cities(SNEC)study[J].Respiration,2017,93(3):189-197.
[35]Dong GH,Wang D,Yang ZH,et al.Gender-specific differences in effects of prenatal and postnatal environmental tobacco smoke exposure on respiratory symptoms in 23,474children with and without allergic predisposition:results from25 districts of northeast China[J].Int J Environ Health Res,2011,21(3):173-188.
[36]Franco RL,Bowen MK,Arena R,et al.Sex differences in pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics in obese adolescents[J].JPediatr,2014,165(6):1161-1165.
[37]Farber HJ,Groner J,Walley S,et al.Protecting children from tobacco,nicotine,and tobacco smoke[J].Pediatrics,2015,136(5):e1439-e1467.
[38]Burke H,Leonardi-Bee J,Hashim A,et al.Prenatal and passive smoke exposure and incidence of asthma and wheeze:systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Pediatrics,2012,129(4):735-744.
[39]Liu AH,Babineau DC,Krouse RZ,et al.Pathways through which asthma risk factors contribute to asthma severity in inner-city children[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol,2016,138(4):1042-1050.
[40]Leung TF,Chan IH,Liu TC,et al.Relationship between passive smoking exposure and urinary heavy metals and lung functions in preschool children[J].Pediatr Pulmonol,2013,48(11):1089-1097.
[41]Brunst KJ,Ryan PH,Lockey JE,et al.Unraveling the relationship between aeroallergen sensitization,gender,secondhand smoke exposure,and impaired lung function[J].Pediatr Allergy Immunol,2012,23(5):479-487.
[42]Valsamis C,Krishnan S,Dozor AJ.The effects of low-level environmental tobacco smoke exposure on pulmonary function tests in preschool children with asthma[J].J Asthma,2014,51(7):685-690.
[43]Kalliola S,Pelkonen AS,Malmberg LP,et al.Maternal smoking affects lung function and airway inflammation in young children with multiple-trigger wheeze[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol,2013,131(3):730-735.
[44]Yao TC,Chang SW,Hua MC,et al.Tobacco smoke exposure and multiplexed immunoglobulin E sensitization in children:a population-based study[J].Allergy,2016,71(1):90-98.
[45]Havstad SL,Johnson CC,Zoratti EM,et al.Tobacco smoke exposure and allergic sensitization in children:a propensity score analysis[J].Respirology,2012,17(7):1068-1072.
[46]Pattemore PK,Silvers KM,Frampton CM,et al.Hair nicotine at 15 months old,tobacco exposure and wheeze or asthma from15 months to 6 years old[J].Pediatr Pulmonol,2018,53(4):443-451.
[47]Benowitz NL,Hukkanen J,Jacob P,3rd.Nicotine chemistry,metabolism,kinetics and biomarkers[J].Handb Exp Pharmacol,2009,192(1):29-60.
[48]Ladror D,Pitt B,Funk W.Quantification of cotinine in dried blood spots as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco smoke[J].Biomarkers,2018,23(1):44-50.
[49]Yilmaz G,Karacan C,Besler HT,et al.The urinary cotinine levels of infants and the determinants[J].Turk J Pediatr,2010,52(3):294-300.
[50]Tung KY,Wu KY,Tsai CH,et al.Association of time-location patterns with urinary cotinine among asthmatic children under household environmental tobacco smoke exposure[J].Environ Res,2013,124(3):7-12.
[2]Cheraghi M,Salvi S.Environmental tobacco smoke(ETS)and respiratory health in children[J].Eur J Pediatr,2009,168(8):897-905.
[3]Hatoun J,Davisplourde K,Penti B,et al.Tobacco control laws and pediatric asthma[J].Pediatrics,2018,141(Suppl 1):S130-S130.
[4]Oberg M,Jaakkola MS,Woodward A,et al.Worldwide burden of disease from exposure to second-hand smoke:a retrospective analysis of data from 192 countries[J].Lancet,2011,377(9760):139-146.
[5]卫生部履行《烟草控制框架公约》领导小组办公室.2007年中国控制吸烟报告--创建无烟环境,享受健康生活[J].中国健康教育,2008,24(12):934-939.
[6]Norman RE,Carpenter DO,Scott J,et al.Environmental exposures:an underrecognized contribution to noncommunicable diseases[J].Rev Environ Health,2013,28(1):59-65.
[7]Scholtens S,Postma DS,Moffatt MF,et al.Novel childhood asthma genes interact with in utero and early-life tobacco smoke exposure[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol,2014,133(3):885-888.
[8]Moffatt MF,Kabesch M,Liang L,et al.Genetic variants regulating ORMDL3 expression contribute to the risk of childhood asthma[J].Nature,2007,448(7152):470-473.
[9]Rava M,Smit LA,Nadif R.Gene-environment interactions in the study of asthma in the postgenomewide association studies era[J].Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol,2015,15(1):70-78.
[10]Lambrecht BN,Hammad H.Allergens and the airway epithelium response:gateway to allergic sensitization[J].JAllergy Clin Immunol,2014,134(3):499-507.
[11]Yang IV,Lozupone CA,Schwartz DA.The environment,epigenome,and asthma[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol,2017,140(1):14-14.
[12]Christensen S,Jaffar Z,Cole E,et al.Prenatal environmental tobacco smoke exposure increases allergic asthma risk with methylation changes in mice[J].Environ Mol Mutagen,2017,58(6):423-433.
[13]Díezizquierdo A,Balaguer A,Lidónmoyano C,et al.Correlation between tobacco control policies and preterm births and low birth weight in Europe[J].Environ Res,2018,160(1):547-553.
[14]Robison RG,Kumar R,Arguelles LM,et al.Maternal smoking during pregnancy,prematurity and recurrent wheezing in early childhood[J].Pediatr Pulmonol,2012,47(7):666-673.
[15]Yang SI,Kim BJ,Lee SY,et al.Prenatal particulate matter/tobacco smoke increases infants'respiratory infections:COCOA study[J].Allergy Asthma Immunol Res,2015,7(6):573-582.
[16]Rosa MJ,Jung KH,Perzanowski MS,et al.Prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,environmental tobacco smoke and asthma[J].Respir Med,2011,105(6):869-876.
[17]Klingbeil EC,Hew KM,Nygaard UC,et al.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,tobacco smoke,and epigenetic remodeling in asthma[J].Immunol Res,2014,58(2-3):369-373.
[18]Sonnenschein-van der Voort AM,de Kluizenaar Y,Jaddoe VW,et al.Air pollution,fetal and infant tobacco smoke exposure,and wheezing in preschool children:a population-based prospective birth cohort[J].Environ Health,2012,11:91.doi:10.1186/1476-069X-11-91.
[19]Tong VT,Dietz PM,Morrow B,et al.Trends in smoking before,during,and after pregnancy-pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system,United states,40 sites,2000-2010[J].MMWR Surveill Summ,2013,62(6):1-19.
[20]den Dekker HT,Voort A,de Jongste JC,et al.Tobacco smoke exposure,airway resistance,and asthma in school-age children:the generation R study[J].Chest,2015,148(3):607-617.
[21]Cohen RT,Raby BA,Van Steen K,et al.In utero smoke exposure and impaired response to inhaled corticosteroids in children with asthma[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol,2010,126(3):491-497.
[22]Cook DG,Strachan DP,Carey IM.Parental smoking and spirometric indices in children[J].Thorax,1998,53(10):884-893.
[23]Brown SW,Liu B,Taioli E.The relationship between tobacco smoke exposure and airflow obstruction in US children:analysis of the national health and nutrition examination survey(2007-2012)[J].Chest,2018,153(3):630-637.
[24]Kerkhof M,Boezen HM,Granell R,et al.Transient early wheeze and lung function in early childhood associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease genes[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol,2014,133(1):68-76.e64.
[25]Vardavas CI,Hohmann C,Patelarou E,et al.The independent role of prenatal and postnatal exposure to active and passive smoking on the development of early wheeze in children[J].Eur Respir J,2016,48(1):115-124.
[26]Simons E,To T,Moineddin R,et al.Maternal second-hand smoke exposure in pregnancy is associated with childhood asthma development[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract,2014,2(2):201-207.
[27]Braback L,Lodge CJ,Lowe AJ,et al.Childhood asthma and smoking exposures before conception-a three-generational cohort study[J].Pediatr Allergy Immunol,2018,29(4):361-368.
[28]Miller LL,Henderson J,Northstone K,et al.Do grandmaternal smoking patterns influence the etiology of childhood asthma?[J].Chest,2014,145(6):1213-1218.
[29]Spindel ER,Mc Evoy CT.The role of nicotine in the effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy on lung development and childhood respiratory disease.Implications for dangers of E-cigarettes[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2016,193(5):486-494.
[30]Gibbs K,Collaco JM,Mc Grath-Morrow SA.Impact of tobacco smoke and nicotine exposure on lung development[J].Chest,2016,149(2):552-561.
[31]Feleszko W,Ruszczynski M,Jaworska J,et al.Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and risk of allergic sensitisation in children:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Arch Dis Child,2014,99(11):985-992.
[32]Lee JW,Jaffar Z,Pinkerton KE,et al.Alterations in DNAmethylation and airway hyperreactivity in response to in utero exposure to environmental tobacco smoke[J].Inhal Toxicol,2015,27(13):724-730.
[33]Chhabra D,Sharma S,Kho AT,et al.Fetal lung and placental methylation is associated with in utero nicotine exposure[J].Epigenetics,2014,9(11):1473-1484.
[34]Hu LW,Yang M,Chen S,et al.Effects of in utero and postnatal exposure to secondhand smoke on lung function by gender and asthma status:the seven northeastern cities(SNEC)study[J].Respiration,2017,93(3):189-197.
[35]Dong GH,Wang D,Yang ZH,et al.Gender-specific differences in effects of prenatal and postnatal environmental tobacco smoke exposure on respiratory symptoms in 23,474children with and without allergic predisposition:results from25 districts of northeast China[J].Int J Environ Health Res,2011,21(3):173-188.
[36]Franco RL,Bowen MK,Arena R,et al.Sex differences in pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics in obese adolescents[J].JPediatr,2014,165(6):1161-1165.
[37]Farber HJ,Groner J,Walley S,et al.Protecting children from tobacco,nicotine,and tobacco smoke[J].Pediatrics,2015,136(5):e1439-e1467.
[38]Burke H,Leonardi-Bee J,Hashim A,et al.Prenatal and passive smoke exposure and incidence of asthma and wheeze:systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Pediatrics,2012,129(4):735-744.
[39]Liu AH,Babineau DC,Krouse RZ,et al.Pathways through which asthma risk factors contribute to asthma severity in inner-city children[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol,2016,138(4):1042-1050.
[40]Leung TF,Chan IH,Liu TC,et al.Relationship between passive smoking exposure and urinary heavy metals and lung functions in preschool children[J].Pediatr Pulmonol,2013,48(11):1089-1097.
[41]Brunst KJ,Ryan PH,Lockey JE,et al.Unraveling the relationship between aeroallergen sensitization,gender,secondhand smoke exposure,and impaired lung function[J].Pediatr Allergy Immunol,2012,23(5):479-487.
[42]Valsamis C,Krishnan S,Dozor AJ.The effects of low-level environmental tobacco smoke exposure on pulmonary function tests in preschool children with asthma[J].J Asthma,2014,51(7):685-690.
[43]Kalliola S,Pelkonen AS,Malmberg LP,et al.Maternal smoking affects lung function and airway inflammation in young children with multiple-trigger wheeze[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol,2013,131(3):730-735.
[44]Yao TC,Chang SW,Hua MC,et al.Tobacco smoke exposure and multiplexed immunoglobulin E sensitization in children:a population-based study[J].Allergy,2016,71(1):90-98.
[45]Havstad SL,Johnson CC,Zoratti EM,et al.Tobacco smoke exposure and allergic sensitization in children:a propensity score analysis[J].Respirology,2012,17(7):1068-1072.
[46]Pattemore PK,Silvers KM,Frampton CM,et al.Hair nicotine at 15 months old,tobacco exposure and wheeze or asthma from15 months to 6 years old[J].Pediatr Pulmonol,2018,53(4):443-451.
[47]Benowitz NL,Hukkanen J,Jacob P,3rd.Nicotine chemistry,metabolism,kinetics and biomarkers[J].Handb Exp Pharmacol,2009,192(1):29-60.
[48]Ladror D,Pitt B,Funk W.Quantification of cotinine in dried blood spots as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco smoke[J].Biomarkers,2018,23(1):44-50.
[49]Yilmaz G,Karacan C,Besler HT,et al.The urinary cotinine levels of infants and the determinants[J].Turk J Pediatr,2010,52(3):294-300.
[50]Tung KY,Wu KY,Tsai CH,et al.Association of time-location patterns with urinary cotinine among asthmatic children under household environmental tobacco smoke exposure[J].Environ Res,2013,124(3):7-12.