浸铜碳材料与电弧相互作用机理
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摘要
电弧烧蚀已成为制约浸金属碳材料使用寿命的关键因素。为此采用浸铜碳材料与纯铜电极进行电弧烧蚀实验,研究了浸铜碳材料和电弧相互作用过程及机理,分析了分断电弧燃弧过程及浸铜碳材料在其中的作用,并探讨了电弧烧蚀对浸铜碳材料宏观、微观形貌和成分的影响。研究结果表明,浸铜碳材料中的铜相为电弧的引燃及稳定燃弧过程提供高温金属蒸气,且铜相的大小和分布影响电弧弧根的运动特性。电弧对浸铜碳材料作用区按主要反应的不同可分为烧蚀区和热影响区,这主要与电弧烧蚀下材料表面的温度梯度密切相关。随着电弧弧根的移动,浸铜碳材料表面会发生铜液滴溅射现象,引起材料表面铜相的流失、转化与再分布过程。该研究对探索浸铜碳材料的电弧防护措施,延长其使用寿命,具有一定指导意义。
The wear of metal impregnation carbon material will be more severe when subjected to arc erosion. Consequently, we experimentally investigated the arc erosion by using copper-impregnated carbon materials and copper electrode, and clarified the interaction mechanism between copper-impregnated carbon materials and arc. Moreover, we analyzed the breaking arc combustion process and the effect of copper-impregnated carbon materials, and discussed the influences of arc erosion on the macroscopic and microscopic appearances as well as phases of copper-impregnated carbon materials. The research results show that the copper phase in copper-impregnated carbon materials can provide high-temperature metal vapor for the ignition and stable combustion process of arc, and the size and distribution of copper phase will affect the movement of arc root. Besides, the arc affected zone can be divided into two parts according to the main reaction. One is the arc erosion region, the other is heat affected region, which results from the arc-induced temperature gradient on the cathode surface. With the movement of arc root, the droplet ejection will occur, which will cause the loss, transformation and redistribution of copper phase of copper-impregnated carbon materials surface. This research work will be helpful for finding effective measures to decrease the erosion degree of copper-impregnated carbon materials and prolong its service life.
The wear of metal impregnation carbon material will be more severe when subjected to arc erosion. Consequently, we experimentally investigated the arc erosion by using copper-impregnated carbon materials and copper electrode, and clarified the interaction mechanism between copper-impregnated carbon materials and arc. Moreover, we analyzed the breaking arc combustion process and the effect of copper-impregnated carbon materials, and discussed the influences of arc erosion on the macroscopic and microscopic appearances as well as phases of copper-impregnated carbon materials. The research results show that the copper phase in copper-impregnated carbon materials can provide high-temperature metal vapor for the ignition and stable combustion process of arc, and the size and distribution of copper phase will affect the movement of arc root. Besides, the arc affected zone can be divided into two parts according to the main reaction. One is the arc erosion region, the other is heat affected region, which results from the arc-induced temperature gradient on the cathode surface. With the movement of arc root, the droplet ejection will occur, which will cause the loss, transformation and redistribution of copper phase of copper-impregnated carbon materials surface. This research work will be helpful for finding effective measures to decrease the erosion degree of copper-impregnated carbon materials and prolong its service life.
引文
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[9]马云双,高国强,朱光亚.高速列车弓网电弧温度场特性仿真研究[J].高电压技术,2015,41(11):3597-3603.MA Yunshuang,GAO Guoqiang,ZHU Guangya.Numerical simulation and analysis of temperature distribution of pantograph-catenary arc characteristics of high-speed train[J].High Voltage Engineering,2015,41(11):3597-3603.
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[11]KUBO S,KATO K.Effect of arc discharge on the wear rate and wear mode transition of a copper-impregnated metalized carbon contact strip sliding against a copper disk[J].Tribology International,1999,32(7):367-378.
[12]KUBO S,KATO K.Effect of arc discharge on wear rate of Cu-impregnated carbon strip in unlubricated sliding against Cu trolley under electric current[J].Wear,1998,216(2):172-178.
[13]胡道春,孙乐民,上官宝,等.电弧能量对浸金属碳滑板材料载流摩擦磨损性能的影响[J].摩擦学学报,2009,29(1):36-42.HU Daochun,SUN Lemin,SHANGGUAN Bao,et al.Influence of arc energy on the friction and wear behavior of carbon soaked by metal[J].Tibology,2009,29(1):36-42
[14]杨红娟,王平,胡艳,等.振动对纯碳、浸金属碳滑板载流磨损性能的影响[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2014,46(2):171-176.YANG Hongjuan,WANG Ping,HU Yan,et al.Effect of the vibration on the wear performance of pure carbon and metal-impregnated carbon strips with electric current[J].Journal of Sichuan University(Engineering Science Edition),2014,46(2):171-176.
[15]胡怡,魏文赋,雷栋,等.弓网电弧等离子体光谱特性实验[J].电工技术学报,2016,31(24):62-70.HU Yi,WEI Wenfu,LEI Dong,et al.Experimental investigation on spectral characteristics of pantograph-catenary arc plasma[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2016,31(24):62-70.
[16]王其平.电器电弧理论[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1991:39-42.WANG Qiping.The theory of electric arc[M].Beijing,China:China Machine Press,1991:39-42.
[17]CHEN Z K,SAWA K.Effect of arc behavior on material transfer:a review[C]∥Proceedings of the 42nd IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts.[S.l.]:IEEE,1996:238-251.
[18]SLADE P G.Opening electrical contacts:the transition from the molten metal bridge to the electric arc[J].IEICE Transactions on Electronics,2010,93(9):1380-1386.
[19]李春茂,朱宁俊,吴广宁,等.弓网系统动态接触电阻数学模型的研究[J].高电压技术,2015,41(11):3554-3560.LI Chunmao,ZHU Ningjun,WU Guangning,et al.Investigation on the mathematical model of dynamic contact resistance of pantograph-catenary system[J].High Voltage Engineering,2015,41(11):3554-3560.
[20]刘金友,王茜,杨晓铖,等.电触点分离液桥研究概述[J].电工材料,2014(6):29-34.LIU Jinyou,WANG Qian,YANG Xiaocheng,et al.Molten bridge during breaking operation of electrical contacts:a view[J].Electrical Engineering Materials,2014(6):29-34.
[21]荣命哲.电接触理论[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2004.RONG Mingzhe.Electric contact theory[M].Beijing,China:Machine Press,2004.
[22]张程煜,乔生儒,杨志懋,等.纯石墨和铜-石墨的阴极斑点与截流值研究[J].稀有金属材料与工程,2009,38(3):488-491.ZHANG Chengyu,QIAO Shengru,YANG Zhimao,et al.Cathode spot movements and chopping current of pure graphite and copper-graphite in vacuum[J].Rare Metal Materials and Engineering,2009,38(3):488-491.
[23]DONG L,CHEN W,DENG N,et al.Investigation on arc erosion behaviors and mechanism of W70Cu30 electrical contact materials adding grapheme[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2017,696:923-930.
[24]KUBOTA Y,HAYASAKA T,MIYAUCHI T,et al.Effect of arc discharge on the wear profile of Cu impregnated carbon based pantograph contact strip[C]∥Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Electrical Contacts.[S.l.]:IEEE,2014:1-6.
[25]王亚平,张晖,丁秉钧,等.电极材料组织对真空电弧阴极斑点运动行为的影响[J].金属学报,2004,40(12):1269-1273.WANG Yaping,ZHANG Hui,DING Bingjun,et al.Influence of the microstructure of electrode materials on the motion behaviors of vacuum arc cathode spot[J].Acta Metallurgica Sinica,2004,40(12):1269-1273.
[26]卢雪琼,王军,王亚平,等.铜及其合金高温氧化的影响因素研究[J].材料导报,2012,26(增刊2):371-374.LU Xueqiong,WANG Jun,WANG Yaping,et al.Influence factors on high temperature oxidation study for Cu and Cu-based alloys[J].Materials Review,2012,26(Supplement2):371-374.
[27]LEE S K,HSU H C,TUAN W H.Oxidation behavior of copper at a temperature below 300℃and the methodology for passivation[J].Materials Research,2016,19(1):51-56.
[28]张东,李秀强.石墨氧化过程中官能团及结构的变化[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),2014,42(9):1372-1376.ZHANG Dong,LI Xiuqiang.Changes of groups and structure on oxidation process of graphite[J].Journal of Tongji University(Natural Science),2014,42(9):1372-1376.
[29]崔行磊.直流电弧作用下触头材料的侵蚀机理和转移特性研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2014.CUI Xinglei.Research on contact erosion mechanism and material transfer characteristics under direct current arc[D].Harbin,China:Harbin Institute of Technology,2014.
[30]GRAY E W,PHAMEY J R.Electrode erosion by particle ejection in low-current arcs[J].Journal of Applied Physics,1974,45(2):667-671.
[31]ZHANG X,WANG L J.JIA S L,et al.Modeling of cathode spot crater formation and development in vacuum arc[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2017,50(45):455203
[32]WANG L J,JIA S L,LIU Y,et al.Modeling and simulation of anode melting pool flow under the action of high-current vacuum arc[J].Journal of Applied Physics,2010,107(11):113306.
[33]WANG L J,ZHOU X,WANG H J,et al.Anode activity in high-current vacuum arc:three-dimensional modeling and simulation[J].IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science,2012,40(9):2237-2246.
[2]董霖,李丰学,陈光雄.复合轨不锈钢覆层/浸金属石墨受电靴摩擦磨损特性试验[J].西华大学学报(自然科学版),2012,31(5):19-21,33.DONG Lin,LI Fengxue,CHEN Guangxiong.Wear test for stainless steel cladding of composite rail with copper impregnated graphite collector shoe[J].Journal of Xihua University(Natural Science Edition),2012,31(5):19-21,33.
[3]贾利晓,张永振,李健,等.浸金属碳材料的载流摩擦磨损性能研究[J].材料工程,2008(12):11-14,18.JIA Lixiao,ZHANG Yongzhen,LI Jian,et al.Research on tribology property of carbon soaked by metal with current[J].Material Engineering,2008(12):11-14,18.
[4]魏文赋,张婷婷,高国强,等.弓网电弧对牵引传动系统电气特性的影响[J].高电压技术,2018,44(5):1589-1597.WEI Wenfu,ZHANG Tingting,GAO Guoqiang,et al.Influences of pantograph-catenary arc on electrical characteristics of a traction drive system[J].High Voltage Engineering,2018,44(5):1589-1597.
[5]吴杰,高国强,魏文赋,等.弓网系统滑动电接触特性[J]..高电压技术,2015,41(11):3635-3641.WU Jie,GAO Guoqiang,WEI Wenfu,et al.Characterization of sliding electrical contact of pantograph-catenary system[J].High Voltage Engineering,2015,41(11):3635-3641.
[6]吴广宁,周悦,雷栋,等.弓网电接触研究进展[J].高电压技术,2016,42(11):1-12.WU Guangning,ZHOU Yue,LEI Dong,et al.Research advances on electric contact between pantograph and catenary[J].High Voltage Engineering,2016,42(11):1-12.
[7]吴广宁,古圳,高国强,等.弓网电弧形态特性试验研究[J].高电压技术,2015,41(11):3531-3537.WU Guangning,GU Zhen,GAO Guoqiang,et al.Experimental research on morphological characteristics of pantograph-catenary arc[J].High Voltage Engineering,2015,41(11):3531-3537.
[8]周悦.受电弓滑板材料电弧烧蚀特性研究[D].成都:西南交通大学,2018.ZHOU Yue.Study on the arc erosion characteristics of pantograph strip materials[D].Chengdu,China:Southwest Jiaotong University,2018.
[9]马云双,高国强,朱光亚.高速列车弓网电弧温度场特性仿真研究[J].高电压技术,2015,41(11):3597-3603.MA Yunshuang,GAO Guoqiang,ZHU Guangya.Numerical simulation and analysis of temperature distribution of pantograph-catenary arc characteristics of high-speed train[J].High Voltage Engineering,2015,41(11):3597-3603.
[10]高国强,郝静,古圳,等.高速铁路中受电弓升弓过程弓网电弧电气特性[J].高电压技术,2016,42(11):3569-3575.GAO Guoqiang,HAO Jing,GU Zhen,et al.Electrical characteristics on pantograph-catenary arc during pantograph rising in high speed railway[J].High Voltage Engineering,2016,42(11):3569-3575.
[11]KUBO S,KATO K.Effect of arc discharge on the wear rate and wear mode transition of a copper-impregnated metalized carbon contact strip sliding against a copper disk[J].Tribology International,1999,32(7):367-378.
[12]KUBO S,KATO K.Effect of arc discharge on wear rate of Cu-impregnated carbon strip in unlubricated sliding against Cu trolley under electric current[J].Wear,1998,216(2):172-178.
[13]胡道春,孙乐民,上官宝,等.电弧能量对浸金属碳滑板材料载流摩擦磨损性能的影响[J].摩擦学学报,2009,29(1):36-42.HU Daochun,SUN Lemin,SHANGGUAN Bao,et al.Influence of arc energy on the friction and wear behavior of carbon soaked by metal[J].Tibology,2009,29(1):36-42
[14]杨红娟,王平,胡艳,等.振动对纯碳、浸金属碳滑板载流磨损性能的影响[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2014,46(2):171-176.YANG Hongjuan,WANG Ping,HU Yan,et al.Effect of the vibration on the wear performance of pure carbon and metal-impregnated carbon strips with electric current[J].Journal of Sichuan University(Engineering Science Edition),2014,46(2):171-176.
[15]胡怡,魏文赋,雷栋,等.弓网电弧等离子体光谱特性实验[J].电工技术学报,2016,31(24):62-70.HU Yi,WEI Wenfu,LEI Dong,et al.Experimental investigation on spectral characteristics of pantograph-catenary arc plasma[J].Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society,2016,31(24):62-70.
[16]王其平.电器电弧理论[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1991:39-42.WANG Qiping.The theory of electric arc[M].Beijing,China:China Machine Press,1991:39-42.
[17]CHEN Z K,SAWA K.Effect of arc behavior on material transfer:a review[C]∥Proceedings of the 42nd IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts.[S.l.]:IEEE,1996:238-251.
[18]SLADE P G.Opening electrical contacts:the transition from the molten metal bridge to the electric arc[J].IEICE Transactions on Electronics,2010,93(9):1380-1386.
[19]李春茂,朱宁俊,吴广宁,等.弓网系统动态接触电阻数学模型的研究[J].高电压技术,2015,41(11):3554-3560.LI Chunmao,ZHU Ningjun,WU Guangning,et al.Investigation on the mathematical model of dynamic contact resistance of pantograph-catenary system[J].High Voltage Engineering,2015,41(11):3554-3560.
[20]刘金友,王茜,杨晓铖,等.电触点分离液桥研究概述[J].电工材料,2014(6):29-34.LIU Jinyou,WANG Qian,YANG Xiaocheng,et al.Molten bridge during breaking operation of electrical contacts:a view[J].Electrical Engineering Materials,2014(6):29-34.
[21]荣命哲.电接触理论[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2004.RONG Mingzhe.Electric contact theory[M].Beijing,China:Machine Press,2004.
[22]张程煜,乔生儒,杨志懋,等.纯石墨和铜-石墨的阴极斑点与截流值研究[J].稀有金属材料与工程,2009,38(3):488-491.ZHANG Chengyu,QIAO Shengru,YANG Zhimao,et al.Cathode spot movements and chopping current of pure graphite and copper-graphite in vacuum[J].Rare Metal Materials and Engineering,2009,38(3):488-491.
[23]DONG L,CHEN W,DENG N,et al.Investigation on arc erosion behaviors and mechanism of W70Cu30 electrical contact materials adding grapheme[J].Journal of Alloys and Compounds,2017,696:923-930.
[24]KUBOTA Y,HAYASAKA T,MIYAUCHI T,et al.Effect of arc discharge on the wear profile of Cu impregnated carbon based pantograph contact strip[C]∥Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Electrical Contacts.[S.l.]:IEEE,2014:1-6.
[25]王亚平,张晖,丁秉钧,等.电极材料组织对真空电弧阴极斑点运动行为的影响[J].金属学报,2004,40(12):1269-1273.WANG Yaping,ZHANG Hui,DING Bingjun,et al.Influence of the microstructure of electrode materials on the motion behaviors of vacuum arc cathode spot[J].Acta Metallurgica Sinica,2004,40(12):1269-1273.
[26]卢雪琼,王军,王亚平,等.铜及其合金高温氧化的影响因素研究[J].材料导报,2012,26(增刊2):371-374.LU Xueqiong,WANG Jun,WANG Yaping,et al.Influence factors on high temperature oxidation study for Cu and Cu-based alloys[J].Materials Review,2012,26(Supplement2):371-374.
[27]LEE S K,HSU H C,TUAN W H.Oxidation behavior of copper at a temperature below 300℃and the methodology for passivation[J].Materials Research,2016,19(1):51-56.
[28]张东,李秀强.石墨氧化过程中官能团及结构的变化[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),2014,42(9):1372-1376.ZHANG Dong,LI Xiuqiang.Changes of groups and structure on oxidation process of graphite[J].Journal of Tongji University(Natural Science),2014,42(9):1372-1376.
[29]崔行磊.直流电弧作用下触头材料的侵蚀机理和转移特性研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2014.CUI Xinglei.Research on contact erosion mechanism and material transfer characteristics under direct current arc[D].Harbin,China:Harbin Institute of Technology,2014.
[30]GRAY E W,PHAMEY J R.Electrode erosion by particle ejection in low-current arcs[J].Journal of Applied Physics,1974,45(2):667-671.
[31]ZHANG X,WANG L J.JIA S L,et al.Modeling of cathode spot crater formation and development in vacuum arc[J].Journal of Physics D:Applied Physics,2017,50(45):455203
[32]WANG L J,JIA S L,LIU Y,et al.Modeling and simulation of anode melting pool flow under the action of high-current vacuum arc[J].Journal of Applied Physics,2010,107(11):113306.
[33]WANG L J,ZHOU X,WANG H J,et al.Anode activity in high-current vacuum arc:three-dimensional modeling and simulation[J].IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science,2012,40(9):2237-2246.