海南岛3个林区热带云雾林植物多样性变化
|
摘要
以分布在海南岛西部(霸王岭国家级自然保护区,21个样方)、西南部(尖峰岭国家级自然保护区,12个样方)和中部(黎母山省级自然保护区,15个样方)的热带云雾林为研究对象,研究α及β物种多样性、功能多样性、谱系多样性的变化,为植物多样性的保护提供科学依据。结果表明:尖峰岭群落树木个体多度、物种丰富度最大,黎母山群落树木个体多度、物种丰富度最小;黎母山群落间物种组成差异最大,霸王岭群落间物种组成差异最小,海南岛霸王岭(西部)、尖峰岭(西南部)和黎母山(中部)3个林区热带云雾林物种多样性差异可能与空气温度和相对湿度有关。尖峰岭群落内功能丰富度、Rao’s二次熵最低,功能均匀度最高,群落间平均成对性状距离最小,反映群落构建主要受环境筛影响;霸王岭群落Rao’s二次熵最高,功能均匀度最低,群落间平均成对性状距离最大,反映群落构建主要受限制相似性影响;黎母山群落内功能丰富度最高,群落间平均最近性状距离最大,表明限制相似性在黎母山热带云雾林群落构建中的作用更重要。霸王岭群落内谱系多样性、物种间平均最近相邻谱系距离均较大,反映物种间谱系关系趋于发散;黎母山群落内谱系多样性、物种间平均成对谱系距离及群落间平均成对谱系距离均最小,反映物种间谱系关系趋于聚集;而尖峰岭群落内物种间平均成对谱系距离、群落间平均成对谱系距离最大,但物种间平均最近相邻谱系距离最小,反映物种间谱系关系既具有发散又具有聚集的共存格局。因此,海南岛热带云雾林群落植物多样性变化格局与环境及物种间相互作用有关。
Aims We explored α and β species diversity, functional diversity and phylogenetic diversity distribution patterns in three tropical cloud forests along environmental gradients in air temperature and precipitation. Methods We sampled plots in three tropical cloud forests which are located in the west(Bawangling, 21 plots, BWL), the southwest(Jianfengling, 12 plots, JFL), and the central of Hainan Island(Limushan, 15 plots, LMS). We collected species data and functional trait data including plant height, specific leaf area, chlorophyll content, leaf thickness and wood density. We assessed the differences within- and among-community species diversity, functional diversity and phylogenetic diversity in these three tropical cloud forests using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Important findings The tropical cloud forests in JFL had the highest species abundance and richness whereas the lowest in LMS. However, the Bray-Curtis and Jaccard dissimilarity coefficients showed the opposite distribution patterns(i.e. the highest in LMS whereas the lowest in BWL). Distinct distribution patterns in species diversity across the three tropical cloud forests may be explained by the air temperature and relative humidity. The functional evenness(FEve) within communities was the highest while functional richness(FRic), Rao's quadratic entropy(Rao Q) and the mean pairwise trait distance among communities were the lowest in JFL, indicating that habitat filtering plays an important role in community assembly. BWL had the highest Rao Q and mean pairwise trait distance among communities, and the lowest FEve, which demonstrated that limiting similarity would be prevalent in forest communities assembled. LMS had the highest FRic within communities and mean nearest trait distance among communities, leading to a limiting similarity influencing forest communities. BWL had the highest Faith phylogenetic diversity(PD) within communities and mean nearest phylogenetic distance among communities, reflecting an overdispersed pattern in phylogenetic structures. LMS had the lowest PD and mean pairwise phylogenetic distance within and among communities, suggesting that a clustered pattern in phylogenetic structures. The mean pairwise phylogenetic distance within and across communities were the highest in JFL while the mean nearest phylogenetic distance within communities was the lowest, indicating that phylogenetic clustering and overdispersion patterns co-occur in this forest. We conclude that both plant species interactions and environmental filtering determine the distribution patterns of plant species diversity, functional diversity and phylogenetic diversity both within and among three tropical cloud forests in Hainan Island.
Aims We explored α and β species diversity, functional diversity and phylogenetic diversity distribution patterns in three tropical cloud forests along environmental gradients in air temperature and precipitation. Methods We sampled plots in three tropical cloud forests which are located in the west(Bawangling, 21 plots, BWL), the southwest(Jianfengling, 12 plots, JFL), and the central of Hainan Island(Limushan, 15 plots, LMS). We collected species data and functional trait data including plant height, specific leaf area, chlorophyll content, leaf thickness and wood density. We assessed the differences within- and among-community species diversity, functional diversity and phylogenetic diversity in these three tropical cloud forests using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Important findings The tropical cloud forests in JFL had the highest species abundance and richness whereas the lowest in LMS. However, the Bray-Curtis and Jaccard dissimilarity coefficients showed the opposite distribution patterns(i.e. the highest in LMS whereas the lowest in BWL). Distinct distribution patterns in species diversity across the three tropical cloud forests may be explained by the air temperature and relative humidity. The functional evenness(FEve) within communities was the highest while functional richness(FRic), Rao's quadratic entropy(Rao Q) and the mean pairwise trait distance among communities were the lowest in JFL, indicating that habitat filtering plays an important role in community assembly. BWL had the highest Rao Q and mean pairwise trait distance among communities, and the lowest FEve, which demonstrated that limiting similarity would be prevalent in forest communities assembled. LMS had the highest FRic within communities and mean nearest trait distance among communities, leading to a limiting similarity influencing forest communities. BWL had the highest Faith phylogenetic diversity(PD) within communities and mean nearest phylogenetic distance among communities, reflecting an overdispersed pattern in phylogenetic structures. LMS had the lowest PD and mean pairwise phylogenetic distance within and among communities, suggesting that a clustered pattern in phylogenetic structures. The mean pairwise phylogenetic distance within and across communities were the highest in JFL while the mean nearest phylogenetic distance within communities was the lowest, indicating that phylogenetic clustering and overdispersion patterns co-occur in this forest. We conclude that both plant species interactions and environmental filtering determine the distribution patterns of plant species diversity, functional diversity and phylogenetic diversity both within and among three tropical cloud forests in Hainan Island.
引文
Blomberg SP,Garland T,Ives AR(2003).Testing for phylogenetic signal in comparative data:Behavioral traits are more labile.Evolution,57,717-745.
Bray JR,Curtis JT(1957).An ordination of the upland forest communities of southern Wisconsin.Ecological Monographs,27,325-349.
Bu WS(2013).The Relationship Between Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning in Natural Tropical Forests of Hainan Island,China.Ph D dissertation,Chinese Academy of Forestry,Beijing.40-59.(in Chinese with English abstract)[卜文圣(2013).海南岛热带天然林生物多样性与生态系统功能关系的研究.博士学位论文,中国林业科学研究院,北京.40-59.]
Bu WS,Zang RG,Ding Y(2014).Field observed relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning during secondary succession in a tropical lowland rainforest.Acta Oecologica,55,1-7.
Bubb P,May I,Miles L,Sayer J(2004).Cloud Forest Agenda.UNEP-WCMC,Cambridge,UK.
Butterfield BJ,Cavieres LA,Callaway RM,Cook BJ,Kikvidze Z,Lortie CJ,Michalet R,Pugnaire FI,Sch?b C,Xiao S,Zaitchek B,Anthelme F,Bj?rk RG,Dickinson K,Gavilán R,Kanka R,Maalouf JP,Noroozi J,Parajuli R,Phoenix GK,Reid A,Ridenour W,Rixen C,Wipf S,Zhao L,Brooker RW(2013).Alpine cushion plants inhibit the loss of phylogenetic diversity in severe environments.Ecology Letters,16,478-486.
Cadotte MW,Carscadden K,Nicholas M(2011).Beyond species:Functional diversity and the maintenance of ecological processes and services.Journal of Applied Ecology,48,1079-1087.
Cornelissen JHC,Lavorel S,Garnier E,Díaz S,Buchmann N,Gurvich DE,Reich PB,ter Steege H,Morgan HD,van der Heijden MGA,Pausas JG,Poorter H(2003).A handbook of protocols for standardized and easy measurement of plant functional traits worldwide.Australian Journal of Botany,51,335-380.
Cornwell WK,Schwilk DW,Ackerly DD(2006).A trait-based test for habitat filtering:Convex hull volume.Ecology,87,1465-1471.
Devictor V,Mouillot D,Meynard C,Jiguet F,Thuiller W,Mouquet N(2010).Spatial mismatch and congruence between taxonomic phylogenetic and functional diversity:The need for integrative conservation strategies in a changing world.Ecology Letters,13,1030-1040.
Faith DP(1992).Conservation evaluation and phylogenetic diversity.Biological Conservation,61,1-10.
Fan J(2015).Spatial and Temporal Pattern of Biodiversity and Its Correlation with Aboveground Biomass in Coniferous and Broadleaved Mixed Forests of Jiaohe,Jilin.PhD dissertation,Beijing Forestry University,Beijing.73-77.(in Chinese with English abstract)[范娟(2015).吉林蛟河针阔混交林生物多样性时空格局及其与地上部分生物量的关系.博士学位论文,北京林业大学,北京.73-77.]
Feng G,Zhang JL,Pei NC,Rao MD,Mi XC,Ren HB,Ma KP(2012).Comparison of phylobetadiversity indices based on community data from Gutianshan forest plot.Chinese Science Bulletin,57,623-630.
Graham HG,Fine PVA(2008).Phylogenetic beta diversity linking ecological and evolutionary processes across space in time.Ecology Letters,11,1265-1277.
Helmus MR,Ives AR(2012).Phylogenetic diversity-area curves.Ecology,93(suppl.8),S31-S43.
Hu YJ,Li YX(1992).Tropical Rain Forest in Hainan Island.Guangdong Higher Education Press,Guangzhou.(in Chinese).[胡玉佳,李玉杏(1992).海南岛热带雨林.广东高等教育出版社,广州.]
Jaccard P(1912).The distribution of the flora in the alpine zone.New Phytologist,11(2),37-50.
Legendre P,Borcard D,Peres-Neto PR(2005).Analyzingβdiversity:Partitioning the spatial variation of community composition data.Ecology Monographs,75,435-450.
Lohbeck M,Poorter L,Paz H,Pla L,van Breugel M,Martínez-Ramos M,Bongers F(2012).Functional diversity changes during tropical forest succession.Perspectives in Plant Ecology,Evolution and Systematics,14(2),89-96.
Long WX,Schamp BS,Zang RG,Ding Y,Huang YF,Xiang YZ(2015).Community assembly in a tropical cloud forest related to specific leaf area and maximum species height.Journal of Vegetation Science,26,513-523.
Long WX,Zang RG,Ding Y(2011a).Air temperature and soil phosphorus availability correlate with trait differences between two types of tropical cloud forests.Flora,206,896-903.
Long WX,Zang RG,Ding Y(2011a).Community characteristics of tropical montane evergreen forest and tropical montane dwarf forest in Bawangling National Nature Reserve on Hainan Island,South China.Biodiversity Science,19,558-566.(in Chinese with English abstract)[龙文兴,臧润国,丁易(2011a).海南岛霸王岭热带山地常绿林和热带山顶矮林群落特征.生物多样性,19,558-566.]
Long WX,Zang RG,Ding Y,Huang YF(2013).Effects of competition and facilitation on species assemblage in two types of tropical cloud forest.PLo S ONE,8(4),e60252.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060252.
Long WX,Zang RG,Ding Y,Yang M,Chen SW(2011b).Environmental characteristics of tropical cloud forests in the rainy season in Bawangling National Nature Reserve on Hainan Island,South China.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,35,137-146.(in Chinese with English abstract)[龙文兴,臧润国,丁易,杨敏,陈少伟(2011b).海南岛霸王岭热带云雾林雨季的环境特征.植物生态学报,35,137-146.]
Long WX,Zang RG,Schamp BS,Ding Y(2011b).Within-and among-species variation in specific leaf area drive community assembly in a tropical cloud forest.Oecologia,167,1103-1113.
Ma KP,Liu CR,Liu YM(1995).Biological community diversity measure II.βdiversity measure method.Chinese Biodiversity,3,38-43.(in Chinese)[马克平,刘灿然,刘玉明(1995).生物群落多样性的测度方法II.β多样性的测度方法.生物多样性,3,38-43.]
Mason NWH,de Bello F(2013).Functional diversity:A tool for answering challenging ecological questions.Journal of Vegetation Science,24,777-780.
Mason NWH,Richardson SJ,Peltzer DA,de Bello F,Wardle DA,Allen RB(2012).Changes in coexistence mechanisms along a long-term soil chronosequence revealed by functional trait diversity.Journal of Ecology,100,678-689.
Mouchet MA,Villéger S,Mason NWH,Mouillot D(2010).Functional diversity measures:An overview of their redundancy and their ability to discriminate community assembly rules.Functional Ecology,24,867-876.
Pereira JAA,Oliveira-Filho AT,Lemos-Filho JP(2007).Environmental heterogeneity and disturbance by humans control much of the tree species diversity of Atlantic montane forest fragments in SE Brazil.Biodiversity and Conservation,16,1761-1784.
Qian H,Jin Y(2015).An updated megaphylogeny of plants,a tool for generating plant phylogenies and an analysis of phylogenetic community structure.Journal of Plant Ecology,9,233-239.
R Development Core Team(2015).R:A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.R Foundation for Statistical Computing,Vienna.
Rosauer D,Laffan SW,Crisp MD,Donnellan SC,Cook LG(2009).Phylogenetic endemism:A new approach for identifying geographical concentrations of evolutionary history.Molecular Ecology,18,4061-4072.
Schleuter D,Daufresne M,Massol F(2010).A user’s guide to functional diversity indices.Ecological Monographs,80,469-484.
Spasojevic MJ,Grace JB,Harrison S,Damschen EI(2014).Functional diversity supports the physiological tolerance hypothesis for plant species richness along climatic gradients.Journal of Ecology,102,447-455.
Stadtmüller T(1987).Cloud Forest in the Humid Tropics:ABibliographic Review.United Nations University,Tokyo,Japan.
Swenson NG(2013).The assembly of tropical tree communities-The advances and shortcomings of phylogenetic and functional trait analyses.Ecography,36,264-276.
Swenson NG,Anglada-Cordero P,Barone JA(2011).Deterministic tropical tree community turnover:Evidence from patterns of functionalβdiversity along an elevational gradient.Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,278,877-884.
Swenson NG,Erickson DL,Mi XC,Bourg NA,Forero-Monta?a J,Ge XJ,Howe R,Lake JK,Liu XJ,Ma KP,Pei NC,Thompson J,Uriarte M,Wolf A,Wright SJ,Ye WH,Zhang JL,Zimmerman JK,Kress WJ(2012).Phylogenetic and functional alpha and beta diversity in temperate and tropical tree communities.Ecology,93(suppl.8),S112-S125.
Venail P,Gross K,Oakley TH,Narwani A,Allan E,Flombaum P,Isbell F,Joshi J,Reich PB,Tilman D,Ruijven JV,Cardinale BJ(2015).Species richness,but not phylogenetic diversity,influences community biomass production and temporal stability in a re-examination of 16 grassland biodiversity studies.Functional Ecology,29,615-626.
Wang W,Rao MD,Chen SW,Zhu DH,Mi XC,Zhang JT(2014).Effects of negative density dependence and habitat filtering on temporal variation in phylogenetic community structure of seedlings in a mid-subtropical forest.Chinese Science Bulletin(Chinese Version),19,1844-1850.(in Chinese)[王薇,饶米德,陈声文,朱大海,米湘成,张金屯(2014).负密度制约和生境过滤对古田山幼苗系统发育多样性时间变化的影响.科学通报,19,1844-1850.]
Webb CO(2000).Exploring the phylogenetic structure of ecological communities:An example for rain forest trees.The American Naturalist,156,145-155.
Webb CO,Ackerly D,Kembel S(2008).Phylocom:software for the analysis of phylogenetic community structure and character evolution.Bioinformatics,24,2098-2100.
Wu ZY(1995).Vegetation of China.Science Press,Beijing.(in Chinese)[吴征镒(1995).中国植被.科学出版社,北京.]
Xue QN(2015).Functional Diversity Research of Forest Communities in Qiliyu,Shanxi.PhD dissertation,Shanxi Normal University,Linfen,Shanxi.13-21.(in Chinese with English abstract)[薛倩妮(2015).山西七里峪森林群落功能多样性研究.博士学位论文,山西师范大学,山西临汾.13-21.]
Yang J,Lu MM,Cao M,Li J,Lin LX(2014).Phylogenetic and functional alpha and beta diversity in mid-mountain humid evergreen broad-leaved forest.Chinese Science Bulletin(Chinese Version),24,2349-2358.(in Chinese)[杨洁,卢孟孟,曹敏,李捷,林露湘(2014).中山湿性常绿阔叶林系统发育和功能性状的α及β多样性.科学通报,24,2349-2358.]
Zanne AE,Tank DC,Cornwell WK,Eastman JM,Smith SA,FitzJ ohn RG,Mc Glinn DJ,O’Meara BC,Moles AT,Reich PB,Royer DL,Soltis DE,Stevens PF,Westoby M,Wright IJ,Aarssen L,Bertin RI,Calaminus A,Govaerts R,Hemmings F,Leishman MR,Oleksyn J,Soltis PS,Swenson NG,Warman L,Beaulieu JM(2014).Three keys to the radiation of angiosperms into freezing environments.Nature,506,89-92.
Bray JR,Curtis JT(1957).An ordination of the upland forest communities of southern Wisconsin.Ecological Monographs,27,325-349.
Bu WS(2013).The Relationship Between Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning in Natural Tropical Forests of Hainan Island,China.Ph D dissertation,Chinese Academy of Forestry,Beijing.40-59.(in Chinese with English abstract)[卜文圣(2013).海南岛热带天然林生物多样性与生态系统功能关系的研究.博士学位论文,中国林业科学研究院,北京.40-59.]
Bu WS,Zang RG,Ding Y(2014).Field observed relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning during secondary succession in a tropical lowland rainforest.Acta Oecologica,55,1-7.
Bubb P,May I,Miles L,Sayer J(2004).Cloud Forest Agenda.UNEP-WCMC,Cambridge,UK.
Butterfield BJ,Cavieres LA,Callaway RM,Cook BJ,Kikvidze Z,Lortie CJ,Michalet R,Pugnaire FI,Sch?b C,Xiao S,Zaitchek B,Anthelme F,Bj?rk RG,Dickinson K,Gavilán R,Kanka R,Maalouf JP,Noroozi J,Parajuli R,Phoenix GK,Reid A,Ridenour W,Rixen C,Wipf S,Zhao L,Brooker RW(2013).Alpine cushion plants inhibit the loss of phylogenetic diversity in severe environments.Ecology Letters,16,478-486.
Cadotte MW,Carscadden K,Nicholas M(2011).Beyond species:Functional diversity and the maintenance of ecological processes and services.Journal of Applied Ecology,48,1079-1087.
Cornelissen JHC,Lavorel S,Garnier E,Díaz S,Buchmann N,Gurvich DE,Reich PB,ter Steege H,Morgan HD,van der Heijden MGA,Pausas JG,Poorter H(2003).A handbook of protocols for standardized and easy measurement of plant functional traits worldwide.Australian Journal of Botany,51,335-380.
Cornwell WK,Schwilk DW,Ackerly DD(2006).A trait-based test for habitat filtering:Convex hull volume.Ecology,87,1465-1471.
Devictor V,Mouillot D,Meynard C,Jiguet F,Thuiller W,Mouquet N(2010).Spatial mismatch and congruence between taxonomic phylogenetic and functional diversity:The need for integrative conservation strategies in a changing world.Ecology Letters,13,1030-1040.
Faith DP(1992).Conservation evaluation and phylogenetic diversity.Biological Conservation,61,1-10.
Fan J(2015).Spatial and Temporal Pattern of Biodiversity and Its Correlation with Aboveground Biomass in Coniferous and Broadleaved Mixed Forests of Jiaohe,Jilin.PhD dissertation,Beijing Forestry University,Beijing.73-77.(in Chinese with English abstract)[范娟(2015).吉林蛟河针阔混交林生物多样性时空格局及其与地上部分生物量的关系.博士学位论文,北京林业大学,北京.73-77.]
Feng G,Zhang JL,Pei NC,Rao MD,Mi XC,Ren HB,Ma KP(2012).Comparison of phylobetadiversity indices based on community data from Gutianshan forest plot.Chinese Science Bulletin,57,623-630.
Graham HG,Fine PVA(2008).Phylogenetic beta diversity linking ecological and evolutionary processes across space in time.Ecology Letters,11,1265-1277.
Helmus MR,Ives AR(2012).Phylogenetic diversity-area curves.Ecology,93(suppl.8),S31-S43.
Hu YJ,Li YX(1992).Tropical Rain Forest in Hainan Island.Guangdong Higher Education Press,Guangzhou.(in Chinese).[胡玉佳,李玉杏(1992).海南岛热带雨林.广东高等教育出版社,广州.]
Jaccard P(1912).The distribution of the flora in the alpine zone.New Phytologist,11(2),37-50.
Legendre P,Borcard D,Peres-Neto PR(2005).Analyzingβdiversity:Partitioning the spatial variation of community composition data.Ecology Monographs,75,435-450.
Lohbeck M,Poorter L,Paz H,Pla L,van Breugel M,Martínez-Ramos M,Bongers F(2012).Functional diversity changes during tropical forest succession.Perspectives in Plant Ecology,Evolution and Systematics,14(2),89-96.
Long WX,Schamp BS,Zang RG,Ding Y,Huang YF,Xiang YZ(2015).Community assembly in a tropical cloud forest related to specific leaf area and maximum species height.Journal of Vegetation Science,26,513-523.
Long WX,Zang RG,Ding Y(2011a).Air temperature and soil phosphorus availability correlate with trait differences between two types of tropical cloud forests.Flora,206,896-903.
Long WX,Zang RG,Ding Y(2011a).Community characteristics of tropical montane evergreen forest and tropical montane dwarf forest in Bawangling National Nature Reserve on Hainan Island,South China.Biodiversity Science,19,558-566.(in Chinese with English abstract)[龙文兴,臧润国,丁易(2011a).海南岛霸王岭热带山地常绿林和热带山顶矮林群落特征.生物多样性,19,558-566.]
Long WX,Zang RG,Ding Y,Huang YF(2013).Effects of competition and facilitation on species assemblage in two types of tropical cloud forest.PLo S ONE,8(4),e60252.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060252.
Long WX,Zang RG,Ding Y,Yang M,Chen SW(2011b).Environmental characteristics of tropical cloud forests in the rainy season in Bawangling National Nature Reserve on Hainan Island,South China.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,35,137-146.(in Chinese with English abstract)[龙文兴,臧润国,丁易,杨敏,陈少伟(2011b).海南岛霸王岭热带云雾林雨季的环境特征.植物生态学报,35,137-146.]
Long WX,Zang RG,Schamp BS,Ding Y(2011b).Within-and among-species variation in specific leaf area drive community assembly in a tropical cloud forest.Oecologia,167,1103-1113.
Ma KP,Liu CR,Liu YM(1995).Biological community diversity measure II.βdiversity measure method.Chinese Biodiversity,3,38-43.(in Chinese)[马克平,刘灿然,刘玉明(1995).生物群落多样性的测度方法II.β多样性的测度方法.生物多样性,3,38-43.]
Mason NWH,de Bello F(2013).Functional diversity:A tool for answering challenging ecological questions.Journal of Vegetation Science,24,777-780.
Mason NWH,Richardson SJ,Peltzer DA,de Bello F,Wardle DA,Allen RB(2012).Changes in coexistence mechanisms along a long-term soil chronosequence revealed by functional trait diversity.Journal of Ecology,100,678-689.
Mouchet MA,Villéger S,Mason NWH,Mouillot D(2010).Functional diversity measures:An overview of their redundancy and their ability to discriminate community assembly rules.Functional Ecology,24,867-876.
Pereira JAA,Oliveira-Filho AT,Lemos-Filho JP(2007).Environmental heterogeneity and disturbance by humans control much of the tree species diversity of Atlantic montane forest fragments in SE Brazil.Biodiversity and Conservation,16,1761-1784.
Qian H,Jin Y(2015).An updated megaphylogeny of plants,a tool for generating plant phylogenies and an analysis of phylogenetic community structure.Journal of Plant Ecology,9,233-239.
R Development Core Team(2015).R:A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.R Foundation for Statistical Computing,Vienna.
Rosauer D,Laffan SW,Crisp MD,Donnellan SC,Cook LG(2009).Phylogenetic endemism:A new approach for identifying geographical concentrations of evolutionary history.Molecular Ecology,18,4061-4072.
Schleuter D,Daufresne M,Massol F(2010).A user’s guide to functional diversity indices.Ecological Monographs,80,469-484.
Spasojevic MJ,Grace JB,Harrison S,Damschen EI(2014).Functional diversity supports the physiological tolerance hypothesis for plant species richness along climatic gradients.Journal of Ecology,102,447-455.
Stadtmüller T(1987).Cloud Forest in the Humid Tropics:ABibliographic Review.United Nations University,Tokyo,Japan.
Swenson NG(2013).The assembly of tropical tree communities-The advances and shortcomings of phylogenetic and functional trait analyses.Ecography,36,264-276.
Swenson NG,Anglada-Cordero P,Barone JA(2011).Deterministic tropical tree community turnover:Evidence from patterns of functionalβdiversity along an elevational gradient.Proceedings of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,278,877-884.
Swenson NG,Erickson DL,Mi XC,Bourg NA,Forero-Monta?a J,Ge XJ,Howe R,Lake JK,Liu XJ,Ma KP,Pei NC,Thompson J,Uriarte M,Wolf A,Wright SJ,Ye WH,Zhang JL,Zimmerman JK,Kress WJ(2012).Phylogenetic and functional alpha and beta diversity in temperate and tropical tree communities.Ecology,93(suppl.8),S112-S125.
Venail P,Gross K,Oakley TH,Narwani A,Allan E,Flombaum P,Isbell F,Joshi J,Reich PB,Tilman D,Ruijven JV,Cardinale BJ(2015).Species richness,but not phylogenetic diversity,influences community biomass production and temporal stability in a re-examination of 16 grassland biodiversity studies.Functional Ecology,29,615-626.
Wang W,Rao MD,Chen SW,Zhu DH,Mi XC,Zhang JT(2014).Effects of negative density dependence and habitat filtering on temporal variation in phylogenetic community structure of seedlings in a mid-subtropical forest.Chinese Science Bulletin(Chinese Version),19,1844-1850.(in Chinese)[王薇,饶米德,陈声文,朱大海,米湘成,张金屯(2014).负密度制约和生境过滤对古田山幼苗系统发育多样性时间变化的影响.科学通报,19,1844-1850.]
Webb CO(2000).Exploring the phylogenetic structure of ecological communities:An example for rain forest trees.The American Naturalist,156,145-155.
Webb CO,Ackerly D,Kembel S(2008).Phylocom:software for the analysis of phylogenetic community structure and character evolution.Bioinformatics,24,2098-2100.
Wu ZY(1995).Vegetation of China.Science Press,Beijing.(in Chinese)[吴征镒(1995).中国植被.科学出版社,北京.]
Xue QN(2015).Functional Diversity Research of Forest Communities in Qiliyu,Shanxi.PhD dissertation,Shanxi Normal University,Linfen,Shanxi.13-21.(in Chinese with English abstract)[薛倩妮(2015).山西七里峪森林群落功能多样性研究.博士学位论文,山西师范大学,山西临汾.13-21.]
Yang J,Lu MM,Cao M,Li J,Lin LX(2014).Phylogenetic and functional alpha and beta diversity in mid-mountain humid evergreen broad-leaved forest.Chinese Science Bulletin(Chinese Version),24,2349-2358.(in Chinese)[杨洁,卢孟孟,曹敏,李捷,林露湘(2014).中山湿性常绿阔叶林系统发育和功能性状的α及β多样性.科学通报,24,2349-2358.]
Zanne AE,Tank DC,Cornwell WK,Eastman JM,Smith SA,FitzJ ohn RG,Mc Glinn DJ,O’Meara BC,Moles AT,Reich PB,Royer DL,Soltis DE,Stevens PF,Westoby M,Wright IJ,Aarssen L,Bertin RI,Calaminus A,Govaerts R,Hemmings F,Leishman MR,Oleksyn J,Soltis PS,Swenson NG,Warman L,Beaulieu JM(2014).Three keys to the radiation of angiosperms into freezing environments.Nature,506,89-92.