构造-岩浆作用对热液活动的控制机理:马努斯海盆为例
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摘要
综述了马努斯海盆热液区构造特征、基底差异,结合马努斯海盆热液区热液活动与构造-岩浆特征,探讨了二者的耦合关系,以及构造-岩浆作用对热液活动的影响和控制。马努斯海盆位于西南太平洋俾斯麦海的东北部,是世界上扩张速度最快的海盆之一。马努斯海盆西部(马努斯扩张中心,Manus SpreadingCenter,MSC)主要由海盆扩张成熟期产生的大洋中脊玄武岩组成,属于成熟弧后扩张中心,发育Vienna Woods热液区;海盆东部(东南裂谷, Southeast Rift, SER)则是一个拉张裂谷,处于扩张的早期阶段,属于不成熟弧后扩张中心,发育PACMANUS、DESMOS、SuSuKnolls三大热液区。MSC与大洋中脊的热液活动相似,而SER因受到火山、俯冲作用影响更为显著,其热液流体具有岩浆流体和俯冲流体的特征。与Vienna Woods热液压相比, PACMANUS、DESMOS以及SuSu Knolls三个热液区的水深相对较浅(1 150～1 740 m),是地球内部热物质由内向外迁移的结果,其下部岩浆作用强烈。此外,岩浆脱气作用和数值模拟结果表明,PACMANUS热液系统中具有岩浆流体的输入。与ViennaWoods热液区相比, PACMANUS、DESMOS、SuSu Knolls热液区的热液活动强度及流体组成主要受控于岩浆作用。
We reviews the regional geological setting, tectonics, and magmatism of the Manus Basin in this study. Based on the hydrothermal and tectonic data of the Manus Basin hydrothermal field, the relation between tectonic-magmatism and hydrothermal activity is discussed, especially, in terms of the impact of tectonic-magmatism on hydrothermal activity. The Manus Basin is a rapidly spreading back-arc basin, which is located in the northeastern Bismarck Sea of the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The Manus spreading center(MSC), lies in the western Manus Basin and is a mature back-arc spreading center with the development of the Vienna Woods hydrothermal field. Basalts in the MSC are similar to those of mid-ocean ridge basalts(MORB). The southeast rift(SER) is an immature spreading center during its early stages of spreading. Located in the eastern Manus Basin, it gives rise to the PACMANUS, DESMO, and SuSu Knolls hydrothermal fields. The MSC is similar to the mid-ocean ridge, while the SER's hydrothermal fluid is more influenced by volcanism and subduction, resulting in a magmatic and subduction-type fluid. Comparing to Vienna Woods, PACMANUS, DESMOS, and SuSu Knolls are relatively shallow(1150–740 m), and the underlying magmatism is more intense. Additionally, the numerical simulation and the magmatic degassing effect yielded a magmatic fluid in the hydrothermal system of the SER. In contrast with the MSC, we observe that the hydrothermal activity intensity and fluid composition of the SER are mainly controlled by magmatism.
We reviews the regional geological setting, tectonics, and magmatism of the Manus Basin in this study. Based on the hydrothermal and tectonic data of the Manus Basin hydrothermal field, the relation between tectonic-magmatism and hydrothermal activity is discussed, especially, in terms of the impact of tectonic-magmatism on hydrothermal activity. The Manus Basin is a rapidly spreading back-arc basin, which is located in the northeastern Bismarck Sea of the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The Manus spreading center(MSC), lies in the western Manus Basin and is a mature back-arc spreading center with the development of the Vienna Woods hydrothermal field. Basalts in the MSC are similar to those of mid-ocean ridge basalts(MORB). The southeast rift(SER) is an immature spreading center during its early stages of spreading. Located in the eastern Manus Basin, it gives rise to the PACMANUS, DESMO, and SuSu Knolls hydrothermal fields. The MSC is similar to the mid-ocean ridge, while the SER's hydrothermal fluid is more influenced by volcanism and subduction, resulting in a magmatic and subduction-type fluid. Comparing to Vienna Woods, PACMANUS, DESMOS, and SuSu Knolls are relatively shallow(1150–740 m), and the underlying magmatism is more intense. Additionally, the numerical simulation and the magmatic degassing effect yielded a magmatic fluid in the hydrothermal system of the SER. In contrast with the MSC, we observe that the hydrothermal activity intensity and fluid composition of the SER are mainly controlled by magmatism.
引文
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[3]Craig H,Poreda R.Studies of methane and helium in hydrothermal vent plumes,spreading-axis basalts,and volcanic island lavas and gases in Southwest Pacific marginal basins[R].Califonria:University of Califonria,1987.
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[7]Fouquet Y,Von Stackelberg U,Charlou J L,et al.Hydrothermal activity and metallogenesis in the Lau backarc basin[J].Nature,1991,349,778-781.
[8]Binns R A,Scott S D.Activity forming polymetallic sulfide deposits associated with felsic volcanic rocks in the eastern Manus back-arc basin,Papua New Guinea[J].Economic Geology,1993,88:2262-2236.
[9]Monecke T,Petersen S,Hannington M D.Constraints on water depth of massive sulfide formation:evidence from modern seafloor hydrothermal systems in arc-related settings[J].Economic Geology,2014,109(8):2079-2101.
[10]石学法,李兵,鄢全树,等.西太平洋岛弧-弧后盆地热液活动及成矿作用[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2016,46(4):1124-1138.Shi Xuefa,Li Bing,Yan Quanshu,et al.Hydrothermal activities and mineralization in the arc and back-arc basin systems,western Pacific[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2016,46(4):1124-1138.
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[16]Park S H,Lee S M,Kamenov G D,et al.Tracing the origin of subduction components beneath the South East Rift in the Manus basin,Papua New Guinea[J].Chemical Geology,2010,269(3-4):339-349.
[17]Ortega-Osorio A,Scott S D.2001.Morphological and chemical characterization of neutrally buoyant plumederived particles at the eastern Manus Basin hydrothermal field,Papua New Guinea[J].Canadian Mineralogist,2010,39:17-31.
[18]Thal J,Tivey M,Yoerger D,et al.Geologic setting of PACManus hydrothermal area-High resolution mapping and in situ observations[J].Marine Geology,2014,355:98-114.
[19]曾志刚,张玉祥,陈祖兴,等.西太平洋典型弧后盆地的地质构造、岩浆作用与热液活动[C]//中国科学院海洋研究所.海洋科学集刊(51),北京:科学出版社,2016:3-36.Zeng Zhigang,Zhang Yuxiang,Chen Zuxing,et al.Geological tectonics,magmatism and seafloor hydrothermal activity in the Back-Arc Basins of the Western Pacific[C]//Institute of Oceanology,Chinese Academy of Sciences.Studia Marina Sinica(51),Beijing:Science Press,2016:3-36.
[20]Ma Y,Zeng Z,Chen S,et al.Origin of the volcanic rocks erupted in the eastern Manus Basin:basaltic-andesite-andesite-dacite associations[J].Journal of Ocean University of China,2017,16(13):389-402.
[21]曾志刚.海底热液地质学[M].北京:科学出版社,2011:1-567.Zeng Zhigang.Submarine Hydrothermal Geology[M].Beijing:Science Press,2011:1-567.
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[23]Moss R,Scott S D.Geochemistry and mineralogy of gold-rich hydrothermal precipitates from the eastern Manus Basin,Papua New Guinea[J].The Canadian Mineralogist,2001,39(40):957-978.
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[28]Shinjo R,Kato Y.Geochemical constraints on the origin of bimodal magmatism at the Okinawa Trough,an incipient back-arc basin[J].Lithos,2000,54:117-137.
[29]梁瑞才,吴金龙,刘保华,等.冲绳海槽中段线性磁条带异常及其构造发育[J].海洋学报,2001,23(2):69-78.Liang Ruicai,Wu Jinlong,Liu Baohua,et al.Linear magnetic anomalies and tectonic development for the middle Okinawa Trough[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2001,23(2):69-78.
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[35]栾锡武.现代海底热液活动区的分布于构造环境分析[J].地球科学进展,2004,19(6):931-938.Luan Xiwu.Distribution and tectonic environments of the hydrothermal fields[J].Advances in Earth Science,2004,19(6):931-938.
[36]Reeves E P,Seewald J S,Saccocia P,et al.Geochemistry of hydrothermal fluids from the Pacmanus,Northeast Pual and Vienna Woods hydrothermal fields,Manus Basin,Papua New Guinea[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2011,75(4):1088-1123.
[37]Gena K R,Chiba H,Mizuta T,et al.Hydrogen,oxygen and sulfur isotope studies of seafloor hydrothermal system at the Desmos Caldera,Manus Back-arc Basin,Papua New Guinea:An analogue of terrestrial acid hot crater-lake[J].Resource Geology,2006,56(2):183-190.
[38]Gena K,Mizuta T,Ishiyama D,et al.Acid-sulphate type alteration and mineralization in the Desmos Caldera,Manus Back-arc Basin,Papua New Guinea[J].Resource Geology,2001,51(1):31-44.
[39]Fourre E,Jean-Baptiste P,Charlou J L,et al.Helium isotopic composition of hydrothermal fluids from the Manus back-arc Basin,Papua New Guinea[J].Geochemical Journal,2006,40:245-252.
[40]Gamo T,Okamura K,Charlou J,et al.Acidic and sulfate-rich hydrothermal fluids from the Manus back-arc basin,Papua New Guinea[J].Geology,1997,25:139-142.
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