冲绳海槽北部柱状沉积物中有机质地球化学特征——对热液活动的指示
|
摘要
通过气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS),分析了冲绳海槽北部柱状沉积物中有机质的分布和组成特征。样品中正烷烃显示出明显的双峰分布,其中高分子正烷烃显示出明显的奇数碳优势;低分子的正烷烃显示出偶数碳优势,其丰度最大值位于C16和C18处。该柱状沉积物中120～140cm层样品(样品S10-7)中沥青、正烷烃以及脂肪酸的含量都要远高于其他层位样品,且该层位样品中正十八烷酸质量比(16.915μg/g)要高于其他层位样品1～2个数量级。S10-7样品中3个成熟度参数也高于其他样品,预示该层位样品受到明显的热蚀变。S10-7样品中有机质的分布和组成情况预示该柱状沉积物样品周围可能存在未被发现的热液区。本研究旨在揭示该柱状沉积物中有机质的来源,同时评估该区热液活动的可能性。本研究的开展可为该区沉积物中有机质来源及热液活动研究提供研究基础和依据。
Sediment core samples obtained from the northern of the Okinawa Trough were analyzed for the abundances and distributions of organic compounds by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. The distributions and compositions of the n-alkanes in the sediment core exhibited an odd to even predominance of high molecular weight n-alkanes and showed a bimodal distribution. The low molecular weight n-alkanes showed an even to odd predominance with maxima at C16 and C18 in the sediment core. The concentration of bitumen, alkanes and fatty acid at the layer of 120～140 cm(sample S10-7) in the sediment core were all much higher than those in other layers, and the concentrations of octadecanoic acid in that sample was 16.915 μg/g, 1～2 orders of magnitude higher than those in other layers. Three maturity parameters in sample S10-7 were higher, suggesting that the sample might be thermaliy altered. The distributions and compositions of organic matter in sample S10-7 reflect that there may be one or several undetected hydrothermal fields near the sediment core of the northern of Okinawa Trough. The study aims to find out the main source of organic matter in the sediment core, and assess the seafloor hydrothermal activity around the sediment core, which will provide foundation for the research of the source of organic matter and hydrothermal activity in sediment of the northern of the Okinawa Trough.
Sediment core samples obtained from the northern of the Okinawa Trough were analyzed for the abundances and distributions of organic compounds by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. The distributions and compositions of the n-alkanes in the sediment core exhibited an odd to even predominance of high molecular weight n-alkanes and showed a bimodal distribution. The low molecular weight n-alkanes showed an even to odd predominance with maxima at C16 and C18 in the sediment core. The concentration of bitumen, alkanes and fatty acid at the layer of 120～140 cm(sample S10-7) in the sediment core were all much higher than those in other layers, and the concentrations of octadecanoic acid in that sample was 16.915 μg/g, 1～2 orders of magnitude higher than those in other layers. Three maturity parameters in sample S10-7 were higher, suggesting that the sample might be thermaliy altered. The distributions and compositions of organic matter in sample S10-7 reflect that there may be one or several undetected hydrothermal fields near the sediment core of the northern of Okinawa Trough. The study aims to find out the main source of organic matter in the sediment core, and assess the seafloor hydrothermal activity around the sediment core, which will provide foundation for the research of the source of organic matter and hydrothermal activity in sediment of the northern of the Okinawa Trough.
引文
[1]Lein A Y,Peresypkin V I,Simoneit B R T.Origin of hydrocarbons in hydrothermal sulfide ores in the MidAtlantic Ridge[J].Lithology and Mineral Resources,2003,38(5):383-393.
[2]Simoneit B R T,Lein A Y,Peresypkin V I,et al.Composition and origin of hydrothermal petroleum and associated lipids in the sulfide deposits of the Rainbow Field(Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 36°N)[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2004,68(10):2275-2294.
[3]Peng Xiaotong,Li Jiwei,Zhou Huaiyang,et al.Characteristics and source of inorganic and organic compounds in the sediments from two hydrothermal fields of the Central Indian and Mid-Atlantic Ridges[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2011,41:355-368.
[4]Zhang Qiling,Hou Zengqian,Tang Shaohua.Organic composition of sulphideores in the Okinawa Trough and its implications[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2001,75(2):196-203.
[5]Kvenvolden K A,Rapp J B,Hostettler F D,et al.Petroleum associated with polymetallic sulfide in sediment from Gorda Ridge[J].Science,1986,234(4781):1231-1234.
[6]Simoneit B R T.Lipid/bitumen maturation by hydrothermal activity in sediments Middle Valley,Leg 139[C]//Mottl M,Davis E E,Fisher A T,et al.Proceedings Ocean Drilling Program,Scientific Results.Texas:College Station,1994:447-465.
[7]Simoneit B R T,Grimalt J O,Hayes J M.Low temperature hydrothermal maturation of organic matter in sediments from the Atlantis II Deep,Red Sea[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1987,51:879-894.
[8]Michaelis W,Jenisch A,Richnow H H.Hydrothermal petroleum generation in red sea sediments from the Kebrit and Shaban deeps[J].Applied Geochemistry,1990,5(1-2):103-114.
[9]Chernova T G,Rao P S,Pikovskii Y I,et al.The composition and source of hydrocarbons in sediments taken from the tectonically active Andaman Backarch Basin,Indian Ocean[J].Marine Chemistry,2001,75:1-15.
[10]Venkatesan M I,Rut E,Rao P S,et al.Hydrothermal petroleum in the sediments of the Andaman Backarc Basin,Indian Ocean[J].Applied Geochemistry,2003,18:845-861.
[11]Li Jiwei,Zhou Huaiyang,Peng Xiaotong,et al.Abundance and distribution of fatty acids within the walls of an active deep-sea sulfide chimney[J].Journal of Sea Research,2011,65:333-339.
[12]Li Jiwei,Peng Xiaotong,Zhou Huaiyang,et al.Characteristics and source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface hydrothermal sediments from two hydrothermal fields of the Central Indian and MidAtlantic Ridges[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2012,46:31-43.
[13]Konn C,Charlou J L,Donval J P,et al.Hydrocarbons and oxidized organic compounds in hydrothermal fluids from Rainbow and Lost City ultramafic-hosted vents[J].Chemical Geology,2009,258:299-314.
[14]Shulga N A,Peresypkin V I,Revelskii I A.Composition research of n-alkanes in the samples of hydrothermal deposits of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J].Oceanology,2010,50(4):479-487.
[15]Proskurowski G,Lilley M D,Seewald J S,et al.Abiogenic hydrocarbon production at Lost City Hydrothermal Field[J].Science,2008,319(5863):604-607.
[16]Bradley A S,Summons R E.Multiple origins of methane at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2010,297:34-41.
[17]Morgunova I P,Ivanov V N,Litvinenko I V,et al.Geochemistry of organic matter in bottom sediments of the Ashadze Hydrothermal Field[J].Oceanology,2012,52(3):345-353.
[18]Petrova V I,Batova G I,Kursheva A V,et al.Geochemistry of organic matter of bottom sediments in the rises of the central Arctic Ocean[J].Russian Geology and Geophysics,2010,51:88-97.
[19]McCollom T M,Seewald J S.Abiotic synthesis of organic compounds in deep-Sea Hydrothermal environments[J].Chemical Reviews,2007,107:382-401.
[20]Konn C,Testemale D,Querellou J,et al.New insight into the contributions of thermogenic processes and biogenic sources to the generation of organic compounds in hydrothermal fluids[J].Geobiology,2011,9:79-93.
[21]Zárate-del Valle P F,Rushdi A I,Simoneit B R T.Hydrothermal petroleum of Lake Chapala,Citala Rift,western Mexico:Bitumen compositions from source sediments and application of hydrous pyrolysis[J].Applied Geochemistry,2006,21(4):701-712.
[22]秦蕴珊,赵一阳,陈丽蓉.东海地质[M].北京:科学出版社,1987:1-20.Qin Yunshan,Zhao Yiyang,Chen Lirong.Geology of the East China Sea[M].Beijing:Science Press,1987:1-20.
[23]李家彪.东海区域地质[M].北京:海洋出版社,2008:2-30.Li Jiabiao.Areal geology of the East China Sea[M].Beijing:China Ocean Press,2008:2-30.
[24]李怀明,翟世奎.冲绳海槽岩浆活动研究进展及思考[J].地质论评,2008,54(1):120-124.Li Huaiming,Zhai Shikui.Advances and developments in study of the magmatism in the Okinawa Trough[J].Geological Review,2008,54(1):120-124.
[25]尚鲁宁,张训华,韩波等.冲绳海槽及邻区磁异常特征及其地质解释[J].海洋科学,2016,40(5):142-149.Shang Luning,Zhang Xunhua,Han Bo,et al.Magnetic anomaly pattern and interpretation of the Okinawa Trough and adjacent areas[J].Marine Sciences,2016,40(5):142-149.
[26]Zeng Zhigang.New hydrothermal field in the Okinawa Trough[EB/OL].[2015-08-21].http://goldschmidt.info/2015/index.
[27]Zeng Zhigang,Chen Shuai,Ma Yao,et al.Chemical compositions of mussels and clams from the Tangyin and Yonaguni Knoll IV hydrothermal fields in the southwestern Okinawa Trough[J].Ore Geology Reviews,2017,87:172-191.
[28]Zhai Shikui,Xu Shumei,Yu Zenghui,et al.Two possible hydrothermal vents in the northern Okinawa Trough[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2001,46:943-945.
[29]Rushdi A I,Simoneit B R T.Hydrothermal alteration of organic matter in sediments of the Northeastern Pacific Ocean:Part 1.Middle Valley,Juan de Fuca Ridge[J].Applied Geochemistry,2002,17:1401-1428.
[30]Rushdi A I,Simoneit B RT.Hydrothermal alteration of organic matter in sediments of the Northeastern Pacific Ocean:Part 2.Escanaba Trough,Gorda Ridge[J].Applied Geochemistry,2002,17:1467-1494.
[31]Ensminger A,van Dorsselaer A,Spyckerelle C,et al.Pentacyclic triterpenes of the hopane type as ubiquitous geochemical markers:origin and significance[C]//Tissot B,Bienner F.Advances in Organic Geochemistry.Paris:Technip,1973:245-260.
[32]Peters K E,Moldowan J M.The biomarker guide:interpreting molecular fossils in petroleum and ancient sediments,Prentice Hall[J].Englewood Cliffs,1993:1:363-363.
[33]Seifert W K,Moldowan J M.Applications of steranes,terpanes and monoaromatics to the maturation,migration and source of crude oils[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1978,42(1):77-95.
[34]Seifert W K,Moldowan J M.The effect of biodegradation on steranes and terpanes in crude oils[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1979,43(1):111-126.
[35]Mackenzie A S,Patience R L,Maxwell J R,et al.Molecular parameters of maturation in the Toarcian shales,Paris Basin,France-I.Changes in the configurations of acyclic isoprenoid alkanes,steranes and triterpanes[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1980,44(11):1709-1721.
[36]Ohkouchi N.Lipids as biogeochemical tracers in the late Quaternary[D].Tokyo:University Tokyo,1995.
[37]Huang Xin,Zeng Zhigang,Chen Shuai,et al.Abundance and distribution of fatty acids in sediments of the South Mid-Atlantic Ridge[J].Journal of Ocean University of China,2015,14(2):277-283.
[38]Elias V O,Simoneit B R T,Cardoso J N.Even n-alkane predominances on the Amazon shelf and a Northeast Pacific hydrothermal system[J].Naturwissenschaften,1997,84:415-420.
[39]Li Tiegang,Xu Zhaokai,Lim D,et al.Sr-Nd isotopic constraints on detrital sediment provenance and paleoenvironmental change in the northern Okinawa Trough during the late Quaternary[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2015,399(2014):236-245.
[40]Xu Zhaokai,Li Tiegang,Chang Fengming,et al.Claysized sediment provenance change in the northern Okinawa Trough since 22 kyr BP and its paleoenvironmental implication[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2014,399:236-245.
[41]Yamanaka T,Sakata S.Abundance and distribution of fatty acids in hydrothermal vent sediments of the western Pacific Ocean[J].Organic Geochemistry,2004,35:573-582.
[42]Huang Xin,Zeng Zhigang,Chen Shuai,et al.Component characteristics of organic matter in hydrothermal barnacle shells from Southwest Indian Ridge[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2013,32(12):60-67.
[2]Simoneit B R T,Lein A Y,Peresypkin V I,et al.Composition and origin of hydrothermal petroleum and associated lipids in the sulfide deposits of the Rainbow Field(Mid-Atlantic Ridge at 36°N)[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,2004,68(10):2275-2294.
[3]Peng Xiaotong,Li Jiwei,Zhou Huaiyang,et al.Characteristics and source of inorganic and organic compounds in the sediments from two hydrothermal fields of the Central Indian and Mid-Atlantic Ridges[J].Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,2011,41:355-368.
[4]Zhang Qiling,Hou Zengqian,Tang Shaohua.Organic composition of sulphideores in the Okinawa Trough and its implications[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2001,75(2):196-203.
[5]Kvenvolden K A,Rapp J B,Hostettler F D,et al.Petroleum associated with polymetallic sulfide in sediment from Gorda Ridge[J].Science,1986,234(4781):1231-1234.
[6]Simoneit B R T.Lipid/bitumen maturation by hydrothermal activity in sediments Middle Valley,Leg 139[C]//Mottl M,Davis E E,Fisher A T,et al.Proceedings Ocean Drilling Program,Scientific Results.Texas:College Station,1994:447-465.
[7]Simoneit B R T,Grimalt J O,Hayes J M.Low temperature hydrothermal maturation of organic matter in sediments from the Atlantis II Deep,Red Sea[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1987,51:879-894.
[8]Michaelis W,Jenisch A,Richnow H H.Hydrothermal petroleum generation in red sea sediments from the Kebrit and Shaban deeps[J].Applied Geochemistry,1990,5(1-2):103-114.
[9]Chernova T G,Rao P S,Pikovskii Y I,et al.The composition and source of hydrocarbons in sediments taken from the tectonically active Andaman Backarch Basin,Indian Ocean[J].Marine Chemistry,2001,75:1-15.
[10]Venkatesan M I,Rut E,Rao P S,et al.Hydrothermal petroleum in the sediments of the Andaman Backarc Basin,Indian Ocean[J].Applied Geochemistry,2003,18:845-861.
[11]Li Jiwei,Zhou Huaiyang,Peng Xiaotong,et al.Abundance and distribution of fatty acids within the walls of an active deep-sea sulfide chimney[J].Journal of Sea Research,2011,65:333-339.
[12]Li Jiwei,Peng Xiaotong,Zhou Huaiyang,et al.Characteristics and source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the surface hydrothermal sediments from two hydrothermal fields of the Central Indian and MidAtlantic Ridges[J].Journal of Geochemical Exploration,2012,46:31-43.
[13]Konn C,Charlou J L,Donval J P,et al.Hydrocarbons and oxidized organic compounds in hydrothermal fluids from Rainbow and Lost City ultramafic-hosted vents[J].Chemical Geology,2009,258:299-314.
[14]Shulga N A,Peresypkin V I,Revelskii I A.Composition research of n-alkanes in the samples of hydrothermal deposits of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J].Oceanology,2010,50(4):479-487.
[15]Proskurowski G,Lilley M D,Seewald J S,et al.Abiogenic hydrocarbon production at Lost City Hydrothermal Field[J].Science,2008,319(5863):604-607.
[16]Bradley A S,Summons R E.Multiple origins of methane at the Lost City Hydrothermal Field[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2010,297:34-41.
[17]Morgunova I P,Ivanov V N,Litvinenko I V,et al.Geochemistry of organic matter in bottom sediments of the Ashadze Hydrothermal Field[J].Oceanology,2012,52(3):345-353.
[18]Petrova V I,Batova G I,Kursheva A V,et al.Geochemistry of organic matter of bottom sediments in the rises of the central Arctic Ocean[J].Russian Geology and Geophysics,2010,51:88-97.
[19]McCollom T M,Seewald J S.Abiotic synthesis of organic compounds in deep-Sea Hydrothermal environments[J].Chemical Reviews,2007,107:382-401.
[20]Konn C,Testemale D,Querellou J,et al.New insight into the contributions of thermogenic processes and biogenic sources to the generation of organic compounds in hydrothermal fluids[J].Geobiology,2011,9:79-93.
[21]Zárate-del Valle P F,Rushdi A I,Simoneit B R T.Hydrothermal petroleum of Lake Chapala,Citala Rift,western Mexico:Bitumen compositions from source sediments and application of hydrous pyrolysis[J].Applied Geochemistry,2006,21(4):701-712.
[22]秦蕴珊,赵一阳,陈丽蓉.东海地质[M].北京:科学出版社,1987:1-20.Qin Yunshan,Zhao Yiyang,Chen Lirong.Geology of the East China Sea[M].Beijing:Science Press,1987:1-20.
[23]李家彪.东海区域地质[M].北京:海洋出版社,2008:2-30.Li Jiabiao.Areal geology of the East China Sea[M].Beijing:China Ocean Press,2008:2-30.
[24]李怀明,翟世奎.冲绳海槽岩浆活动研究进展及思考[J].地质论评,2008,54(1):120-124.Li Huaiming,Zhai Shikui.Advances and developments in study of the magmatism in the Okinawa Trough[J].Geological Review,2008,54(1):120-124.
[25]尚鲁宁,张训华,韩波等.冲绳海槽及邻区磁异常特征及其地质解释[J].海洋科学,2016,40(5):142-149.Shang Luning,Zhang Xunhua,Han Bo,et al.Magnetic anomaly pattern and interpretation of the Okinawa Trough and adjacent areas[J].Marine Sciences,2016,40(5):142-149.
[26]Zeng Zhigang.New hydrothermal field in the Okinawa Trough[EB/OL].[2015-08-21].http://goldschmidt.info/2015/index.
[27]Zeng Zhigang,Chen Shuai,Ma Yao,et al.Chemical compositions of mussels and clams from the Tangyin and Yonaguni Knoll IV hydrothermal fields in the southwestern Okinawa Trough[J].Ore Geology Reviews,2017,87:172-191.
[28]Zhai Shikui,Xu Shumei,Yu Zenghui,et al.Two possible hydrothermal vents in the northern Okinawa Trough[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2001,46:943-945.
[29]Rushdi A I,Simoneit B R T.Hydrothermal alteration of organic matter in sediments of the Northeastern Pacific Ocean:Part 1.Middle Valley,Juan de Fuca Ridge[J].Applied Geochemistry,2002,17:1401-1428.
[30]Rushdi A I,Simoneit B RT.Hydrothermal alteration of organic matter in sediments of the Northeastern Pacific Ocean:Part 2.Escanaba Trough,Gorda Ridge[J].Applied Geochemistry,2002,17:1467-1494.
[31]Ensminger A,van Dorsselaer A,Spyckerelle C,et al.Pentacyclic triterpenes of the hopane type as ubiquitous geochemical markers:origin and significance[C]//Tissot B,Bienner F.Advances in Organic Geochemistry.Paris:Technip,1973:245-260.
[32]Peters K E,Moldowan J M.The biomarker guide:interpreting molecular fossils in petroleum and ancient sediments,Prentice Hall[J].Englewood Cliffs,1993:1:363-363.
[33]Seifert W K,Moldowan J M.Applications of steranes,terpanes and monoaromatics to the maturation,migration and source of crude oils[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1978,42(1):77-95.
[34]Seifert W K,Moldowan J M.The effect of biodegradation on steranes and terpanes in crude oils[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1979,43(1):111-126.
[35]Mackenzie A S,Patience R L,Maxwell J R,et al.Molecular parameters of maturation in the Toarcian shales,Paris Basin,France-I.Changes in the configurations of acyclic isoprenoid alkanes,steranes and triterpanes[J].Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1980,44(11):1709-1721.
[36]Ohkouchi N.Lipids as biogeochemical tracers in the late Quaternary[D].Tokyo:University Tokyo,1995.
[37]Huang Xin,Zeng Zhigang,Chen Shuai,et al.Abundance and distribution of fatty acids in sediments of the South Mid-Atlantic Ridge[J].Journal of Ocean University of China,2015,14(2):277-283.
[38]Elias V O,Simoneit B R T,Cardoso J N.Even n-alkane predominances on the Amazon shelf and a Northeast Pacific hydrothermal system[J].Naturwissenschaften,1997,84:415-420.
[39]Li Tiegang,Xu Zhaokai,Lim D,et al.Sr-Nd isotopic constraints on detrital sediment provenance and paleoenvironmental change in the northern Okinawa Trough during the late Quaternary[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2015,399(2014):236-245.
[40]Xu Zhaokai,Li Tiegang,Chang Fengming,et al.Claysized sediment provenance change in the northern Okinawa Trough since 22 kyr BP and its paleoenvironmental implication[J].Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology,2014,399:236-245.
[41]Yamanaka T,Sakata S.Abundance and distribution of fatty acids in hydrothermal vent sediments of the western Pacific Ocean[J].Organic Geochemistry,2004,35:573-582.
[42]Huang Xin,Zeng Zhigang,Chen Shuai,et al.Component characteristics of organic matter in hydrothermal barnacle shells from Southwest Indian Ridge[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2013,32(12):60-67.