风景园林空间冠层遮阴对夏季小气候及人体热舒适度的影响研究——以南京军区杭州疗养院为例
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摘要
为探究杭州地区风景园林空间冠层遮阴对夏季小气候及人体热舒适度的影响,通过对南京军区杭州疗养院内全遮阴、半遮阴、无遮阴3种不同遮阴类型(以天空可视因子SVF作为分组依据)下18个测点各小气候因子的实地测量,分析炎热夏季不同冠层遮阴对风景园林空间热环境、湿环境和风环境的影响差异,结合生理等效温度(Physiological Equivalent Temperature,PET)的计算,评价各不同遮阴类型空间下的人体热舒适感受。结果显示:人体热舒适感受与热环境因子及天空可视因子呈显著负相关,与相对湿度呈显著正相关,与风速风向无明显相关关系;3种遮阴类型中,无遮阴空间热环境、湿环境、风环境均与全遮阴、半遮阴空间差异显著,人体感受最不舒适;全遮阴与半遮阴空间在热环境方面有些微差异,具体表现在半遮阴空间太阳辐射及地表(表面)温度对比全遮阴空间平均值稍高,两者在空气温度、湿环境、风环境方面无太大差异,但受热环境的主要影响,全遮阴空间依然最为舒适,并据此提出有关小气候适宜性设计的改善策略,以期为杭州地区室外风景园林空间的热舒适改善提供参考借鉴。
In order to study the influence of landscape space canopy shading on summer micro-climate and human thermal comfort of Hangzhou area,the Nanjing military sanatorium in Hangzhou was chosen as the test site. Through field measurement of 3 different types of shade,full shade,semi shade and no shading,with 18 points of various micro-climatic factors in the Hangzhou sanatorium of Nanjing military region,the influence of different hot summer canopy shading on landscape spatial thermal environment,humidity environment and wind environment,were analyzed,combined with the figure of Physiological Equivalent Temperature(PET) to evaluate human thermal comfort feeling of different types shading space. The results show that the human thermal comfort have significant negative correlation with thermal environment factor and sky view factor,having a significant positive correlation with relative humidity and there was no obvious correlation between wind speed and direction; in the three kinds of shading type,the thermal environment and humidity and wind environment of no shading space have obvious difference with full and semi shading space and the body feelings are most uncomfortable; full shading has slight difference with semi shading in the thermal environment,the average value of solar radiation and surface temperature of semi shading space is a bit higher than full shading space,and no big differences in the air temperature,humidity and wind environment,but it mainly affected the thermal environment,the full shading space is still the most comfortable. At last,relevant design improvement strategies for micro-climate are put forward,in order to provide reference for the thermal comfort improvement of outdoor landscape space in Hangzhou.
In order to study the influence of landscape space canopy shading on summer micro-climate and human thermal comfort of Hangzhou area,the Nanjing military sanatorium in Hangzhou was chosen as the test site. Through field measurement of 3 different types of shade,full shade,semi shade and no shading,with 18 points of various micro-climatic factors in the Hangzhou sanatorium of Nanjing military region,the influence of different hot summer canopy shading on landscape spatial thermal environment,humidity environment and wind environment,were analyzed,combined with the figure of Physiological Equivalent Temperature(PET) to evaluate human thermal comfort feeling of different types shading space. The results show that the human thermal comfort have significant negative correlation with thermal environment factor and sky view factor,having a significant positive correlation with relative humidity and there was no obvious correlation between wind speed and direction; in the three kinds of shading type,the thermal environment and humidity and wind environment of no shading space have obvious difference with full and semi shading space and the body feelings are most uncomfortable; full shading has slight difference with semi shading in the thermal environment,the average value of solar radiation and surface temperature of semi shading space is a bit higher than full shading space,and no big differences in the air temperature,humidity and wind environment,but it mainly affected the thermal environment,the full shading space is still the most comfortable. At last,relevant design improvement strategies for micro-climate are put forward,in order to provide reference for the thermal comfort improvement of outdoor landscape space in Hangzhou.
引文
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[15]孙晓晨,张放,邵华.紫外线对人体健康影响[J].中国职业医学,2016,43(3):380-383.
[2]龙燕.城市边缘区风景园林空间特征研究[D].武汉:武汉大学,2014.
[3]晏海.城市公园绿地小气候环境效应及其影响因子研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2014.
[4]邵永昌,庄家尧,李二焕,等.城市森林冠层对小气候调节作用[J].生态学杂志,2015(6):1532-1539.
[5]李英汉,王俊坚,陈雪,等.深圳市居住区绿地植物冠层格局对微气候的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011(2):343-349.
[6]刘滨谊,魏冬雪,李凌舒.上海国歌广场热舒适研究[J].中国园林,2017,33(4):5-11.
[7]Hoppe P.The physiological equivalent temperature:a universal index for the biometeorological assessment of the thermal environment[J].Int JBiometeorol,1999,43(2):71-75.
[8]张德顺,王振.高密度地区广场冠层小气候效应及人体热舒适度研究:以上海创智天地广场为例[J].中国园林,2017,33(4):18-22.
[9]Ketterer C,Matzarakis A.Human-biometeorological assessment of heat stress reduction by replanning measures in Stuttgart,Germany[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2014,122:78-88.
[10]Morakinyo T E,Lam Y F.Simulation study on the impact of tree-configuration,planting pattern and wind condition on street-canyon's micro-climate and thermal comfort[J].Building and Environment,2016,103:262-275.
[11]梅欹,刘滨谊.上海住区风景园林空间冬季微气候感受分析[J].中国园林,2017,33(4):12-17.
[12]苏丽娜.杭州疗养院景观调查研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2012.
[13]Oke T R.Canyon geometry and the nocturnal urban heat island:comparison of scale model and field observations[J].Journal of Climatology,1981,1(3):237-254.
[14]祁有祥,骆汉,赵廷宁.基于鱼眼镜头的林冠郁闭度简易测量方法[J].北京林业大学学报,2009,31(6):60-66.
[15]孙晓晨,张放,邵华.紫外线对人体健康影响[J].中国职业医学,2016,43(3):380-383.