南京市不同结构植物群落在冬夏两季的微气候调节作用
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摘要
植物的微气候调节能力,对于改善城市公共空间人居环境舒适度具有重要意义。本研究以南京市公园和广场绿地为对象,通过实地测量,分析了5种群落结构(草地、常绿乔木单层林、常绿乔-草复合林、落叶乔木单层林、落叶乔-草复合林)在冬夏两季温度、湿度及热舒适度(温湿指数)调节能力方面的差异。结果表明:夏季,各种群落均有显著或极显著(P<0.05或P<0.01)的降温增湿效果,但各林地之间降温和微气候舒适度调节能力无显著区别;林地降温增湿及热舒适度调节能力效果显著或极显著地高于草地(P<0.05或P<0.01);冬季,常绿乔木单层林或常绿乔-草复合林通过显著降温作用恶化了场地热舒适度,草地及落叶林对微气候无显著影响;除了夏季落叶乔木与草本层在降温效应方面具有显著的交互作用外(P<0.05),草本层与乔木层在其他微气候调节指标方面均无显著的交互作用。从热舒适度角度,建议在冬冷夏热地区,城市绿化应适当增加落叶林比例。
The microclimate regulation ability of plants is of great significance for improving the comfort of living environment in urban public spaces. Taking the parks and plazas in Nanjing City as the research objects,we analyzed the differences of temperature,humidity and thermal comfort( measured by temperature-humidity index) regulating ability of five structural types of communities( including single-layer grassland,evergreen single-layer woodland,evergreen tree-grass composite woodland,deciduous single-layer woodland,and deciduous tree-grass composite woodland) in winter and summer by field measurement. The results showed that in summer,all communities had significant or extremely significant cooling and humidification effects( P < 0. 05 or P<0.01),but there was no significant difference among the four woodland types in their cooling and thermal comfort regulating ability. The effects of regulating temperature,humidity and thermal comfort of four woodland types were significantly or extremely significantly higher than those of the grassland( P< 0. 05 or P < 0. 01). In winter,the evergreen single-layer tree woodland or evergreen tree-grass composite woodland worsened the thermal comfort with significant cooling effect( P < 0. 05 or P < 0. 01),while the grassland and deciduous woodlands had no significant effect on microclimate. Except for the significant interaction between the deciduous tree and the understory in cooling effect in summer( P<0.05),the understory and the tree layer had no significant interaction in terms of other microclimate regulation effects. Our results suggested that the proportion of deciduous woodland could be increased to improve thermal comfort in cold winter and hot summer regions.
The microclimate regulation ability of plants is of great significance for improving the comfort of living environment in urban public spaces. Taking the parks and plazas in Nanjing City as the research objects,we analyzed the differences of temperature,humidity and thermal comfort( measured by temperature-humidity index) regulating ability of five structural types of communities( including single-layer grassland,evergreen single-layer woodland,evergreen tree-grass composite woodland,deciduous single-layer woodland,and deciduous tree-grass composite woodland) in winter and summer by field measurement. The results showed that in summer,all communities had significant or extremely significant cooling and humidification effects( P < 0. 05 or P<0.01),but there was no significant difference among the four woodland types in their cooling and thermal comfort regulating ability. The effects of regulating temperature,humidity and thermal comfort of four woodland types were significantly or extremely significantly higher than those of the grassland( P< 0. 05 or P < 0. 01). In winter,the evergreen single-layer tree woodland or evergreen tree-grass composite woodland worsened the thermal comfort with significant cooling effect( P < 0. 05 or P < 0. 01),while the grassland and deciduous woodlands had no significant effect on microclimate. Except for the significant interaction between the deciduous tree and the understory in cooling effect in summer( P<0.05),the understory and the tree layer had no significant interaction in terms of other microclimate regulation effects. Our results suggested that the proportion of deciduous woodland could be increased to improve thermal comfort in cold winter and hot summer regions.
引文
高吉喜,宋婷,张彪,等.2016.北京城市绿地群落结构对降温增湿功能的影响.资源科学,38(6):1028-1038.
葛宝明,李振兴,张代臻,等.2012.盐城5种绿地春季大型土壤动物群落的生物多样性.动物学杂志,47(2):1-7.
李隽永,窦晓琳,胡印红,等.2018.城市不同地表覆盖类型下土壤有机碳矿化的差异.生态学报,38(1):112-121.
李熙波.2012.福州城市片林与草坪碳吸存比较研究(硕士学位论文).福州:福建师范大学.
刘娇妹,李树华,吴菲,等.2007.纯林、混交林型园林绿地的生态效益.生态学报,27(2):674-684.
梅欹,刘滨谊.2017.上海住区风景园林空间冬季微气候感受分析.中国园林,(4):12-17.
乔小菊.2014.南京城区园林绿化中常见阔叶乔木树种的光合特性及相关生态功能的研究(硕士学位论文).南京:南京农业大学.
秦仲,李湛东,成仿云,等.2015.夏季栾树群落冠层结构对其环境温湿度的调节作用.应用生态学报,26(6):1634-1640.
邵永昌,庄家尧,李二焕,等.2015.城市森林冠层对小气候调节作用.生态学杂志,34(6):1532-1539.
石云峰,刘茂松,徐驰,等.2013.南京城市边缘增长速率空间分异的驱动机制.生态学杂志,32(3):741-747.
唐泽,任志彬,郑海峰,等.2017.城市森林群落结构特征的降温效应.应用生态学报,28(9):2823-2830.
汪结明,王良桂,朱柯,等.2016.不同园林绿地类型内空气PM2.5浓度的动态变化及其滞尘效应分析.环境工程,34(7):120-124.
吴芳芳,张娜,陈晓燕.2013.北京北护城河河岸带的温湿度调节效应.生态学报,33(7):2292-2303.
薛雪,张金池,孙永涛,等.2016.上海常绿树种固碳释氧和降温增湿效益研究.南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,40(3):81-86.
薛雪,杨静,郑云峰,等.2016.南京城市杂交马褂木林小气候特征研究.水土保持研究,23(4):226-232.
晏海,王雪,董丽.2012.华北树木群落夏季微气候特征及其对人体舒适度的影响.北京林业大学学报,34(5):57-63.
闫伟姣,孔繁花,尹海伟,等.2014.紫金山森林公园降温效应影响因素.生态学报,34(12):3169-3178.
杨立成.2011.北京城市绿地复合系统植物耗水规律及灌溉模型研究(博士学位论文).北京:北京林业大学
张波,王文杰,何兴元,等.2017.哈尔滨城市森林遮荫和降温增湿效应差异及其影响因素.生态学杂志,36(4):951-961.
张蓉蓉.2016.南京城区常见小乔木与灌木阔叶园林树种光合特征及相关生态功能的研究(硕士学位论文).南京:南京农业大学.
中华人民共和国建设部.1993.建筑气候区划标准(GB50178-93).北京:中国标准出版社.
周志翔,邵天一,王鹏程,等.2002.武钢厂区绿地景观类型空间结构及滞尘效应.生态学报,22(12):2036-2040.
朱学南,应求是,冯有林,等.2002.常绿与落叶行道树冬季环境效应比较.浙江林学院学报,19(4):399-402.
Alchapar NL,Pezzuto CC,Correa EN,et al.2017.The impact of different cooling strategies on urban air temperatures:The cases of Campinas,Brazil and Mendoza,Argentina.Theoretical and Applied Climatology,130:35-50.
Crum SM,Shiflett SA,Jenerette GD.2017.The influence of vegetation,mesoclimate and meteorology on urban atmospheric microclimates across a coastal to desert climate gradient.Journal of Environmental Management,200:295-303.
Fabbri K,Canuti G,Ugolini A.2017.A methodology to evaluate outdoor microclimate of the archaeological site and vegetation role:A case study of the Roman Villa in Russi(Italy).Sustainable Cities and Society,35:107-133.
Hsieh CM,Li JJ,Zhang L,et al.2018.Effects of tree shading and transpiration on building cooling energy use.Energy and Buildings,159:382-397.
Johansson E,Yahia MW,Arroyo I,et al.2018.Outdoor thermal comfort in public space in warm-humid Guayaquil,Ecuador.International Journal of Biometeorology,62:387-399.
Morakinyo TE,Dahanayake,KWDKC,Adegun OB,et al.2016.Modelling the effect of tree-shading on summer indoor and outdoor thermal condition of two similar buildings in a Nigerian university.Energy and Buildings,130:721-732.
Morris KI,Chan A,Morris KJK,et al.2017.Impact of urbanization level on the interactions of urban area,the urban climate,and human thermal comfort.Applied Geography,79:50-72.
Rahman MA,Moser A,Gold A et al.2018.Vertical air temperature gradients under the shade of two contrasting urban tree species during different types of summer days.Science of the Total Environment,633:100-111.
Vieira J,Matos P,Mexia T,et al.2018.Green spaces are not all the same for the provision of air purification and climate regulation services:The case of urban parks.Environmental Research,160:306-313.
Wu ZF,Chen LD.2017.Optimizing the spatial arrangement of trees in residential neighborhoods for better cooling effects:Integrating modeling with in-situ measurements.Landscape and Urban Planning,167:463-472.
Zhang L,Zhan Q,Lan Y.2018.Effects of the tree distribution and species on outdoor environment conditions in a hot summer and cold winter zone:A case study in Wuhan residential quarters.Building and Environment,130:27-39.
葛宝明,李振兴,张代臻,等.2012.盐城5种绿地春季大型土壤动物群落的生物多样性.动物学杂志,47(2):1-7.
李隽永,窦晓琳,胡印红,等.2018.城市不同地表覆盖类型下土壤有机碳矿化的差异.生态学报,38(1):112-121.
李熙波.2012.福州城市片林与草坪碳吸存比较研究(硕士学位论文).福州:福建师范大学.
刘娇妹,李树华,吴菲,等.2007.纯林、混交林型园林绿地的生态效益.生态学报,27(2):674-684.
梅欹,刘滨谊.2017.上海住区风景园林空间冬季微气候感受分析.中国园林,(4):12-17.
乔小菊.2014.南京城区园林绿化中常见阔叶乔木树种的光合特性及相关生态功能的研究(硕士学位论文).南京:南京农业大学.
秦仲,李湛东,成仿云,等.2015.夏季栾树群落冠层结构对其环境温湿度的调节作用.应用生态学报,26(6):1634-1640.
邵永昌,庄家尧,李二焕,等.2015.城市森林冠层对小气候调节作用.生态学杂志,34(6):1532-1539.
石云峰,刘茂松,徐驰,等.2013.南京城市边缘增长速率空间分异的驱动机制.生态学杂志,32(3):741-747.
唐泽,任志彬,郑海峰,等.2017.城市森林群落结构特征的降温效应.应用生态学报,28(9):2823-2830.
汪结明,王良桂,朱柯,等.2016.不同园林绿地类型内空气PM2.5浓度的动态变化及其滞尘效应分析.环境工程,34(7):120-124.
吴芳芳,张娜,陈晓燕.2013.北京北护城河河岸带的温湿度调节效应.生态学报,33(7):2292-2303.
薛雪,张金池,孙永涛,等.2016.上海常绿树种固碳释氧和降温增湿效益研究.南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,40(3):81-86.
薛雪,杨静,郑云峰,等.2016.南京城市杂交马褂木林小气候特征研究.水土保持研究,23(4):226-232.
晏海,王雪,董丽.2012.华北树木群落夏季微气候特征及其对人体舒适度的影响.北京林业大学学报,34(5):57-63.
闫伟姣,孔繁花,尹海伟,等.2014.紫金山森林公园降温效应影响因素.生态学报,34(12):3169-3178.
杨立成.2011.北京城市绿地复合系统植物耗水规律及灌溉模型研究(博士学位论文).北京:北京林业大学
张波,王文杰,何兴元,等.2017.哈尔滨城市森林遮荫和降温增湿效应差异及其影响因素.生态学杂志,36(4):951-961.
张蓉蓉.2016.南京城区常见小乔木与灌木阔叶园林树种光合特征及相关生态功能的研究(硕士学位论文).南京:南京农业大学.
中华人民共和国建设部.1993.建筑气候区划标准(GB50178-93).北京:中国标准出版社.
周志翔,邵天一,王鹏程,等.2002.武钢厂区绿地景观类型空间结构及滞尘效应.生态学报,22(12):2036-2040.
朱学南,应求是,冯有林,等.2002.常绿与落叶行道树冬季环境效应比较.浙江林学院学报,19(4):399-402.
Alchapar NL,Pezzuto CC,Correa EN,et al.2017.The impact of different cooling strategies on urban air temperatures:The cases of Campinas,Brazil and Mendoza,Argentina.Theoretical and Applied Climatology,130:35-50.
Crum SM,Shiflett SA,Jenerette GD.2017.The influence of vegetation,mesoclimate and meteorology on urban atmospheric microclimates across a coastal to desert climate gradient.Journal of Environmental Management,200:295-303.
Fabbri K,Canuti G,Ugolini A.2017.A methodology to evaluate outdoor microclimate of the archaeological site and vegetation role:A case study of the Roman Villa in Russi(Italy).Sustainable Cities and Society,35:107-133.
Hsieh CM,Li JJ,Zhang L,et al.2018.Effects of tree shading and transpiration on building cooling energy use.Energy and Buildings,159:382-397.
Johansson E,Yahia MW,Arroyo I,et al.2018.Outdoor thermal comfort in public space in warm-humid Guayaquil,Ecuador.International Journal of Biometeorology,62:387-399.
Morakinyo TE,Dahanayake,KWDKC,Adegun OB,et al.2016.Modelling the effect of tree-shading on summer indoor and outdoor thermal condition of two similar buildings in a Nigerian university.Energy and Buildings,130:721-732.
Morris KI,Chan A,Morris KJK,et al.2017.Impact of urbanization level on the interactions of urban area,the urban climate,and human thermal comfort.Applied Geography,79:50-72.
Rahman MA,Moser A,Gold A et al.2018.Vertical air temperature gradients under the shade of two contrasting urban tree species during different types of summer days.Science of the Total Environment,633:100-111.
Vieira J,Matos P,Mexia T,et al.2018.Green spaces are not all the same for the provision of air purification and climate regulation services:The case of urban parks.Environmental Research,160:306-313.
Wu ZF,Chen LD.2017.Optimizing the spatial arrangement of trees in residential neighborhoods for better cooling effects:Integrating modeling with in-situ measurements.Landscape and Urban Planning,167:463-472.
Zhang L,Zhan Q,Lan Y.2018.Effects of the tree distribution and species on outdoor environment conditions in a hot summer and cold winter zone:A case study in Wuhan residential quarters.Building and Environment,130:27-39.