生物质热解油/柴油乳化效果评价方法及影响因素
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摘要
采用微观和宏观分析相结合的方法,评价稻壳热解油和柴油乳化效果,宏观上以热解油乳化比例为评价依据,微观上以乳化液中热解油液滴的平均粒径和数密度为评价依据,重点研究了乳化剂种类、亲水亲油平衡指数(hydrophilic-lipophilic balance,HLB)、乳化液静置时间、乳化温度、热解油质量分数、乳化剂用量等因素对热解油和柴油乳化效果的影响。研究结果表明:微观和宏观分析法对乳化效果变化规律的评价结果基本一致,评价方法具有较高的准确性。与司班80-吐温80复配乳化剂相比,Atlox 4194-DP 2206复配乳化剂对热解油和柴油混合液的乳化效果更好,且乳化剂的最佳HLB值为4.82。热解油液滴平均粒径和液滴数密度在静置第1天内变化较为明显,在静置时间超过3天后基本保持不变。静置时间超过1天后,乳化温度对乳化液的稳定性和乳化效果没有影响。随热解油质量分数或乳化剂用量的增加,热解油乳化效果先增加后降低,热解油的质量分数范围应在10%~20%间,且质量分数为10%时,热解油乳化效果最好,热解油乳化比例可保持在90%以上;乳化剂与热解油比例的范围应在0.25~0.5,且比例为0.5左右时,乳化效果最佳,热解油乳化比例可稳定在85%以上。
A method of combining microscopic and macroscopic analysis was used to evaluate the emulsification characteristics of rice husk py-oil and diesel. At the macroscopic level, emulsifying percentage of py-oil was used as the performance parameter, while the evaluation was based on the average droplet diameter and the density of py-oil particles at the microscopic level. This study focused on the effects of emulsifier types, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance(HLB), storing time, emulsifying temperature, py-oil percentage, and amount of emulsifier on emulsification characteristics of py-oil and diesel. The emulsification results obtained from microscopic and macroscopic analysis were almost the same. Compared with the Span 80-Tween 80 compound emulsifier, the emulsion emulsified by Atlox 4194-DP 2206 compound emulsifier had better stability and py-oil particles distribution. The best HLB of the emulsifier was 4.82. The average droplet diameter and density of py-oil particles changed in the first storing day, but stayed stable after storing for three days.The emulsifying temperature had no effects on the properties of emulsion storing for over one day.As the py-oil percentage increased from 5%to 10%,the properties of emulsion were improved.However,with the further increase of py-oil percentage from 10%to 30%,the properties were decreased.The appropriate range of py-oil percentage was 10%~20%.And the emulsion with 10%py-oil had higher py-oil emulsifying percentage and stability.To guarantee the stability of emulsion and achieve excellent emulsifying results,the ratio of emulsifier and py-oil should be ranged from 0.25 to 0.5.As the ratio was around 0.5,the best emulsification result was achieved and emulsfying percentage of py-oil could maintained above 85%.
A method of combining microscopic and macroscopic analysis was used to evaluate the emulsification characteristics of rice husk py-oil and diesel. At the macroscopic level, emulsifying percentage of py-oil was used as the performance parameter, while the evaluation was based on the average droplet diameter and the density of py-oil particles at the microscopic level. This study focused on the effects of emulsifier types, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance(HLB), storing time, emulsifying temperature, py-oil percentage, and amount of emulsifier on emulsification characteristics of py-oil and diesel. The emulsification results obtained from microscopic and macroscopic analysis were almost the same. Compared with the Span 80-Tween 80 compound emulsifier, the emulsion emulsified by Atlox 4194-DP 2206 compound emulsifier had better stability and py-oil particles distribution. The best HLB of the emulsifier was 4.82. The average droplet diameter and density of py-oil particles changed in the first storing day, but stayed stable after storing for three days.The emulsifying temperature had no effects on the properties of emulsion storing for over one day.As the py-oil percentage increased from 5%to 10%,the properties of emulsion were improved.However,with the further increase of py-oil percentage from 10%to 30%,the properties were decreased.The appropriate range of py-oil percentage was 10%~20%.And the emulsion with 10%py-oil had higher py-oil emulsifying percentage and stability.To guarantee the stability of emulsion and achieve excellent emulsifying results,the ratio of emulsifier and py-oil should be ranged from 0.25 to 0.5.As the ratio was around 0.5,the best emulsification result was achieved and emulsfying percentage of py-oil could maintained above 85%.
引文
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[10]朱锡锋,郑冀鲁,郭庆祥,等.生物质热解油的性质精制与利用[J].中国工程科学,2005(9):83-88.ZHU Xifeng,ZHENG Jilu,GUO Qingxiang,et al.Property,up-grading and utilization of bio-oil from biomass[J].Engineering Science,2005(9):83-88.
[11]CZERNIK S,BRIDGWATER A.Overview of applications of biomass fast pyrolysis oil[J].Energy&Fuels,2004,18(2):590-598.
[12]刘承运,陆强,孙书生,等.稻壳生物油的燃烧及污染物排放特性研究[J].燃料化学学报,2008,36(5):577-582.LIU Chengyun,LU Qiang,SUN Shusheng,et al.Research on rice husk bio-oil combustion and pollutant emissions[J].Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology,2008,36(5):577-582.
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[14]SHIHADEH A,HOCHGREB S.Diesel engine combustion of biomass pyrolysis oils[J].Energy&Fuels,2000,14(2):260-274.
[15]SHIHADEH A,HOCHGREB S.Impact of Biomass pyrolysis oil process conditions on ignition delay in compression ignition engines[J].Energy&Fuels,2002,16(3):552-561.
[16]BOUCHER M,CHAALA A,ROY C.Bio-oils obtained by vacuum pyrolysis of softwood bark as a liquid fuel for gas turbines.PartⅠ:Properties of bio-oil and its blends with methanol and a pyrolytic aqueous phase[J].Biomass and Bioenergy,2000,19(5):337-350.
[17]STRENZIONK R,HANSEN U,KUNSTNER H.Combustion of bio-oil in a gas turbine[M]//Progress in thermochemical biomass conversion.Oxford,UK:Blackwell Science Ltd.,2008:1452-1458.
[18]梁伟,王铁军,张琦.生物油燃烧技术研究进展[J].可再生能源,2009(1):41-46.LIANG Wei,WANG Tiejun,ZHANG Qi.Research progress in combustion fueled by fast pyrolysis liquids from biomass[J].Renewable Energy Resources,2009(1):41-46.
[19]龙潭.生物质热解气冷凝及生物油燃烧的实验研究与数值模拟[D].合肥:中国科学技术大学,2014,LONG Tan.Experimental research and numerical simulation of condensation of pyrolysis gas and combustion of bio-oil[D].Hefei:University of Science and Technology of China,2014,
[20]MARTIN J,MULLEN C,BOATENG A.Maximizing the stability of pyrolysis oil/diesel fuel emulsions[J].Energy&Fuels,2014,28(9):5918-5929.
[21]柏雪源,吴娟,王丽红,等.生物质热解生物油/柴油乳化燃料的制备与试验[J].农业机械学报,2009(9):112-115,111.BAI Xueyuan,WU Juan,WANG Lihong,et al.Preparation of emulsified fuel from biomass pyrolysis derived bio-oil and diesel and their use in engine[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery,2009(9):112-115,111.
[22]杜谋涛,黄勇成,郭和军,等.生物柴油-生物质油乳化燃料最佳HLB值研究[J].能源工程,2009(1):30-32.DU Moutao,HUANG Yongcheng,GUO Hejun,et al.Research of the optimum HLB value for bio-diesel and bio-oil emulsified fuel[J].Energy Engineering,2009(1):30-32.
[23]张健,李文志,陆强,等.复配乳化剂乳化生物油/柴油技术[J].农业机械学报,2009(2):103-106,102.ZHANG Jian,LI Wenzhi,LU Qiang,et al.Emulsification technology of bio-oil in diesel with combined surfactants[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery,2009(2):103-106,102.
[24]姜小祥,ELLIS N,仲兆平.生物油/生物柴油乳化燃料的制备及性质分析[J].东南大学学报(自然科学版),2010(4):789-793.JIANG Xiaoxiang,ELLIS N,ZHONG Zhaoping.Preparing emulsion of bio-oil/bio-diesel and properties analysis[J].Journal of Southeast University(Natural Science Edition),2010(4):789-793.
[25]ALCALA A,BRIDGWATER A.Upgrading fast pyrolysis liquids:Blends of biodiesel and pyrolysis oil[J].Fuel,2013,109:417-426.
[26]DING Xiaowei,YUAN Xingzhong,LENG Lijian,et al.Upgrading sewage sludge liquefaction bio-oil by microemulsification:the effect of ethanol as polar phase on solubilization performance and fuel properties[J].Energy&Fuels,2017,31(2):1574-1582.
[27]LI Hao,XIA Shuqian,MA Peisheng.Upgrading fast pyrolysis oil:Solvent-anti-solvent extraction and blending with diesel[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2016,110:378-385.
[28]谭文英,许勇,王述洋.乳化剂及助乳化剂提高生物油/柴油乳化性能[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(24):235-243.TAN Wenying,XU Yong,WANG Shuyang.Improving emulsifying performance of bio-oil/diesel by emulsion and co-emulsifier[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013,29(24):235-243.
[29]CHIARAMONTI D,BONINI M,FRATINI E,et al.Development of emulsions from biomass pyrolysis liquid and diesel and their use in engines-Part 1:emulsion production[J].Biomass and Bioenergy,2003,25(1):85-99.
[30]IKURA M,STANCIULESCU M,HOGAN E.Emulsification of pyrolysis derived bio-oil in diesel fuel[J].Biomass and Bioenergy,2003,24(3):221-232.
[2]倪维斗,陈贞,麻林巍,等.有关我国节能的几个战略指导思想[J].中国能源,2009(7):5-11.NI Weidou,CHEN Zhen,MA Linwei,et at.Several strategic concepts on China's energy conservation[J].Energy of China,2009(7):5-11.
[3]ABBIE C,SIMON S,STEPHEN J,et al.Competing uses for China's straw:the economic and carbon abatement potential of biochar[J].Global Change Biology Bioenergy,2015,7(6):1272-1282.
[4]马广鹏,张颖.中国生物质能源发展现状及问题探讨[J].农业科技管理,2013(1):20-22+75.MA Guangpeng,ZHANG Ying.Discussions on current situation and problems of biomass energy development in China[J].Management of Agricultural Science and Technology,2013(1):20-22,75.
[5]EMMANOUIL K,DIMITRIOS-SOTIRIOS K,PANAGIOTIS G,et al.New power production options for biomass and cogeneration[J].Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews:Energy and Environment,2015,4(6):471-485.
[6]丛宏斌,姚宗路,赵立欣,等.自燃连续式生物质热解炭气油联产系统燃气净化分离技术工艺研究[J].可再生能源,2015(9):1393-1397.CONG Hongbin,YAO Zonglu,ZHAO Lixin,et al.Research on gas separation and purification technology for continuous pyrolysis system with biomass spontaneous combustion[J].Renewable Energy Resources,2015(9):1393-1397.
[7]贾吉秀,姚宗路,赵立欣,等.连续式生物质炭化设备的研究[J].现代化工,2015,35(10):134-138.JIA Jixiu,YAO Zonglu,ZHAO Lixin,et al.Progress in continuous biomass carbonization equipment[J].Modern Chemical Industry,2015,35(10):134-138.
[8]李贤斌,姚宗路,赵立欣,等.生物质炭化生成焦油催化裂解的研究进展[J].现代化工,2017,37(2):46-50.LI Xianbing,YAO Zonglu,ZHAO Lixin,et al.Research progress of catalytic pyrolysis of biomass tar[J].Modern Chemical Industry,2017,37(2):46-50.
[9]魏晴,魏贤勇,梅丽敏,等.生物油高效利用研究进展[J].中国科技论文在线,2011(6):406-409,413.WEI Qing,WEI Xianyong,MEI Limin,et al.Research progress on efficient utilization of bio-oil[J].Science Paper Online,2011(6):406-409,413.
[10]朱锡锋,郑冀鲁,郭庆祥,等.生物质热解油的性质精制与利用[J].中国工程科学,2005(9):83-88.ZHU Xifeng,ZHENG Jilu,GUO Qingxiang,et al.Property,up-grading and utilization of bio-oil from biomass[J].Engineering Science,2005(9):83-88.
[11]CZERNIK S,BRIDGWATER A.Overview of applications of biomass fast pyrolysis oil[J].Energy&Fuels,2004,18(2):590-598.
[12]刘承运,陆强,孙书生,等.稻壳生物油的燃烧及污染物排放特性研究[J].燃料化学学报,2008,36(5):577-582.LIU Chengyun,LU Qiang,SUN Shusheng,et al.Research on rice husk bio-oil combustion and pollutant emissions[J].Journal of Fuel Chemistry and Technology,2008,36(5):577-582.
[13]CHIARAMONTI D,OASMAA A,SOLANTAUSTA Y.Power generation using fast pyrolysis liquids from biomass[J].Renewable&Sustainable Energy Reviews,2007,11(6):1056-1086.
[14]SHIHADEH A,HOCHGREB S.Diesel engine combustion of biomass pyrolysis oils[J].Energy&Fuels,2000,14(2):260-274.
[15]SHIHADEH A,HOCHGREB S.Impact of Biomass pyrolysis oil process conditions on ignition delay in compression ignition engines[J].Energy&Fuels,2002,16(3):552-561.
[16]BOUCHER M,CHAALA A,ROY C.Bio-oils obtained by vacuum pyrolysis of softwood bark as a liquid fuel for gas turbines.PartⅠ:Properties of bio-oil and its blends with methanol and a pyrolytic aqueous phase[J].Biomass and Bioenergy,2000,19(5):337-350.
[17]STRENZIONK R,HANSEN U,KUNSTNER H.Combustion of bio-oil in a gas turbine[M]//Progress in thermochemical biomass conversion.Oxford,UK:Blackwell Science Ltd.,2008:1452-1458.
[18]梁伟,王铁军,张琦.生物油燃烧技术研究进展[J].可再生能源,2009(1):41-46.LIANG Wei,WANG Tiejun,ZHANG Qi.Research progress in combustion fueled by fast pyrolysis liquids from biomass[J].Renewable Energy Resources,2009(1):41-46.
[19]龙潭.生物质热解气冷凝及生物油燃烧的实验研究与数值模拟[D].合肥:中国科学技术大学,2014,LONG Tan.Experimental research and numerical simulation of condensation of pyrolysis gas and combustion of bio-oil[D].Hefei:University of Science and Technology of China,2014,
[20]MARTIN J,MULLEN C,BOATENG A.Maximizing the stability of pyrolysis oil/diesel fuel emulsions[J].Energy&Fuels,2014,28(9):5918-5929.
[21]柏雪源,吴娟,王丽红,等.生物质热解生物油/柴油乳化燃料的制备与试验[J].农业机械学报,2009(9):112-115,111.BAI Xueyuan,WU Juan,WANG Lihong,et al.Preparation of emulsified fuel from biomass pyrolysis derived bio-oil and diesel and their use in engine[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery,2009(9):112-115,111.
[22]杜谋涛,黄勇成,郭和军,等.生物柴油-生物质油乳化燃料最佳HLB值研究[J].能源工程,2009(1):30-32.DU Moutao,HUANG Yongcheng,GUO Hejun,et al.Research of the optimum HLB value for bio-diesel and bio-oil emulsified fuel[J].Energy Engineering,2009(1):30-32.
[23]张健,李文志,陆强,等.复配乳化剂乳化生物油/柴油技术[J].农业机械学报,2009(2):103-106,102.ZHANG Jian,LI Wenzhi,LU Qiang,et al.Emulsification technology of bio-oil in diesel with combined surfactants[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Machinery,2009(2):103-106,102.
[24]姜小祥,ELLIS N,仲兆平.生物油/生物柴油乳化燃料的制备及性质分析[J].东南大学学报(自然科学版),2010(4):789-793.JIANG Xiaoxiang,ELLIS N,ZHONG Zhaoping.Preparing emulsion of bio-oil/bio-diesel and properties analysis[J].Journal of Southeast University(Natural Science Edition),2010(4):789-793.
[25]ALCALA A,BRIDGWATER A.Upgrading fast pyrolysis liquids:Blends of biodiesel and pyrolysis oil[J].Fuel,2013,109:417-426.
[26]DING Xiaowei,YUAN Xingzhong,LENG Lijian,et al.Upgrading sewage sludge liquefaction bio-oil by microemulsification:the effect of ethanol as polar phase on solubilization performance and fuel properties[J].Energy&Fuels,2017,31(2):1574-1582.
[27]LI Hao,XIA Shuqian,MA Peisheng.Upgrading fast pyrolysis oil:Solvent-anti-solvent extraction and blending with diesel[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2016,110:378-385.
[28]谭文英,许勇,王述洋.乳化剂及助乳化剂提高生物油/柴油乳化性能[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(24):235-243.TAN Wenying,XU Yong,WANG Shuyang.Improving emulsifying performance of bio-oil/diesel by emulsion and co-emulsifier[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2013,29(24):235-243.
[29]CHIARAMONTI D,BONINI M,FRATINI E,et al.Development of emulsions from biomass pyrolysis liquid and diesel and their use in engines-Part 1:emulsion production[J].Biomass and Bioenergy,2003,25(1):85-99.
[30]IKURA M,STANCIULESCU M,HOGAN E.Emulsification of pyrolysis derived bio-oil in diesel fuel[J].Biomass and Bioenergy,2003,24(3):221-232.