需求溢出视角下老年人长期照护的主体责任划分
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摘要
习近平总书记强调"要建立相关保险和福利及救助相衔接的长期照护保障制度"。围绕如何建构长期照护保障制度,当前政界与学界是共识与分歧共存,分歧的核心是长期照护中的个人、家庭、政府及社会的责任边界问题。在需求溢出理论的基础上,认为老年人长期照护的主体责任顺序应该是"个人—家庭—政府和社会"。依据国外经验和我国现阶段国情,认为我国长期照护保障应该重视个人和家庭在照护中的作用,积极建构维护和支持家庭功能的政策;政府应关注弱势群体的照护需求,同时引导社会力量积极参与,而且当前适合采取补缺型的照护津贴制度。
Xi Jin-ping,General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China,stressed that"we must establish a long-term care security system that links insurance,welfare,and assistance. "Regarding how to construct a long-term care security system,the current political and academic circles have similar and different views. The core of their disagreement is about the boundaries of personal,family,government,and social responsibilities in this long-term care security system. Based on the demand-spillover theory,this paper argues that the major responsibility should follow the"individual-family-government-society"sequence. Based on foreign experience and China's current conditions,it holds that China's long-term care security system should attach importance to the role of individuals and families,and implement workable policies for maintaining and improving family functions. The government should focus on the needs of the weaker group,encourage more social forces to get involved and currently implement a supplementary care allowance system.
Xi Jin-ping,General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China,stressed that"we must establish a long-term care security system that links insurance,welfare,and assistance. "Regarding how to construct a long-term care security system,the current political and academic circles have similar and different views. The core of their disagreement is about the boundaries of personal,family,government,and social responsibilities in this long-term care security system. Based on the demand-spillover theory,this paper argues that the major responsibility should follow the"individual-family-government-society"sequence. Based on foreign experience and China's current conditions,it holds that China's long-term care security system should attach importance to the role of individuals and families,and implement workable policies for maintaining and improving family functions. The government should focus on the needs of the weaker group,encourage more social forces to get involved and currently implement a supplementary care allowance system.
引文
(1)刘太刚:《需求溢出理论与公共管理学基础理论的构建》,《北京行政学院学报》2012年第3期。
(2)刘太刚:《对传统公共物品理论的破与立---兼论后公共物品时代的政府职能定位理论》,《北京行政学院学报》2011年第3期。
(3)需求溢出理论认为,共需说的学理缺陷是把需求者的人数作为衡量需求价值的主要标准甚至唯一标准;行为说的学理缺陷是把公共管理的过程手段及表现当作公共管理的对象。而公共管理回应需求的基本依据是对各种需求的价值排序或重要性排序。
(1)刘太刚:《对传统公共物品理论的破与立---兼论后公共物品时代的政府职能定位理论》,《北京行政学院学报》2011年第3期。
(2)刘太刚:《对公共事务概念主流观点的商榷---兼论需求溢出理论的双层公共事务观》,《政治学研究》2016年第1期。
(3)刘太刚:《对传统公共物品理论的破与立---兼论后公共物品时代的政府职能定位理论》,《北京行政学院学报》2011年第3期。
(4)刘太刚:《对公共事务概念主流观点的商榷---兼论需求溢出理论的双层公共事务观》,《政治学研究》2016年第1期。
(5)Montgomery R J.The family role in the context of long-term care.Journal of Aging&Health,1999,11(3):383-416.
(1)Crimmins E M,Hayward M D,Hagedorn A,et al.Change in Disability-Free Life Expectancy for Americans 70 Years Old and Older.Demography,2009,46(3):627-646.
(2)Stephanie Whittier MWS,Andrew Scharlach PhD&Teresa S.Dal Santo.Availability of Caregiver Support Services.Journal of Aging&Social Policy,2005,17(1):45-62.
(3)Colombo F.Help wanted?:providing and paying for long-term care.OECD,2011:20.
(4)Fitzgerald,M.H.,Mullavey-O'Byrne,C.,&Clemson,L.Families and nursing home placements:a cross-cultural study.Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology,2001,16:333-351.
(5)Colombo F.Help wanted?:providing and paying for long-term care.OECD,2011:20-21.
(6)Tuljapurkar S,Ogawa N,Gauthier A H.Ageing in advanced industrial states Springer Netherlands,2010:197.
(7)Kyu-taik Sung PhD.Family Support for the Elderly in Korea.JournalofA ging&Social Policy,2001,12:65-79.
(8)World Health Organization.World report on ageing and health.2017:128.
(1)Ruchlin H S,Levey S.Nursing home cost analysis:a case study.Inquiry,1972,9(3):3-15.
(2)World Health Organization.World report on ageing and health.2017:129.
(3)John Gelissen.Old-age pensions:Individual or collective responsibility?An investigation of public opinion across European welfare states.European Societies,2001,3(4):495-523.
(4)Stephanie Whittier,Andrew Scharlach,Teresa S.Dal Santo.Availability of Caregiver Support Services.Journal of Aging&Social Policy,2005,17(1):45-62.
(5)Ronda C.Talley,John E.Multiple Dimensions of Caregiving and Disability.Springer New York,2012:11.
(6)Lee A.Singapore's Maintenance of Parents Act:A Lesson to Be Learned from the United States.Loyola of Los Angeles International&Comparative Law Journal,1995(17):671-699.
(7)OECD(2017),Health at a Glance 2017:OECD Indicators,OECD Publishing,Paris.http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/health_glance-2017-en
(8)Navaie-Waliser M,Spriggs A,Feldman P H.Informal Caregiving:Differential Experiences by Gender.Medical Care,2002,40(12):1249-1259.
(9)Liu K,Manton K G,Aragon C.Changes in home care use by disabled elderly persons:1982-1994.Journals of Gerontology,2000,55(4):S245-S253.
(10)Philip A.Rozario,Amanda Leigh Rosetti.“Many Helping Hands”:a review and analysis of long-term care policies,programs,and practices in Singapore.Journal of Gerontological Social Work,2012,55(7):641-658.
(1)习近平:《在会见第一届全国文明家庭代表时的讲话》,《人民日报》2016年12月16日。
(2)黄庆波,杜鹏,陈功:《成年子女与老年父母间代际关系的类型》,《人口学刊》2017年第4期。
(3)戴卫东:《OECD国家长期照护保险制度研究》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2015年版。
(4)全球经济数据查询与服务平台.http://www.edatasea.com/.
(1)Schulz R,Wahl H W,Matthews J T,et al.Advancing the Aging and Technology Agenda in Gerontology.Gerontologist,2015,55(5):724-734.
(2)Zwijsen S A,Niemeijer A R,Hertogh C M.Ethics of using assistive technology in the care for community-dwelling elderly people:an overview of the literature.Aging&Mental Health,2011,15(4):419-427.
(2)刘太刚:《对传统公共物品理论的破与立---兼论后公共物品时代的政府职能定位理论》,《北京行政学院学报》2011年第3期。
(3)需求溢出理论认为,共需说的学理缺陷是把需求者的人数作为衡量需求价值的主要标准甚至唯一标准;行为说的学理缺陷是把公共管理的过程手段及表现当作公共管理的对象。而公共管理回应需求的基本依据是对各种需求的价值排序或重要性排序。
(1)刘太刚:《对传统公共物品理论的破与立---兼论后公共物品时代的政府职能定位理论》,《北京行政学院学报》2011年第3期。
(2)刘太刚:《对公共事务概念主流观点的商榷---兼论需求溢出理论的双层公共事务观》,《政治学研究》2016年第1期。
(3)刘太刚:《对传统公共物品理论的破与立---兼论后公共物品时代的政府职能定位理论》,《北京行政学院学报》2011年第3期。
(4)刘太刚:《对公共事务概念主流观点的商榷---兼论需求溢出理论的双层公共事务观》,《政治学研究》2016年第1期。
(5)Montgomery R J.The family role in the context of long-term care.Journal of Aging&Health,1999,11(3):383-416.
(1)Crimmins E M,Hayward M D,Hagedorn A,et al.Change in Disability-Free Life Expectancy for Americans 70 Years Old and Older.Demography,2009,46(3):627-646.
(2)Stephanie Whittier MWS,Andrew Scharlach PhD&Teresa S.Dal Santo.Availability of Caregiver Support Services.Journal of Aging&Social Policy,2005,17(1):45-62.
(3)Colombo F.Help wanted?:providing and paying for long-term care.OECD,2011:20.
(4)Fitzgerald,M.H.,Mullavey-O'Byrne,C.,&Clemson,L.Families and nursing home placements:a cross-cultural study.Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology,2001,16:333-351.
(5)Colombo F.Help wanted?:providing and paying for long-term care.OECD,2011:20-21.
(6)Tuljapurkar S,Ogawa N,Gauthier A H.Ageing in advanced industrial states Springer Netherlands,2010:197.
(7)Kyu-taik Sung PhD.Family Support for the Elderly in Korea.JournalofA ging&Social Policy,2001,12:65-79.
(8)World Health Organization.World report on ageing and health.2017:128.
(1)Ruchlin H S,Levey S.Nursing home cost analysis:a case study.Inquiry,1972,9(3):3-15.
(2)World Health Organization.World report on ageing and health.2017:129.
(3)John Gelissen.Old-age pensions:Individual or collective responsibility?An investigation of public opinion across European welfare states.European Societies,2001,3(4):495-523.
(4)Stephanie Whittier,Andrew Scharlach,Teresa S.Dal Santo.Availability of Caregiver Support Services.Journal of Aging&Social Policy,2005,17(1):45-62.
(5)Ronda C.Talley,John E.Multiple Dimensions of Caregiving and Disability.Springer New York,2012:11.
(6)Lee A.Singapore's Maintenance of Parents Act:A Lesson to Be Learned from the United States.Loyola of Los Angeles International&Comparative Law Journal,1995(17):671-699.
(7)OECD(2017),Health at a Glance 2017:OECD Indicators,OECD Publishing,Paris.http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/health_glance-2017-en
(8)Navaie-Waliser M,Spriggs A,Feldman P H.Informal Caregiving:Differential Experiences by Gender.Medical Care,2002,40(12):1249-1259.
(9)Liu K,Manton K G,Aragon C.Changes in home care use by disabled elderly persons:1982-1994.Journals of Gerontology,2000,55(4):S245-S253.
(10)Philip A.Rozario,Amanda Leigh Rosetti.“Many Helping Hands”:a review and analysis of long-term care policies,programs,and practices in Singapore.Journal of Gerontological Social Work,2012,55(7):641-658.
(1)习近平:《在会见第一届全国文明家庭代表时的讲话》,《人民日报》2016年12月16日。
(2)黄庆波,杜鹏,陈功:《成年子女与老年父母间代际关系的类型》,《人口学刊》2017年第4期。
(3)戴卫东:《OECD国家长期照护保险制度研究》,北京:中国社会科学出版社,2015年版。
(4)全球经济数据查询与服务平台.http://www.edatasea.com/.
(1)Schulz R,Wahl H W,Matthews J T,et al.Advancing the Aging and Technology Agenda in Gerontology.Gerontologist,2015,55(5):724-734.
(2)Zwijsen S A,Niemeijer A R,Hertogh C M.Ethics of using assistive technology in the care for community-dwelling elderly people:an overview of the literature.Aging&Mental Health,2011,15(4):419-427.