代际交换、责任内化还是利他主义——隔代照料对老年人养老意愿的影响
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摘要
文章利用2014年中国老年社会追踪调查数据,考察老年人的隔代照料行为、代际关系及其对养老意愿的影响。研究发现:第一,老年人的隔代照料行为存在选择性,与子女感情越亲近的老年人,越容易为子女照料孙辈;第二,老年人的隔代照料行为反过来也会影响老年人与子女之间的代际关系,随着照料强度的升高,老年人与子女之间的代际矛盾在扩大,但这种短期的代际矛盾并不会显著影响老年人的养老意愿;第三,隔代照料会影响老年人的养老意愿,提供高强度隔代照料的老年人更倾向于未来与子女同住,体现出代际交换与家庭责任的相互交织,而非完全的利他主义;第四,在隔代照料对老年人养老意愿的影响中,代际关系没有显著的中介作用和调节作用。
Using data from China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey in 2014,this paper examines the elderly's intention for old-age support,the intergenerational relationship and the effects of grandchild care. The results show that: First,there exists selectivity in the care for grandchildren. The elderly who feel closer to their children are more willing to provide care for grandchildren. Second,grandchild care also affects the relationship between the elderly and their children in turn. As the intensity of care increases,the conflicts between the elderly and their children are increasing. However,these short-term conflicts will not significantly affect the elderly's intention for old-age support. Third,grandchild care will affect the elderly's intention for old-age support. Compared with those who provide low-intensity care,the elderly who provide high-intensity care are more likely to live with their children in the future. This suggests that the grandchild care is more of intergenerational exchanges and family responsibilities than a completely altruistic behaviour. Finally,intergenerational relationship has no significant mediating or moderating effect on the influence of grandchild care.
Using data from China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey in 2014,this paper examines the elderly's intention for old-age support,the intergenerational relationship and the effects of grandchild care. The results show that: First,there exists selectivity in the care for grandchildren. The elderly who feel closer to their children are more willing to provide care for grandchildren. Second,grandchild care also affects the relationship between the elderly and their children in turn. As the intensity of care increases,the conflicts between the elderly and their children are increasing. However,these short-term conflicts will not significantly affect the elderly's intention for old-age support. Third,grandchild care will affect the elderly's intention for old-age support. Compared with those who provide low-intensity care,the elderly who provide high-intensity care are more likely to live with their children in the future. This suggests that the grandchild care is more of intergenerational exchanges and family responsibilities than a completely altruistic behaviour. Finally,intergenerational relationship has no significant mediating or moderating effect on the influence of grandchild care.
引文
1 Franz S Neuberger&Klaus Haberkern. 2014. Structured Ambivalence in Grandchild Care and the Quality of Life among European Grandparents. European Journal of Ageing 2:171-181.
2 Luciano Fanti&Luca Gori. 2014. An OLG Model of Growth with Longevity:When Grandparents Take Care of Grandchildren. Portuguese Economic Journal 1:39-51.
3 Silverstein M.,Stephen J. Conroy,Wang Haitao,Roseann Giarrusso&Vern L. Bengtson. 2002. Reciprocity in Parent-child Relations over the Adult Life Course. The Journal of Gerontology:Social Sciences 1:3-13.
4 程昭雯,叶徐婧子,陈功.中老年人隔代照顾、居住安排与抑郁状况关联研究.人口与发展,2017; 2:70-79Cheng Zhaowen,Ye Xujingzi and Chen Gong. 2017. Association between Grandparenting,Living Arrangements and Depressive Symptoms among Middle-aged and Older Adults. Population&Development 2:70-79.
5 陈建兰.空巢老人的养老意愿及其影响因素——基于苏州的实证研究.人口与发展,2010; 2:67-75Chen Jianlan. 2010. Desires for Old-age Support of the Empty Nest Elderly and Its Influencing Factors:An Empirical Research Based on the Survey in Suzhou. Population&Development 2:67-75.
6 费孝通.家庭结构变动中的老年赡养问题——再论中国家庭结构的变动.北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版),1983;3:7-16Fei Xiaotong. 1983. The Problem of Old-age Support in the Change of Family Structure:Another Discussion on the Change of Family Structure in China. Journal of Peking University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)3:7-16.
7 郭筱琳.隔代抚养对儿童言语能力、执行功能、心理理论发展的影响:一年追踪研究.中国临床心理学杂志,2014; 6:1072-1076Guo Xiaolin. 2014. The Influence of Grandparenting on Cognitive Development among Children:A Longitudinal Study. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology 6:1072-1076.
8 郭志刚,陈功.老年人与子女之间的代际经济流量的分析.人口研究,1998; 1:35-39Guo Zhigang and Chen Gong. 1998. Analysis of Intergenerational Economic Flows between the Elderly and Children. Population Research 1:35-39.
9 何圆,王伊攀.隔代抚育与子女养老会提前父母的退休年龄吗?——基于CHARLS数据的实证分析.人口研究,2015; 2:78-90He Yuan and Wang Yipan. 2015. Do Skip-generation Raising and International Transfer Lead to Early Retirement of Parents? An Empirical Analysis Using CHARLS Data. Population Research 2:78-90.
10 黄国桂,杜鹏,陈功.隔代照料对于中国老年人健康的影响探析.人口与发展,2016; 6:93-100Huang Guogui,Du Peng and Chen Gong. 2016. The Impacts of Children Care on Grandparent’s Health among the Chinese Old People. Population&Development 6:93-100.
11 靳小怡,刘妍珺.照料孙子女对老年人生活满意度的影响——基于流动老人和非流动老人的研究.东南大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2017; 2:119-129Jin Xiaoyi and Liu Yanjun. 2017. Impact of Grand-parenting on Life Satisfaction of the Rural Elderly:Difference between Migrant and Non-migrant Elderly. Journal of Southeast University(Philosophy and Social Science)2:119-129.
12 李芬,风笑天.照料“第二个”孙子女?——城市老人的照顾意愿及其影响因素研究.人口与发展,2016; 4:87-96Li Fen and Feng Xiaotian. 2016. The Willingness and Influencing Factors of Grandparents’Care for the“Second”Grandchildren in Cities. Population&Development 4:87-96.
13 刘汶蓉.当代家庭代际支持观念与群体差异——兼论反馈模式的文化基础变迁.当代青年研究,2013; 3:5-12Liu Wenrong. 2013. The Group Difference of Attitudes towards Intergenerational Support in Contemporary Families:Discussion on the Culture Basis Change of Feedback Model. Contemporary Youth Research 3:5-12.
14 卢洪友,余锦亮,杜亦.老年父母照料家庭与成年子女劳动供给——基于CFPS微观数据的分析.财经研究,2017; 12:4-16Lu Hongyou,Yu Jinliang and Du Yixuan. 2017. The Influence of Older Parents’Care-giving Activities on Labor Supply of Adult Children:A Study Based on CFPS. Journal of Finance and Economics 12:4-16.
15 马春华,石金群,李银河,王震宇,唐灿.中国城市家庭变迁的趋势和最新发现.社会学研究,2011; 2:182-216Ma Chunhua,Shi Jinqun,Li Yinhe,Wang Zhenyu and Tang Can. 2011. Family Change in Urban China:Main Trends and Latest Findings. Sociological Studies 2:182-216.
16 宋璐,冯雪.隔代抚养:以祖父母为视角的分析框架.陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2018; 1:83-89Song Lu and Feng Xue. 2018. Grandparenting:An Analysis Framework from Grandparents’Perspective. Journal of Shaanxi Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)1:83-89.
17 宋璐,李亮,李树茁.老年人照料孙子女对农村家庭代际矛盾的影响研究.心理科学,2015; 5:1137-1143Song Lu,Li Liang and Li Shuzhuo. 2015. The Impact of Grandchild-Caring on the Intergenerational Ambivalence in Rural China. Journal of Psychological Science 5:1137-1143.
18 宋璐,李树茁.照料留守孙子女对农村老年人养老支持的影响研究.人口学刊,2010; 2:35-42Song Lu and Li Shuzhuo. 2010. The Impact of Care for Grandchildren on Intergenerational Support of the Elderly in Rural China. Population Journal 2:35-42.
19 孙鹃娟,冀云.中国老年人照顾孙子女对老化态度的影响.人口与发展,2016; 4:79-86Sun Juanjuan and Ji Yun. 2016. The Relationship between the Care of Grandchildren and the Attitudes toward Aging among Chinese Older People. Population&Development 4:79-86.
20 孙鹃娟,张航空.中国老年人照顾孙子女的状况及影响因素分析.人口与经济,2013; 4:70-77Sun Juanjuan and Zhang Hangkong. 2013. The Situation and Influencing Factors of Chinese Older People Taking Care of Their Grandchildren. Population&Economics 4:70-77.
21 唐晓菁.城市“隔代抚育”:制度安排与新生代父母的角色及情感限制.河北学刊,2017; 1:160-164Tang Xiaojing. 2017. Urban“Trans-generational Parenting”:Institutional Arrangements and It’s Restrictions on the Young Generations’Parental Role and Emotion. Hebei Academic Journal 1:160-164.
22 韦宏耀,钟涨宝.代际交换、孝道文化与结构制约:子女赡养行为的实证分析.南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2016; 1:144-155Wei Hongyao and Zhong Zhangbao. 2016. Inter-Generational Exchange,Filial Piety Culture and Structural Constraints:An Empirical Analysis of Offspring Supporting Behavior. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University(Social Sciences Edition)1:144-155.
23 肖索未.“严母慈祖”:儿童抚育中的代际合作与权力关系.社会学研究,2014; 6:148-171Xiao Suowei. 2014.“Yan Mu Ci Zu”:The Intergenerational Collaboration and Conflicts in Childrearing among Urban Families in Contemporary China. Sociological Studies 6:148-171.
24 肖雅勤.隔代照料对老年人健康状况的影响——基于CHARLS的实证研究.社会保障研究,2017; 1:33-39Xiao Yaqin. 2017. Health Status of The Elderly Who Provides Inter-generational Care for Grandchildren:An Empirical Study Based on CHARLS. Social Security Studies 1:33-39.
25 熊跃根.中国城市家庭的代际关系与老人照顾.中国人口科学,1998; 6:16-22Xiong Yuegen. 1998. Intergenerational Relationships and Elderly Care in Chinese Urban Families. Chinese Journal of Population Science 6:16-22.
26 杨帆,杨成钢.家庭结构和代际交换对养老意愿的影响.人口学刊,2016; 1:68-76Yang Fan and Yang Chenggang. 2016. The Effects of Family Structure and Intergenerational Exchange on Individual’s Intention of Old-age Support. Population Journal 1:68-76.
27 杨菊华,何炤华.社会转型过程中家庭的变迁与延续.人口研究,2014; 2:36-51Yang Juhua and He Zhaohua. 2014. Continuity or Change? Chinese Family in Transitional Era. Population Research 2:36-51.
28 张新梅.家庭养老研究的理论背景和假设推导.人口学刊,1999; 1:58-61Zhang Xinmei. 1999. The Theoretical Background and Hypothesis Deduction of Family Pension Research. Population Journal 1:58-61.
(1)由于中国老年人的性格特点和“家丑不可外扬”的传统思想,在调查时一般不愿意表达对子女的不满,因此,选择“从未”、“偶尔”和“有时候”这几个选项的老年人未必有实质性的差异,但一旦选择“经常”,则在很大程度上意味着代际间存在较大的矛盾。尽管选择这一选项的老年人总体比例较低,但在各类别间差异十分显著,是表2关注的重点。
2 Luciano Fanti&Luca Gori. 2014. An OLG Model of Growth with Longevity:When Grandparents Take Care of Grandchildren. Portuguese Economic Journal 1:39-51.
3 Silverstein M.,Stephen J. Conroy,Wang Haitao,Roseann Giarrusso&Vern L. Bengtson. 2002. Reciprocity in Parent-child Relations over the Adult Life Course. The Journal of Gerontology:Social Sciences 1:3-13.
4 程昭雯,叶徐婧子,陈功.中老年人隔代照顾、居住安排与抑郁状况关联研究.人口与发展,2017; 2:70-79Cheng Zhaowen,Ye Xujingzi and Chen Gong. 2017. Association between Grandparenting,Living Arrangements and Depressive Symptoms among Middle-aged and Older Adults. Population&Development 2:70-79.
5 陈建兰.空巢老人的养老意愿及其影响因素——基于苏州的实证研究.人口与发展,2010; 2:67-75Chen Jianlan. 2010. Desires for Old-age Support of the Empty Nest Elderly and Its Influencing Factors:An Empirical Research Based on the Survey in Suzhou. Population&Development 2:67-75.
6 费孝通.家庭结构变动中的老年赡养问题——再论中国家庭结构的变动.北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版),1983;3:7-16Fei Xiaotong. 1983. The Problem of Old-age Support in the Change of Family Structure:Another Discussion on the Change of Family Structure in China. Journal of Peking University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)3:7-16.
7 郭筱琳.隔代抚养对儿童言语能力、执行功能、心理理论发展的影响:一年追踪研究.中国临床心理学杂志,2014; 6:1072-1076Guo Xiaolin. 2014. The Influence of Grandparenting on Cognitive Development among Children:A Longitudinal Study. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology 6:1072-1076.
8 郭志刚,陈功.老年人与子女之间的代际经济流量的分析.人口研究,1998; 1:35-39Guo Zhigang and Chen Gong. 1998. Analysis of Intergenerational Economic Flows between the Elderly and Children. Population Research 1:35-39.
9 何圆,王伊攀.隔代抚育与子女养老会提前父母的退休年龄吗?——基于CHARLS数据的实证分析.人口研究,2015; 2:78-90He Yuan and Wang Yipan. 2015. Do Skip-generation Raising and International Transfer Lead to Early Retirement of Parents? An Empirical Analysis Using CHARLS Data. Population Research 2:78-90.
10 黄国桂,杜鹏,陈功.隔代照料对于中国老年人健康的影响探析.人口与发展,2016; 6:93-100Huang Guogui,Du Peng and Chen Gong. 2016. The Impacts of Children Care on Grandparent’s Health among the Chinese Old People. Population&Development 6:93-100.
11 靳小怡,刘妍珺.照料孙子女对老年人生活满意度的影响——基于流动老人和非流动老人的研究.东南大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2017; 2:119-129Jin Xiaoyi and Liu Yanjun. 2017. Impact of Grand-parenting on Life Satisfaction of the Rural Elderly:Difference between Migrant and Non-migrant Elderly. Journal of Southeast University(Philosophy and Social Science)2:119-129.
12 李芬,风笑天.照料“第二个”孙子女?——城市老人的照顾意愿及其影响因素研究.人口与发展,2016; 4:87-96Li Fen and Feng Xiaotian. 2016. The Willingness and Influencing Factors of Grandparents’Care for the“Second”Grandchildren in Cities. Population&Development 4:87-96.
13 刘汶蓉.当代家庭代际支持观念与群体差异——兼论反馈模式的文化基础变迁.当代青年研究,2013; 3:5-12Liu Wenrong. 2013. The Group Difference of Attitudes towards Intergenerational Support in Contemporary Families:Discussion on the Culture Basis Change of Feedback Model. Contemporary Youth Research 3:5-12.
14 卢洪友,余锦亮,杜亦.老年父母照料家庭与成年子女劳动供给——基于CFPS微观数据的分析.财经研究,2017; 12:4-16Lu Hongyou,Yu Jinliang and Du Yixuan. 2017. The Influence of Older Parents’Care-giving Activities on Labor Supply of Adult Children:A Study Based on CFPS. Journal of Finance and Economics 12:4-16.
15 马春华,石金群,李银河,王震宇,唐灿.中国城市家庭变迁的趋势和最新发现.社会学研究,2011; 2:182-216Ma Chunhua,Shi Jinqun,Li Yinhe,Wang Zhenyu and Tang Can. 2011. Family Change in Urban China:Main Trends and Latest Findings. Sociological Studies 2:182-216.
16 宋璐,冯雪.隔代抚养:以祖父母为视角的分析框架.陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2018; 1:83-89Song Lu and Feng Xue. 2018. Grandparenting:An Analysis Framework from Grandparents’Perspective. Journal of Shaanxi Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)1:83-89.
17 宋璐,李亮,李树茁.老年人照料孙子女对农村家庭代际矛盾的影响研究.心理科学,2015; 5:1137-1143Song Lu,Li Liang and Li Shuzhuo. 2015. The Impact of Grandchild-Caring on the Intergenerational Ambivalence in Rural China. Journal of Psychological Science 5:1137-1143.
18 宋璐,李树茁.照料留守孙子女对农村老年人养老支持的影响研究.人口学刊,2010; 2:35-42Song Lu and Li Shuzhuo. 2010. The Impact of Care for Grandchildren on Intergenerational Support of the Elderly in Rural China. Population Journal 2:35-42.
19 孙鹃娟,冀云.中国老年人照顾孙子女对老化态度的影响.人口与发展,2016; 4:79-86Sun Juanjuan and Ji Yun. 2016. The Relationship between the Care of Grandchildren and the Attitudes toward Aging among Chinese Older People. Population&Development 4:79-86.
20 孙鹃娟,张航空.中国老年人照顾孙子女的状况及影响因素分析.人口与经济,2013; 4:70-77Sun Juanjuan and Zhang Hangkong. 2013. The Situation and Influencing Factors of Chinese Older People Taking Care of Their Grandchildren. Population&Economics 4:70-77.
21 唐晓菁.城市“隔代抚育”:制度安排与新生代父母的角色及情感限制.河北学刊,2017; 1:160-164Tang Xiaojing. 2017. Urban“Trans-generational Parenting”:Institutional Arrangements and It’s Restrictions on the Young Generations’Parental Role and Emotion. Hebei Academic Journal 1:160-164.
22 韦宏耀,钟涨宝.代际交换、孝道文化与结构制约:子女赡养行为的实证分析.南京农业大学学报(社会科学版),2016; 1:144-155Wei Hongyao and Zhong Zhangbao. 2016. Inter-Generational Exchange,Filial Piety Culture and Structural Constraints:An Empirical Analysis of Offspring Supporting Behavior. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University(Social Sciences Edition)1:144-155.
23 肖索未.“严母慈祖”:儿童抚育中的代际合作与权力关系.社会学研究,2014; 6:148-171Xiao Suowei. 2014.“Yan Mu Ci Zu”:The Intergenerational Collaboration and Conflicts in Childrearing among Urban Families in Contemporary China. Sociological Studies 6:148-171.
24 肖雅勤.隔代照料对老年人健康状况的影响——基于CHARLS的实证研究.社会保障研究,2017; 1:33-39Xiao Yaqin. 2017. Health Status of The Elderly Who Provides Inter-generational Care for Grandchildren:An Empirical Study Based on CHARLS. Social Security Studies 1:33-39.
25 熊跃根.中国城市家庭的代际关系与老人照顾.中国人口科学,1998; 6:16-22Xiong Yuegen. 1998. Intergenerational Relationships and Elderly Care in Chinese Urban Families. Chinese Journal of Population Science 6:16-22.
26 杨帆,杨成钢.家庭结构和代际交换对养老意愿的影响.人口学刊,2016; 1:68-76Yang Fan and Yang Chenggang. 2016. The Effects of Family Structure and Intergenerational Exchange on Individual’s Intention of Old-age Support. Population Journal 1:68-76.
27 杨菊华,何炤华.社会转型过程中家庭的变迁与延续.人口研究,2014; 2:36-51Yang Juhua and He Zhaohua. 2014. Continuity or Change? Chinese Family in Transitional Era. Population Research 2:36-51.
28 张新梅.家庭养老研究的理论背景和假设推导.人口学刊,1999; 1:58-61Zhang Xinmei. 1999. The Theoretical Background and Hypothesis Deduction of Family Pension Research. Population Journal 1:58-61.
(1)由于中国老年人的性格特点和“家丑不可外扬”的传统思想,在调查时一般不愿意表达对子女的不满,因此,选择“从未”、“偶尔”和“有时候”这几个选项的老年人未必有实质性的差异,但一旦选择“经常”,则在很大程度上意味着代际间存在较大的矛盾。尽管选择这一选项的老年人总体比例较低,但在各类别间差异十分显著,是表2关注的重点。