代际交换:隔代抚养的实质与挑战
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摘要
隔代抚养是当下普遍存在于我国城乡家庭中祖辈参与或独立抚养孙辈的一种照护形式。根据祖辈投入到抚养孙辈的责任大小、时间长短及角色定位的不同可以将其划分为"部分转让,较完善替代""部分转让,局部替代""全部转让,局部替代"以及"全部转让,较完善替代"四种类型。隔代抚养虽然存在诸多问题,但具有现实的合理性和必然性,是理性互惠与利他主义原则的有机结合,包含了物质服务及心理在内的代际传承与代际交换。这种抚养方式促进了家庭人口的流动,增强了家庭代际互动,同时增加了家庭成员的角色冲突与代际矛盾,形塑出新型代际关系。为此,要抛弃隔代抚养剥削论或义务论而强化代际依存和互惠共赢观念,发挥政府在隔代抚养中的政策引导作用,积极整合力量开展广泛的社区照顾服务,增进祖辈老人的社会适应与社会融入问题。
Intergenerational upbringing is a form of care that is now prevalent in urbanand rural families in China,where grandparents participate in or independently raise grandchildren.It can be divided into the four types of "partial transfer,better substitution","partial transfer,partial substitution","all transfer,partial substitution",and "all transfer,better substitution",according to the difference of the responsibility,length of time and role orientation of grandparents' involvement in raising grandchildren.Although there are many problems in intergenerational upbringing,it has realistic rationality and inevitability.It is an organic combination of the principle of rational reciprocity and altruism,including material service and psychological intergenerational inheritance and intergenerational exchange.This upbringing method promotes the mobility of the family population and strengthens the family intergenerational interaction,but at the same time it increases the role conflict and intergenerational contradiction of the family members,forming a new intergenerational relationship.To this end,it is necessary to abandon the theory of intergenerational exploitation or obligationism,strengthen the concepts of intergenerational interdependence,mutual benefit and win-win outcomes,give full play to the role of the government as a policy guide,actively integrate efforts to carry out extensive community care services,and enhance the social adaptation and social integration of grandparents.
Intergenerational upbringing is a form of care that is now prevalent in urbanand rural families in China,where grandparents participate in or independently raise grandchildren.It can be divided into the four types of "partial transfer,better substitution","partial transfer,partial substitution","all transfer,partial substitution",and "all transfer,better substitution",according to the difference of the responsibility,length of time and role orientation of grandparents' involvement in raising grandchildren.Although there are many problems in intergenerational upbringing,it has realistic rationality and inevitability.It is an organic combination of the principle of rational reciprocity and altruism,including material service and psychological intergenerational inheritance and intergenerational exchange.This upbringing method promotes the mobility of the family population and strengthens the family intergenerational interaction,but at the same time it increases the role conflict and intergenerational contradiction of the family members,forming a new intergenerational relationship.To this end,it is necessary to abandon the theory of intergenerational exploitation or obligationism,strengthen the concepts of intergenerational interdependence,mutual benefit and win-win outcomes,give full play to the role of the government as a policy guide,actively integrate efforts to carry out extensive community care services,and enhance the social adaptation and social integration of grandparents.
引文
[1]穆光宗.让隔代抚养回归慈孝之道[J].人民论坛,2017(34):63-65.
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[11]Friedman,D.,Hechter,M.,Kreager,D.A Theory of the Value of Grandchildren[J].Rationality and Society,2008,20(1):31-63.
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[14]Li,H.,Rosenzweig,M.,Zhang,J.Altruism,Favoritism,and Guilt in the Allocation of Family Resources:Sophie's Choice in Mao's Mass Send Down[J].Journal of Political Economy,2010,118(1):1-38.
[15]黄少安,韦倩.利他经济学研究述评[J].经济学动态,2008(4):98-102.
[16]国家卫生计生委.中国流动人口发展报告2016[EB/OL].[2018-08-16].http:∥www.nhfpc.gov.cn/ldrks/s7847/201610/d17304b7b9024be38facb5524da48e78.shtml.
[17]穆光宗.“老漂族”的“水土不服”[J].人民论坛,2017(16):60-61.
[18]宋璐,李亮,李树茁.照料孙子女对农村老年人认知功能的影响[J].社会学研究,2013(6):215-237.
[19]陈昫.城市老年人精神养老研究[J].武汉大学学报(哲学社会科学版),20104(4):129-133.
[20]钟晓慧,郭巍青.“全面二孩”下中产家庭的隔代抚养与儿童照顾[J].探索与争鸣,2017(7):81-87.
[21]唐晓菁.城市“隔代抚育”:制度安排与新生代父母的角色及情感限制[J].河北学刊,2017(1):160-164.
[22]陈雯.亲职抚育困境:二孩国策下的青年脆弱性与社会支持重构[J].中国青年研究,2017(10):37-42.
[23]李璟,鞠明明,霍雅楠.关于隔代抚养对城市老年群体休闲活动及休闲消费影响的调查[J].统计与管理,2016(1):25-26.
[24]吴祁.农村进城照顾孙辈的“候鸟式”老人在城生活状况调查---一项探索性研究[J].南方人口,2014(3):51-61.
[25]Moynihan,D.Family and Nation[M].New York:Harcourt,Brance Jovanovich,1986:68.
[26]刘汶蓉.当代家庭代际支持观念与群体差异---兼论反馈模式的文化基础变迁[J].当代青年研究,2013(3):5-12.
[27]陈柏峰.代际关系变动与老年人自杀---对湖北京山农村的实证研究[J].社会学研究,2009(4):157-176.
[28]刘汶蓉.孝道衰落?成年子女支持父母的观念、行为及其影响因素[J].青年研究,2012(2):22-32.
[29]刘汶蓉.转型期的家庭代际情感与团结---基于上海两类“啃老”家庭的比较[J].社会学研究,2016(4):145-168.
[2]Goldberg-Glen,R.G.;Sands,R.D.and Cole,E.Multigenerational and Internal Structures in Families in Which Grandparents Raise Grandchildren[J].Families in Society,1998(5):477-490.
[3]Kluger,M.P.and Aprea,D.M.Grandparents raising grandchildren[J].Journal of Gerontological Social Work,2008,32(1):5-17.
[4]Hughes,M.E.,Waite,L.J.,Lapierre,T.A.and Luo,Y.All in the family:The impact of caring for grandchildren on grandparents'health[J].The Journals of Gerontology,Series B:Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences,2007,62(2):1-22.
[5]Attias-Donfut,C.,Ogg,J.and Wolff,F.C.European patterns of intergenerational financial and time transfers[J].European Journal of Aging,2005,2(3):161-173.
[6]宋璐,冯雪.隔代抚养:以祖父母为视角的分析框架[J].陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2018(1):83-89.
[7]郑杨.对中国城乡家庭隔代抚育问题的探讨[J].学术交流,2008(9):124-126.
[8]李炎.农村“隔代教育”调研[J].四川教育,2003(Z1):24-25.
[9]张琦妍,李丹.国内外隔代抚养之痛与对策分析[J].外国中小学教学,2015(11):23-28.
[10]Cox,D.Motives for Private Transfers[J].Journal of Political Economy,1987,95(3):508-546.
[11]Friedman,D.,Hechter,M.,Kreager,D.A Theory of the Value of Grandchildren[J].Rationality and Society,2008,20(1):31-63.
[12]Becker,G.S.A Treatise on the Family[M].Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1991:142.
[13]Becker,G.S.Altruism,Egoism,and Genetic Fitness:E-conomics and Sociobiology[J].Journal of Economic Literature,1976(14):817-826.
[14]Li,H.,Rosenzweig,M.,Zhang,J.Altruism,Favoritism,and Guilt in the Allocation of Family Resources:Sophie's Choice in Mao's Mass Send Down[J].Journal of Political Economy,2010,118(1):1-38.
[15]黄少安,韦倩.利他经济学研究述评[J].经济学动态,2008(4):98-102.
[16]国家卫生计生委.中国流动人口发展报告2016[EB/OL].[2018-08-16].http:∥www.nhfpc.gov.cn/ldrks/s7847/201610/d17304b7b9024be38facb5524da48e78.shtml.
[17]穆光宗.“老漂族”的“水土不服”[J].人民论坛,2017(16):60-61.
[18]宋璐,李亮,李树茁.照料孙子女对农村老年人认知功能的影响[J].社会学研究,2013(6):215-237.
[19]陈昫.城市老年人精神养老研究[J].武汉大学学报(哲学社会科学版),20104(4):129-133.
[20]钟晓慧,郭巍青.“全面二孩”下中产家庭的隔代抚养与儿童照顾[J].探索与争鸣,2017(7):81-87.
[21]唐晓菁.城市“隔代抚育”:制度安排与新生代父母的角色及情感限制[J].河北学刊,2017(1):160-164.
[22]陈雯.亲职抚育困境:二孩国策下的青年脆弱性与社会支持重构[J].中国青年研究,2017(10):37-42.
[23]李璟,鞠明明,霍雅楠.关于隔代抚养对城市老年群体休闲活动及休闲消费影响的调查[J].统计与管理,2016(1):25-26.
[24]吴祁.农村进城照顾孙辈的“候鸟式”老人在城生活状况调查---一项探索性研究[J].南方人口,2014(3):51-61.
[25]Moynihan,D.Family and Nation[M].New York:Harcourt,Brance Jovanovich,1986:68.
[26]刘汶蓉.当代家庭代际支持观念与群体差异---兼论反馈模式的文化基础变迁[J].当代青年研究,2013(3):5-12.
[27]陈柏峰.代际关系变动与老年人自杀---对湖北京山农村的实证研究[J].社会学研究,2009(4):157-176.
[28]刘汶蓉.孝道衰落?成年子女支持父母的观念、行为及其影响因素[J].青年研究,2012(2):22-32.
[29]刘汶蓉.转型期的家庭代际情感与团结---基于上海两类“啃老”家庭的比较[J].社会学研究,2016(4):145-168.