中国老年人的照料需求模式及其影响因素研究——基于中国老年社会追踪调查数据的验证
|
摘要
以往文献表明中国老年人传统上依赖家庭照料,亲子关系是家庭关系的核心,这与西方的社会化照料模式以及夫妻关系核心呈现明显不同的特征。但是,伴随着现代化、城镇化和工业化的进程,中国传统的社会支持模式正在发生改变。本文利用中国老年社会追踪调查(CLASS2014)数据,采用有序Logistic回归方法对老年人的照料需求模式及其影响因素进行分析。结果发现现阶段中国老年人的照料需求模式正在转变,虽然以家庭为主的传统照料模式依然是老年人照料需求模式的主体,但转型期照料模式和社会化照料模式已被部分老年人接纳。家庭代际支持的强弱对老年人照料需求模式选择仍然具有最为显著的影响;健在子女数量在2个及以上的老年人更倾向于选择传统照料模式,而没有健在子女或只有1个健在子女的老年人则更倾向于转型期照料模式和社会化照料模式;老年人经济状况与子女数量交互影响照料需求模式选择,低收入且子女少的老年人面临着照料困境。研究还显示老年人主观健康状况、养老观念对照料需求模式选择具有显著影响,主观认为自己不健康的老年人以及具有现代养老观念的老年人更倾向于选择社会化照料。老年人照料需求模式具有显著的地区差异,自西向东表现出对社会化照料模式的接纳。
Early literature turns out that the patterns of social supports of the elderly in western nations arequite different from those of Chinese elderly,which indicates that more social supports for Chinese elderlydepend mainly on their children and relatives. However,accompanied with process of the modernizationand industrialization,the traditional patterns of social supports of Chinese elderly have changed. Based onliterature review,this study employed the CLASS(Chinese Longitudinal Ageing Social Survey)data to iden-tify the current patterns of social support and its determinants by using Ordinal Logistic regression model.Our major findings include followings:At present,the pattern of care demands of Chinese elderly is chang-ing,and the patterns of socialized care and transitional care are being accepted by some elderly people. Butthe family-based traditional care pattern is still the dominant,which is significantly affected by the familyintergeneration support. Those who have 2 or more living children is preferring to choose the traditionalcare pattern,and those who have no surviving child or have only one child are more likely to prefer social-ized care pattern. The elderly care demands are also constrained by the financial condition. The elderly whohave the poor economic conditions and no living child or only 1 living child would face difficulties. In addi-tion,self-rated health and the traditional filial piety value also have effects on the elderly care demands pat-tern. The regional dimension showed significant effects on the elderly care mode of progressive,from thewest to the central to the east to the northeast,it gradually shows the acceptance of the combination of fami-ly and social care.
Early literature turns out that the patterns of social supports of the elderly in western nations arequite different from those of Chinese elderly,which indicates that more social supports for Chinese elderlydepend mainly on their children and relatives. However,accompanied with process of the modernizationand industrialization,the traditional patterns of social supports of Chinese elderly have changed. Based onliterature review,this study employed the CLASS(Chinese Longitudinal Ageing Social Survey)data to iden-tify the current patterns of social support and its determinants by using Ordinal Logistic regression model.Our major findings include followings:At present,the pattern of care demands of Chinese elderly is chang-ing,and the patterns of socialized care and transitional care are being accepted by some elderly people. Butthe family-based traditional care pattern is still the dominant,which is significantly affected by the familyintergeneration support. Those who have 2 or more living children is preferring to choose the traditionalcare pattern,and those who have no surviving child or have only one child are more likely to prefer social-ized care pattern. The elderly care demands are also constrained by the financial condition. The elderly whohave the poor economic conditions and no living child or only 1 living child would face difficulties. In addi-tion,self-rated health and the traditional filial piety value also have effects on the elderly care demands pat-tern. The regional dimension showed significant effects on the elderly care mode of progressive,from thewest to the central to the east to the northeast,it gradually shows the acceptance of the combination of fami-ly and social care.
引文
[1]Zeng Y,Feng Q,Hesketh T,et al.Survival,Disabilities in Activities of Daily Living,and Physical and Cognitive Functioning among the Oldest-old in China:A Cohort Study[J].Lancet,2017,389(10079):1619.
[2]杜鹏,孙鹃娟,张文娟,等.中国老年人的养老需求及家庭和社会养老资源现状——基于2014年中国老年社会追踪调查的分析[J].人口研究,2016,40(6):49-61.
[3]彭希哲,胡湛.公共政策视角下的中国人口老龄化[J].中国社会科学,2011,(3):121-138.
[4]左冬梅,李树茁,宋璐.中国农村老年人养老院居住意愿的影响因素研究[J].人口学刊,2011,(1):24-31.
[5]丁志宏.我国农村中年独生子女父母养老意愿研究[J].人口研究,2014,38(4):101-111.
[6]李建新,于学军,王广州,等.中国农村养老意愿和养老方式的研究[J].人口与经济,2004,(5):7-12.
[7]陆杰华,白铭文,柳玉芝.城市老年人居住方式意愿研究——以北京、天津、上海、重庆为例[J].人口学刊,2008,(1):35-41.
[8]Chi I,Chow N.Housing and Family Care for the Elderly in Hong Kong[J].Ageing International,1997,23(3-4):65-77.
[9]Cowgill D O.The Aging of Populations and Societies[J].Annals of the American Academy of Political&Social Science,1974,415(1):1-18.
[10]Neysmith S,Edwardh J.Ideological Underpinnings of the World Assembly on Aging[J].Canadian Journal on Aging,1983,2(3):125-136.
[11]Aboderin I.Modernisation and Ageing Theory Revisited:Current Explanations of Recent Developing World and Historical Western Shifts in Material Family Support for Older People[J].Ageing&Society,2004,24(24):29-50.
[12]Brody E M.Parent Care as a Normative Family Stress[J].Gerontologist,1985,25(1):19-29.
[13]Gierveld J,Dykstra P A,Schenk N.Living Arrangements,Intergenerational Support Types and Older Adult Loneliness in Eastern and Western Europe[J].Demographic Research,2012,27(3):167-200.
[14]Mohamad N,Alavi K,Mohamad M S,et al.Intergenerational Support and Intergenerational Social Support among Elderly—A Short Review in Malaysian Context[J].Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,2016,219:513-519.
[15]William Keng-mun Lee.Living Arrangements and Informal Support for the Elderly[J].Journal of Intergenerational Relationships,2004,2(2):27-49.
[16]Lee K M,Hong-Kin K.Differences in Expectations and Patterns of Informal Support for Older Persons in Hong Kong:Modification to Filial Piety[J].Ageing International,2005,30(2):188-206.
[17]Ingstad B,Bruun F,Sandberg E,et al.Care for the Elderly,Care by the Elderly:The Role of Elderly Women in A Changing Tswana Society[J].J Cross Cult Gerontol,1992,7(7):379-398.
[18]Chang L,Basnyat I.Exploring Family Support for Older Chinese Singaporean Women in a Confucian Society[J].Health Communication,2017,(5):603-611.
[19]Mair C A,Chen F,Liu G,et al.Who in the World Cares?Gender Gaps in Attitudes toward Support for Older Adults in20 Nations[J].Social Forces,2016,95(1):411-439.
[20]唐利平,风笑天.第一代农村独生子女父母养老意愿实证分析——兼论农村养老保险的效用[J].人口学刊,2010,(1):34-40.
[21]郭志刚.中国高龄老人的居住方式及其影响因素[J].人口研究,2002,26(1):37-42.
[22]张震.中国高龄老人居住方式的影响因素研究[J].中国人口科学,2001,(S1):73-79.
[23]石人炳.我国农村老年照料问题及对策建议——兼论老年照料的基本类型[J].人口学刊,2012,(1):44-51.
[24]姜向群,刘妮娜.老年人长期照料模式选择的影响因素研究[J].人口学刊,2014,36(1):16-23.
[25]丁志宏.我国高龄老人照料资源分布及照料满足感研究[J].人口研究,2011,35(5):102-110.
[26]石振武,袁甜甜.以房养老需求意愿及影响因素研究——基于有序Logistic模型[J].调研世界,2016,(7):47-52.
[27]D Gu,M E Dupre,G Liu.Characteristics of the Institutionalized and Community-residing Oldest-old in China[J].Social Science Medicine,2007,64(4):871-83.
[28]B Wu,F G Caro.Workforce Issues in Residential Care Facilities in Rural China[J].Journal of Housing for the Elderly,2009,23(3):227-242.
[29]Sereny M D,Gu D.Living Arrangement Concordance and Its Association with Self-rated Health among Institutionalized and Community-residing Older Adults in China[J].Journal of Cross-cultural Gerontology,2011,26(3):239.
[30]Zeng Y I,Wang Z,Jiang L,et al.Future Tend of Family Households and Elderly Living Arrangement in China[J].Genus,2008,64(1/2):9-36.
[31]王广州.中国失独妇女总量、结构及变动趋势计算机仿真研究[J].人口与经济,2016,(5):1-11.
(1)此处模型结果省略。
[2]杜鹏,孙鹃娟,张文娟,等.中国老年人的养老需求及家庭和社会养老资源现状——基于2014年中国老年社会追踪调查的分析[J].人口研究,2016,40(6):49-61.
[3]彭希哲,胡湛.公共政策视角下的中国人口老龄化[J].中国社会科学,2011,(3):121-138.
[4]左冬梅,李树茁,宋璐.中国农村老年人养老院居住意愿的影响因素研究[J].人口学刊,2011,(1):24-31.
[5]丁志宏.我国农村中年独生子女父母养老意愿研究[J].人口研究,2014,38(4):101-111.
[6]李建新,于学军,王广州,等.中国农村养老意愿和养老方式的研究[J].人口与经济,2004,(5):7-12.
[7]陆杰华,白铭文,柳玉芝.城市老年人居住方式意愿研究——以北京、天津、上海、重庆为例[J].人口学刊,2008,(1):35-41.
[8]Chi I,Chow N.Housing and Family Care for the Elderly in Hong Kong[J].Ageing International,1997,23(3-4):65-77.
[9]Cowgill D O.The Aging of Populations and Societies[J].Annals of the American Academy of Political&Social Science,1974,415(1):1-18.
[10]Neysmith S,Edwardh J.Ideological Underpinnings of the World Assembly on Aging[J].Canadian Journal on Aging,1983,2(3):125-136.
[11]Aboderin I.Modernisation and Ageing Theory Revisited:Current Explanations of Recent Developing World and Historical Western Shifts in Material Family Support for Older People[J].Ageing&Society,2004,24(24):29-50.
[12]Brody E M.Parent Care as a Normative Family Stress[J].Gerontologist,1985,25(1):19-29.
[13]Gierveld J,Dykstra P A,Schenk N.Living Arrangements,Intergenerational Support Types and Older Adult Loneliness in Eastern and Western Europe[J].Demographic Research,2012,27(3):167-200.
[14]Mohamad N,Alavi K,Mohamad M S,et al.Intergenerational Support and Intergenerational Social Support among Elderly—A Short Review in Malaysian Context[J].Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,2016,219:513-519.
[15]William Keng-mun Lee.Living Arrangements and Informal Support for the Elderly[J].Journal of Intergenerational Relationships,2004,2(2):27-49.
[16]Lee K M,Hong-Kin K.Differences in Expectations and Patterns of Informal Support for Older Persons in Hong Kong:Modification to Filial Piety[J].Ageing International,2005,30(2):188-206.
[17]Ingstad B,Bruun F,Sandberg E,et al.Care for the Elderly,Care by the Elderly:The Role of Elderly Women in A Changing Tswana Society[J].J Cross Cult Gerontol,1992,7(7):379-398.
[18]Chang L,Basnyat I.Exploring Family Support for Older Chinese Singaporean Women in a Confucian Society[J].Health Communication,2017,(5):603-611.
[19]Mair C A,Chen F,Liu G,et al.Who in the World Cares?Gender Gaps in Attitudes toward Support for Older Adults in20 Nations[J].Social Forces,2016,95(1):411-439.
[20]唐利平,风笑天.第一代农村独生子女父母养老意愿实证分析——兼论农村养老保险的效用[J].人口学刊,2010,(1):34-40.
[21]郭志刚.中国高龄老人的居住方式及其影响因素[J].人口研究,2002,26(1):37-42.
[22]张震.中国高龄老人居住方式的影响因素研究[J].中国人口科学,2001,(S1):73-79.
[23]石人炳.我国农村老年照料问题及对策建议——兼论老年照料的基本类型[J].人口学刊,2012,(1):44-51.
[24]姜向群,刘妮娜.老年人长期照料模式选择的影响因素研究[J].人口学刊,2014,36(1):16-23.
[25]丁志宏.我国高龄老人照料资源分布及照料满足感研究[J].人口研究,2011,35(5):102-110.
[26]石振武,袁甜甜.以房养老需求意愿及影响因素研究——基于有序Logistic模型[J].调研世界,2016,(7):47-52.
[27]D Gu,M E Dupre,G Liu.Characteristics of the Institutionalized and Community-residing Oldest-old in China[J].Social Science Medicine,2007,64(4):871-83.
[28]B Wu,F G Caro.Workforce Issues in Residential Care Facilities in Rural China[J].Journal of Housing for the Elderly,2009,23(3):227-242.
[29]Sereny M D,Gu D.Living Arrangement Concordance and Its Association with Self-rated Health among Institutionalized and Community-residing Older Adults in China[J].Journal of Cross-cultural Gerontology,2011,26(3):239.
[30]Zeng Y I,Wang Z,Jiang L,et al.Future Tend of Family Households and Elderly Living Arrangement in China[J].Genus,2008,64(1/2):9-36.
[31]王广州.中国失独妇女总量、结构及变动趋势计算机仿真研究[J].人口与经济,2016,(5):1-11.
(1)此处模型结果省略。