基于遥感反演河套灌区土壤盐分分布及对作物生长的影响
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摘要
土壤盐渍化信息是评价灌区节水的生态环境效应的重要指标。该文主要研究内蒙古河套灌区土壤盐分空间分布及对作物生长的影响。于2015年4—8月在全灌区布设了281个监测点,开展了灌区尺度的逐月土壤盐分、作物生长等野外系统的采样工作,并结合开展了基于Landsat OLI数据的土壤盐分反演,分析了土壤盐分的时空分布特征及其与灌溉、地下水埋深间的关系,探讨了土壤盐分含量对作物生长的影响。结果表明,基于遥感反演的土壤盐分空间分布与样点分析的土层含盐趋势基本一致,二者相关系数高达0.87;结合样点分析与遥感反演可得出重度盐化土和盐土占灌区面积的14%左右,呈零散的斑状分布,主要受灌溉、排水条件及地下水埋影响;当地下水埋深在2.0 m以下时,土壤表层及其主根区含盐量基本在0.20%以内;土壤含盐量对种植结构、作物叶面积指数、株高和产量均有明显影响,对叶面积指数和产量的影响更为明显;向日葵则因耐盐性强而广泛种植于高含盐区,而玉米高产田的根区盐分基本均在0.05%~0.20%之间。研究结果可为河套灌区的盐渍化防治、水土资源的科学管理及农业生产提供参考。
Soil salinity analysis on a regional scale is of great significance for protecting agriculture production and maintaining eco-environmental health in arid and semi-arid irrigated areas. In this study, we explored the soil salinity distribution and its effect on crop growth in Hetal Irrigation Dsitrict based on field investigation and remote sensing inversion. The Hetao Irrigation District(Hetao) in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region suffered long-term soil salinization problem. Field sampling experiments and investigations related to soil salinity, crop growth and yields were carried out at 281 different sampling points across the whole area during April to August in 2015. Spatial-temporal soil salinity characteristics were systematically analyzed as well as the corresponding impacts on crops. The remote sensing inversed soil salinity model had the accuracy of the determination coefficient of 0.75(P<0.01) and the root mean square error of 0.10% at the validation process. The relationships between soil salinity and crops and groundwater depth were investigated. The results showed that the surface soil(0-10 cm) and the root zone soil(0-100 cm) had the mean of soil salinity 0.12%-0.20% and the mean of soil salinity was all below 0.40%. The salinity could be lower than 0.10% in some regions. The uncultivated land was mainly sever salinized. The soil salinity of the uncultivated land averaged 1.15% at 0-10 cm and 1.60% at 0-100 cm. The soil salinity had a good relationship with the total amount of irrigated water, the conditions of drainage system, and the groundwater depth. Mild salinization with the soil salinity less than 0.20% for all the investigated soil was founded when the depth of groundwater depth was about 2.0 m. Remotely sensed map of soil salinity distribution for surface soil was derived based on the Landsat OLI data with a 30 m resolution and showed that the spatial distribution of soil salinity based on remote sensing was consistent with the sample analysis, and the correlation coefficient was 0.87. Over 14% of the land with its salinization exceeded the level of heavy salinized soil in Hetao Irrigation District, and about 86% of the total area was nonsalinized or mildly salinized soil. Crops such as corn, wheat, fruits and vegetables were planted in the area with low salinity while sunflower was widely planted in the area with severe salinized soil or saline soil, and the leaf area index decreased with the increasing of soil salinity. Based on the investigation results, the corn field was classified into high level(yield>12 000 kg/hm~2) and low level(yield <12 000 kg/hm~2) and the sunflower field was high(yield>3 000 kg/hm~2) and low level(yield<3 000 kg/hm~2). The high yield level had relatively lower soil salinity than the field with low yield. So it is very important to minimize the salinity of root zone for sunflowers at the stage of filling period, especially for the lower reach of the Hetao. In addition, the strong spatial variability of salinization was clearly presented by the map of soil salinity. Overall, this paper can provide very useful information for salinization control and guidelines for agricultural production and soil-water management in Hetao.
Soil salinity analysis on a regional scale is of great significance for protecting agriculture production and maintaining eco-environmental health in arid and semi-arid irrigated areas. In this study, we explored the soil salinity distribution and its effect on crop growth in Hetal Irrigation Dsitrict based on field investigation and remote sensing inversion. The Hetao Irrigation District(Hetao) in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region suffered long-term soil salinization problem. Field sampling experiments and investigations related to soil salinity, crop growth and yields were carried out at 281 different sampling points across the whole area during April to August in 2015. Spatial-temporal soil salinity characteristics were systematically analyzed as well as the corresponding impacts on crops. The remote sensing inversed soil salinity model had the accuracy of the determination coefficient of 0.75(P<0.01) and the root mean square error of 0.10% at the validation process. The relationships between soil salinity and crops and groundwater depth were investigated. The results showed that the surface soil(0-10 cm) and the root zone soil(0-100 cm) had the mean of soil salinity 0.12%-0.20% and the mean of soil salinity was all below 0.40%. The salinity could be lower than 0.10% in some regions. The uncultivated land was mainly sever salinized. The soil salinity of the uncultivated land averaged 1.15% at 0-10 cm and 1.60% at 0-100 cm. The soil salinity had a good relationship with the total amount of irrigated water, the conditions of drainage system, and the groundwater depth. Mild salinization with the soil salinity less than 0.20% for all the investigated soil was founded when the depth of groundwater depth was about 2.0 m. Remotely sensed map of soil salinity distribution for surface soil was derived based on the Landsat OLI data with a 30 m resolution and showed that the spatial distribution of soil salinity based on remote sensing was consistent with the sample analysis, and the correlation coefficient was 0.87. Over 14% of the land with its salinization exceeded the level of heavy salinized soil in Hetao Irrigation District, and about 86% of the total area was nonsalinized or mildly salinized soil. Crops such as corn, wheat, fruits and vegetables were planted in the area with low salinity while sunflower was widely planted in the area with severe salinized soil or saline soil, and the leaf area index decreased with the increasing of soil salinity. Based on the investigation results, the corn field was classified into high level(yield>12 000 kg/hm~2) and low level(yield <12 000 kg/hm~2) and the sunflower field was high(yield>3 000 kg/hm~2) and low level(yield<3 000 kg/hm~2). The high yield level had relatively lower soil salinity than the field with low yield. So it is very important to minimize the salinity of root zone for sunflowers at the stage of filling period, especially for the lower reach of the Hetao. In addition, the strong spatial variability of salinization was clearly presented by the map of soil salinity. Overall, this paper can provide very useful information for salinization control and guidelines for agricultural production and soil-water management in Hetao.
引文
[1]Metternicht G I,Zinck J A.Remote sensing of soil salinity:Potentials and constraints[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2003,85(1):1-20.
[2]Rhoades J D,Loveday J.Salinity in irrigated agriculture.[M]//Stewart B A,Nielson D R.Irrigation of Agricultural Crops.Madison,WI:Am Soc Agronomists,1990:1089-1142.
[3]Abbas A,Khan S,Hussain N,et al.Characterizing soil salinity in irrigated agriculture using a remote sensing approach[J].Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2013,55-57:43-52.
[4]麦麦提吐尔逊·艾则孜,海米提·依米提,艾尼瓦尔·买买提,等.天山西部伊犁河流域土壤盐分特征[J].环境科学研究,2010,23(6):774-781.Aizezi M,Yimiti H,Maimaiti A.et al.Characteristics of soil salinity in iliriver valley,western Tianshan mountains[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2010,23(6):774-781.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]刘庆生,刘高焕,励惠国.辽河三角洲土壤盐渍化现状及特征分析[J].土壤学报,2004,41(2):190-195.Liu Qingsheng,Liu Gaohuan,Li Huiguo.Analysis on characteristics of soil salinization in Liaohe river delta[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2004,41(2):190-195.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]范晓梅,刘高焕,刘红光.基于Kriging和Cokriging方法的黄河三角洲土壤盐渍化评价[J].资源科学,2014,36(2):321-327.Fan Xiaomei,Liu Gaohuan,Liu Hongguang.Evaluating the spatial distribution of soil salinity in the yellow river delta based on Kriging and Cokriging methods[J].Resources Science,2014,36(2):321-327.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]戚隆溪,陈启生,逄春浩.土壤盐渍化的监测和预报研究.土壤学报,1997,34(2):189-199.Qi Longxi,Chen Qisheng,Pang Chunhao.Monitoring and predicting investigation on soil salinization[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,1997,34(2):189-199.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]Abbas A,Khan S,Hussain N,et al.Characterizing soil salinity in irrigated agriculture using a remote sensing approach[J].Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2013,55/56/57:43-52.
[9]Douaoui A E K,Nicolas H,Walter C.Detecting salinity hazards within a semiarid context by means of combining soil and remote-sensing data[J].Geoderma,2006,134(1/2):217-230.
[10]Rao B,Sankar T R,Dwivedi R S,et al.Spectral behavior of salt-affected soils[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,1995,16(12):2125-2136.
[11]Dehaan R L,Taylor G R.Field-derived spectra of salinized soils and vegetation as indicators of irrigation-induced soil salinization[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2002,80(3):406-417.
[12]Csillag F,Pasztor L,Biehl L L.Spectral band selection for the characterization of salinity status of soils[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,1993,43(3):231-242.
[13]Farifteh J,Farshad A,George R J.Assessing salt-affected soils using remote sensing,solute modelling and geophysics[J].Geoderma,2006,130(3/4):191-206.
[14]Dwivedi R S,Rao B.The selection of the best possible Landsat TM band combination for delineating salt-affected soils[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,1992,13(11):2051-2058.
[15]王静,刘湘南,黄方,等.基于ANN技术和高光谱遥感的盐渍土盐分预测[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(12):161-166.Wang Jing,Liu Xiangnan,Huang Fang,et al.Salinity forecasting of saline soil based on ANN and hyperspectral remote sensing[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2009,25(12):161-166.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]翁永玲,戚浩平,方洪宾,等.基于PLSR方法的青海茶卡-共和盆地土壤盐分高光谱遥感反演[J].土壤学报,2010,47(6):1255-1263.Wong Yongling,Qi Haoping,Fang Hongbin,et al.PLSR-Based hyperspectral remote sensing retrieval of soil salinity of Chaka-Gonghe basin in Qinghai province[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2010,47(6):1255-1263.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]Wang D,Wilson C,Shannon M C.Interpretation of salinity and irrigation effects on soybean canopy reflectance in visible and near-infrared spectrum domain[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,2002,23(5):811-824.
[18]雷廷武,Issac Shainberg,袁普金,等.内蒙古河套灌区有效灌溉及盐碱控制的战略思考[J].农业工程学报,2001,17(1):48-52.Lei Tingwu,Issac Shainberg,Yuan Pujin,et al.Strategic Considerations of efficient irrigation and salinity control on Hetao Plain in Inner Mongolia[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2001,17(1):48-52.(in English with Chinese abstract)
[19]Jin X M,Vekerdy Z,Zhang Y K,et al.Soil salt content and its relationship with crops and groundwater depth in the Yinchuan Plain(China)using remote sensing[J].Arid Land Research and Management,2012,26(3):227-235.
[20]陈红艳,赵庚星,陈敬春,等.基于改进植被指数的黄河口区盐渍土盐分遥感反演[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(5):107-112.Chen Hongyan,Zhao Gengxing,Chen Jingchun,et al.Remote sensing inversion of saline soil salinity based on modified vegetation index in estuary area of Yellow River[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(5):107-112.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]张蔚榛,张瑜芳.对灌区水盐平衡和控制土壤盐渍化的一些认识[J].中国农村水利水电,2003(8):13-18.Zhang Yuzhen,Zhang Yufang.Knowledge of water and salt balance and control of soil saline and water logging in irrigation district[J].China Rural Water and Hydropower,2003(8):13-18.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]王伦平,陈亚新,曾国芳.内蒙古河套灌区灌溉排水与盐碱化防治[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1993.
[23]桑以琳.内蒙古河套灌区碱化土壤的发生原因和特性[J].土壤学报,1996(4):398-404.Sang Yilin.Formation properties and characteristics of alkalized soil in the Hetao irrigation district of neimongol[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,1996(4):398-404.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]王学全,高前兆,卢琦.内蒙古河套灌区水资源高效利用与盐渍化调控[J].干旱区资源与环境,2005,19(6):120-125.Wang Xuequan,Gao Qianzhao,Lu Qi.Effective use of water resources and salinity and waterlogging control in the Hetao irrigation area of Inner Mongolia[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2005,19(6):120-125.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]李连捷,辛德惠.内蒙河套地区灌溉农业的发展和盐土改良分区[J].中国农业科学,1964(4):14-21.Li Lianjie,Xin Dehui.The development of irrigated agriculture and the improvement of saline soil in Hetao Area,Inner Mongolia[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,1964(4):14-21.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]水资源综合规划报告[R].内蒙:内蒙古自治区巴彦淖尔市水务局,2015.
[27]史海滨,陈亚新,朝伦巴根,等.表层土壤盐分空间变异性及合理采样数与信息估计[J].内蒙古农牧学院学报,1996,17(4):74-81.Shi Haibin,Chen Yaxin,Chao Lunbagen,et al.Spatial variability of soil salt on the upper layer[J].Journal of Inner Mongolia Institute of Agriculture&Animal Husbandry,1996,17(4):74-81.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]徐英,陈亚新,史海滨,等.土壤水盐空间变异尺度效应的研究[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(2):1-5.Xu Ying,Chen Yaxin,Shi Haibin,et al.Scale effect of spatial variability of soil water-salt[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2004,20(2):1-5.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]Bastiaanssen W,Molden D J,Makin I W.Remote sensing for irrigated agriculture:Examples from research and possible applications[J].Agricultural Water Management,2000,46(2):137-155.
[30]Jin X M,Vekerdy Z,Zhang Y K,et al.Soil salt content and its relationship with crops and groundwater depth in the Yinchuan plain(China)using remote sensing[J].Arid Land Research and Management,2012,26(3):227-235
[2]Rhoades J D,Loveday J.Salinity in irrigated agriculture.[M]//Stewart B A,Nielson D R.Irrigation of Agricultural Crops.Madison,WI:Am Soc Agronomists,1990:1089-1142.
[3]Abbas A,Khan S,Hussain N,et al.Characterizing soil salinity in irrigated agriculture using a remote sensing approach[J].Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2013,55-57:43-52.
[4]麦麦提吐尔逊·艾则孜,海米提·依米提,艾尼瓦尔·买买提,等.天山西部伊犁河流域土壤盐分特征[J].环境科学研究,2010,23(6):774-781.Aizezi M,Yimiti H,Maimaiti A.et al.Characteristics of soil salinity in iliriver valley,western Tianshan mountains[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2010,23(6):774-781.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]刘庆生,刘高焕,励惠国.辽河三角洲土壤盐渍化现状及特征分析[J].土壤学报,2004,41(2):190-195.Liu Qingsheng,Liu Gaohuan,Li Huiguo.Analysis on characteristics of soil salinization in Liaohe river delta[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2004,41(2):190-195.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]范晓梅,刘高焕,刘红光.基于Kriging和Cokriging方法的黄河三角洲土壤盐渍化评价[J].资源科学,2014,36(2):321-327.Fan Xiaomei,Liu Gaohuan,Liu Hongguang.Evaluating the spatial distribution of soil salinity in the yellow river delta based on Kriging and Cokriging methods[J].Resources Science,2014,36(2):321-327.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]戚隆溪,陈启生,逄春浩.土壤盐渍化的监测和预报研究.土壤学报,1997,34(2):189-199.Qi Longxi,Chen Qisheng,Pang Chunhao.Monitoring and predicting investigation on soil salinization[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,1997,34(2):189-199.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]Abbas A,Khan S,Hussain N,et al.Characterizing soil salinity in irrigated agriculture using a remote sensing approach[J].Physics and Chemistry of the Earth,2013,55/56/57:43-52.
[9]Douaoui A E K,Nicolas H,Walter C.Detecting salinity hazards within a semiarid context by means of combining soil and remote-sensing data[J].Geoderma,2006,134(1/2):217-230.
[10]Rao B,Sankar T R,Dwivedi R S,et al.Spectral behavior of salt-affected soils[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,1995,16(12):2125-2136.
[11]Dehaan R L,Taylor G R.Field-derived spectra of salinized soils and vegetation as indicators of irrigation-induced soil salinization[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2002,80(3):406-417.
[12]Csillag F,Pasztor L,Biehl L L.Spectral band selection for the characterization of salinity status of soils[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,1993,43(3):231-242.
[13]Farifteh J,Farshad A,George R J.Assessing salt-affected soils using remote sensing,solute modelling and geophysics[J].Geoderma,2006,130(3/4):191-206.
[14]Dwivedi R S,Rao B.The selection of the best possible Landsat TM band combination for delineating salt-affected soils[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,1992,13(11):2051-2058.
[15]王静,刘湘南,黄方,等.基于ANN技术和高光谱遥感的盐渍土盐分预测[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(12):161-166.Wang Jing,Liu Xiangnan,Huang Fang,et al.Salinity forecasting of saline soil based on ANN and hyperspectral remote sensing[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2009,25(12):161-166.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]翁永玲,戚浩平,方洪宾,等.基于PLSR方法的青海茶卡-共和盆地土壤盐分高光谱遥感反演[J].土壤学报,2010,47(6):1255-1263.Wong Yongling,Qi Haoping,Fang Hongbin,et al.PLSR-Based hyperspectral remote sensing retrieval of soil salinity of Chaka-Gonghe basin in Qinghai province[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,2010,47(6):1255-1263.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]Wang D,Wilson C,Shannon M C.Interpretation of salinity and irrigation effects on soybean canopy reflectance in visible and near-infrared spectrum domain[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,2002,23(5):811-824.
[18]雷廷武,Issac Shainberg,袁普金,等.内蒙古河套灌区有效灌溉及盐碱控制的战略思考[J].农业工程学报,2001,17(1):48-52.Lei Tingwu,Issac Shainberg,Yuan Pujin,et al.Strategic Considerations of efficient irrigation and salinity control on Hetao Plain in Inner Mongolia[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2001,17(1):48-52.(in English with Chinese abstract)
[19]Jin X M,Vekerdy Z,Zhang Y K,et al.Soil salt content and its relationship with crops and groundwater depth in the Yinchuan Plain(China)using remote sensing[J].Arid Land Research and Management,2012,26(3):227-235.
[20]陈红艳,赵庚星,陈敬春,等.基于改进植被指数的黄河口区盐渍土盐分遥感反演[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(5):107-112.Chen Hongyan,Zhao Gengxing,Chen Jingchun,et al.Remote sensing inversion of saline soil salinity based on modified vegetation index in estuary area of Yellow River[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(5):107-112.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]张蔚榛,张瑜芳.对灌区水盐平衡和控制土壤盐渍化的一些认识[J].中国农村水利水电,2003(8):13-18.Zhang Yuzhen,Zhang Yufang.Knowledge of water and salt balance and control of soil saline and water logging in irrigation district[J].China Rural Water and Hydropower,2003(8):13-18.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]王伦平,陈亚新,曾国芳.内蒙古河套灌区灌溉排水与盐碱化防治[M].北京:水利电力出版社,1993.
[23]桑以琳.内蒙古河套灌区碱化土壤的发生原因和特性[J].土壤学报,1996(4):398-404.Sang Yilin.Formation properties and characteristics of alkalized soil in the Hetao irrigation district of neimongol[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,1996(4):398-404.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]王学全,高前兆,卢琦.内蒙古河套灌区水资源高效利用与盐渍化调控[J].干旱区资源与环境,2005,19(6):120-125.Wang Xuequan,Gao Qianzhao,Lu Qi.Effective use of water resources and salinity and waterlogging control in the Hetao irrigation area of Inner Mongolia[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2005,19(6):120-125.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]李连捷,辛德惠.内蒙河套地区灌溉农业的发展和盐土改良分区[J].中国农业科学,1964(4):14-21.Li Lianjie,Xin Dehui.The development of irrigated agriculture and the improvement of saline soil in Hetao Area,Inner Mongolia[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,1964(4):14-21.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]水资源综合规划报告[R].内蒙:内蒙古自治区巴彦淖尔市水务局,2015.
[27]史海滨,陈亚新,朝伦巴根,等.表层土壤盐分空间变异性及合理采样数与信息估计[J].内蒙古农牧学院学报,1996,17(4):74-81.Shi Haibin,Chen Yaxin,Chao Lunbagen,et al.Spatial variability of soil salt on the upper layer[J].Journal of Inner Mongolia Institute of Agriculture&Animal Husbandry,1996,17(4):74-81.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]徐英,陈亚新,史海滨,等.土壤水盐空间变异尺度效应的研究[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(2):1-5.Xu Ying,Chen Yaxin,Shi Haibin,et al.Scale effect of spatial variability of soil water-salt[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2004,20(2):1-5.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]Bastiaanssen W,Molden D J,Makin I W.Remote sensing for irrigated agriculture:Examples from research and possible applications[J].Agricultural Water Management,2000,46(2):137-155.
[30]Jin X M,Vekerdy Z,Zhang Y K,et al.Soil salt content and its relationship with crops and groundwater depth in the Yinchuan plain(China)using remote sensing[J].Arid Land Research and Management,2012,26(3):227-235