刈割干扰和养分添加条件下Epichlo?内生真菌感染对羽茅所在群落多样性和生产力的影响
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摘要
Epichlo?内生真菌感染能够影响宿主植物的种内和种间竞争力,但目前关于内生真菌感染对宿主植物所在群落多样性和生产力影响的研究较少。该研究以感染(E+)和不感染(E–)内生真菌的羽茅(Achnatherum sibiricum)及其原生境中常见的5种植物构建人工群落,探究在不同养分水平和刈割条件下内生真菌对宿主植物群落的影响。结果表明:内生真菌对宿主植物群落多样性的影响同刈割与否有关。在无刈割条件下,内生真菌感染对宿主群落多样性无显著影响;在刈割条件下,内生真菌感染显著增加了宿主群落的多样性,其原因在于内生真菌感染显著增加了群落中多度较小的冰草(Agropyron cristatum)和大针茅(Stipa grandis)等的多度,而显著降低了优势种羊草(Leymus chinensis)的多度。内生真菌感染对群落生产力未见显著影响。研究发现养分添加对内生真菌作用的影响只出现在宿主植物水平,而对宿主植物所在群落未产生显著影响,内生真菌对宿主羽茅的促进作用只出现在养分添加条件下。
Aims Epichlo? infection can affect the intraspecific and interspecific competitive ability of the host plants.However, few studies have been reported on the effects of endophyte infection on the diversity and productivity of host communities.Methods We used endophyte-infected(E+) and uninfected(E-) Achnatherum sibiricum, plus five other common species in its native community to construct a microcosm plant community to investigate the community-level consequences of endophyte interactions under different nutrient and mowing treatments.Important findings Community-level consequences of endophyte infection depend on the mowing treatment.Endophyte infection did not alter plant community diversity under non-mowing conditions. Under mowing conditions, however, endophyte infection significantly increased the diversity by increasing the abundance of lower abundance species such as Agropyron cristatum and Stipa grandis, while decreasing the abundance of dominant species such as Leymus chinensis. No significant endophyte effect on the productivity of plant community was found. With respect to nutrient treatments, we found that nutrient addition had no significant effect either on the diversity or productivity of the plant community. The positive effect of endophyte on A. sibiricum occurred only under nutrient addition treatment in the host species level.
Aims Epichlo? infection can affect the intraspecific and interspecific competitive ability of the host plants.However, few studies have been reported on the effects of endophyte infection on the diversity and productivity of host communities.Methods We used endophyte-infected(E+) and uninfected(E-) Achnatherum sibiricum, plus five other common species in its native community to construct a microcosm plant community to investigate the community-level consequences of endophyte interactions under different nutrient and mowing treatments.Important findings Community-level consequences of endophyte infection depend on the mowing treatment.Endophyte infection did not alter plant community diversity under non-mowing conditions. Under mowing conditions, however, endophyte infection significantly increased the diversity by increasing the abundance of lower abundance species such as Agropyron cristatum and Stipa grandis, while decreasing the abundance of dominant species such as Leymus chinensis. No significant endophyte effect on the productivity of plant community was found. With respect to nutrient treatments, we found that nutrient addition had no significant effect either on the diversity or productivity of the plant community. The positive effect of endophyte on A. sibiricum occurred only under nutrient addition treatment in the host species level.
引文
Afkhami ME,Strauss SY(2016).Native fungal endophytes suppress an exotic dominant and increase plant diversity over small and large spatial scales.Ecology,97,1159-1169.
Arachevaleta M,Bacon CW,Hoveland CS,Radcliffe DE(1989).Effect of the tall fescue endophyte on plant response to environmental stress.Agronomy Journal,81,83-90.
Arnold AE,Maynard Z,Gilbert GS,Coley PD,Kursar TA(2000).Are tropical fungal endophytes hyperdiverse?Ecology Letters,3,267-274.
Bao SD(2000).Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Analysis.3rd edn.China Agriculture Press,Beijing.44-49.[鲍士旦(2000).土壤农化分析.第三版.中国农业出版社,北京.44-49.]
Bissels S,H?lzel N,Otte A(2004).Population structure of the threatened perennial Serratula tinctoria in relation to vegetation and management.Applied Vegetation Science,7,267-274.
Brem D,Leuchtmann A(2002).Intraspecific competition of endophyte infected vs uninfected plants of two woodland grass species.Oikos,96,281-290.
Cao J,Holden NM,LüXT,Du G(2011).The effect of grazing management on plant species richness on the QinghaiTibetan Plateau.Grass and Forage Science,66,333-336.
Cheplick GP(2004).Symbiotic fungi and clonal plant physiology.New Phytologist,164,413-415.
Cheplick GP,Clay K,Marks S(1989).Interactions between infection by endophytic fungi and nutrient limitation in the grasses Lolium perenne and Festuca arundinacea.New Phytologist,111,89-97.
Christensen MJ(1996).Antifungal activity in grasses infected with Acremonium and Epichlo?endophytes.Australasian Plant Pathology,25,186-191.
Clay K(1987).Effects of fungal endophytes on the seed and seedling biology of Lolium perenne and Festuca arundinacea.Oecologia,73,358-362.
Clay K,Holah J(1999).Fungal endophyte symbiosis and plant diversity in successional fields.Science,285,1742-1744.
Collins CD,Foster BL(2009).Community-level consequences of mycorrhizae depend on phosphorus availability.Ecology,90,2567-2576.
Elmi AA,West CP(1995).Endophyte infection effects on stomatal conductance,osmotic adjustment and drought recovery of tall fescue.New Phytologist,131,61-67.
Faeth SH,Helander ML,Saikkonen KT(2004).Asexual Neotyphodium endophytes in a native grass reduce competitive abilities.Ecology Letters,7,304-313.
Gao Y,Li GP,Shi H,Liu H,Ren AZ,Gao YB(2017).Allelopathic effect of endophyte-infected Achnatherum sibiricum on Stipa grandis.Acta Ecologica Sinica,37,1063-1073.[高远,李隔萍,施宏,刘慧,任安芝,高玉葆(2017).感染内生真菌的羽茅对大针茅的化感作用.生态学报,37,1063-1073.]
Grime JP(1973).Competitive exclusion in herbaceous vegetation.Nature,242,344-347.
Janos DP(1980).Mycorrhizae influence tropical succession.Biotropica,12,56-64.
Jones TA,Gardner DR,Chatterton NJ(2000).Cattle prefer endophyte-free robust needle grass.Journal of Range Management,53,427-431.
Knapp AK,Hoover DL,Blair JM,Buis G,Burkepile DE,Chamberlain A,Collins SL,Fynn RWS,Kirkman KP,Smith MD,Blake D,Govender N,O’Neal P,Schreck T,Zinn A(2012).A test of two mechanisms proposed to optimize grassland aboveground primary productivity in response to grazing.Journal of Plant Ecology,5,357-365.
Lan ZC,Bai YF(2012).Testing mechanisms of N-enrichmentinduced species loss in a semiarid Inner Mongolia grassland:Critical thresholds and implications for long-term ecosystem responses.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B,367,3125-3134.
Latch GCM,Christensen M(1985).Artificial infection of grasses with endophytes.Annals of Applied Biology,107,17-24.
Leuchtmann A,Bacon CW,Schardl CL(2014).Nomenclatural realignment of Neotyphodium species with genus Epichlo?.Mycologia,106,202-215.
Lewis GC(2004).Effects of biotic and abiotic stress on the growth of three genotypes of Lolium perenne with and without infection by the fungal endophyte Neotyphodium lolii.Journal of Chemical Ecology,144,53-63.
Lewis GC,Bakken AK,MacDuff JH,Raistrick N(1996).Effect of infection by the endophytic fungus Acremonium lolii on growth and nitrogen uptake by perennial ryegrass(Lolium perenne)in flowing solution culture.Annals of Applied Biology,129,451-460.
Li CJ,Nan ZB,Paul VH,Dapprich PD,Liu Y(2004).A new Neotyphodium species symbiotic with drunken horse grass(Achnatherum inebrians)in China.Mycotaxon,90,141-147.
Li X,Han R,Ren AZ,Gao YB(2010).Using high-temperature treatment to construct endophyte-free Achnatherum sibiricum.Microbiology China,37,1395-1400.[李夏,韩荣,任安芝,高玉葆(2010).高温处理构建不感染内生真菌羽茅种群的方法探讨.微生物学通报,37,1395-1400.]
Li XS,Zhang XZ,Gu X,Zheng Y(1998).The relationship between the toxic metabolin and the endophytic fungi of drunken horse grass(Achnatherum inebrians).GrassFeeding Livestock,124,44-46.[李学森,张学洲,顾祥,郑瑛(1998).醉马草有毒物质与其内生真菌的关系.草食家畜,124,44-46.]
Louis MS,Faeth SH(1997).The effect of endophytic fungi on the fitness of Arizona fescue(Festuca arizonica)under varying nitrogen levels.Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America,78,317-327.
Malinowski DP,Alloush GA,Belesky DP(2000).Leaf endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum modifies mineral uptake in tall fescue.Plant and Soil,227,115-126.
Malinowski DP,Belesky DP(2006).Ecological importance of Neotyphodium spp.grass endophytes in agroecosystems.Grassland Science,52,1-14.
Malinowski DP,Belesky DP,Hill NS,Baligar VC,Fedders JM(1998).Influence of phosphorus on the growth and ergot alkaloid content of Neotyphodium coenophialum-infected tall fescue(Festuca arundinacea Schreb.).Plant and Soil,198,53-61.
Malinowski DP,Brauer DK,Belesky DP(1999).The endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum affects root morphology of tall fescue grown under phosphorus deficiency.Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science,183,53-60.
Malinowski DP,Leuchtmann A,Schmidt D,Nosberger J(1997).Symbiosis with Neotyphodium uncinatum endophyte may increase the competitive ability of meadow fescue.Agronomy Journal,89,833-839.
Marks S,Clay K(2007).Low resource availability differentially affects the growth of host grasses infected by fungal endophytes.International Journal of Plant Sciences,168,1269-1277.
Marks S,Clay K,Cheplick GP(1991).Effects of fungal endophytes on interspecific and intraspecific competition in the grasses Festuca arundinacea and Lolium perenne.Journal of Applied Ecology,28,194-204.
Moraes PVD,Witt WW,Phillips TD,Rossi P,Panozzo LE(2014).Relative competitiveness of Nimblewill(Muhlenbergia schreberi)with tall fescues and kentucky bluegrass.American Journal of Plant Sciences,5,3777-3787.
Newman JA,Abner ML,Dado RG,Gibson DJ,Brookings A,Parson AJ(2003).Effects of elevated CO2,nitrogen and fungal endophyte-infection on tall fescue:Growth,photosynthesis,chemical composition and digestibility.Global Change Biology,9,425-437.
Oberhofer M,Gusewell S,Leuchtmann A(2014).Effects of natural hybrid and non-hybrid Epichlo?endophytes on the response of Hordelymus europaeus to drought stress.New Phytologist,201,242-253.
Qin JH,Gao Y,Liu H,Zhou Y,Ren AZ,Gao YB(2016).Effect of Endophyte infection and clipping treatment on resistance and tolerance of Achnatherum sibiricum.Frontiers in Microbiology,7,1988.DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01988.
Ravel C,Courty C,Coudret A,Charmet G(1997).Beneficial effects of Neotyphodium lolii on the growth and the water status in perennial ryegrass cultivated under nitrogen deficiency or drought stress.Agronomie,17,173-181.
Ren AZ,Gao YB,Wang W,Wang JL,Zhao NX(2009).Influence of nitrogen fertilizer and endophyte infection on ecophysiological parameters and mineral element content of perennial ryegrass.Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,51,75-83.
Ren AZ,Gao YB,Zhou F(2007).Response of Neotyphodium lolii-infected perennial ryegrass to phosphorus deficiency.Plant Soil and Environment,53,113-119.
Rudgers JA,Clay K(2008).An invasive plant-fungal mutualism reduces arthropod diversity.Ecology Letters,11,831-840.
Rudgers JA,Orr S(2009).Non-native grass alters growth of native tree species via leaf and soil microbes.Journal of Ecology,97,247-255.
Saikkonen K,Lehtonen P,Helander M,Koricheva J,Faeth SH(2006).Model systems in ecology:Dissecting the endophytegrass literature.Trends in Plant Science,11,428-433.
Schardl CL,Young CA,Faulkner JR,Florea S,Pan J(2012).Chemotypic diversity of Epichlo?,fungal symbionts of grasses.Fungal Ecology,5,331-344.
Schulthess FM,Faeth SH(1998).Distribution,abundances,and associations of the endophytic fungal community of Arizona fescue(Festuca arizonica).Mycologia,90,569-578.
Su JQ,Li XR,Li XJ,Li F(2013).Effects of additional N on herbaceous species of desertified steppe in arid regions of China:A four-year field study.Ecological Research,28,21-28.
Sullivan TJ,Rodstrom J,Vandop J,Librizzi J,Graham C,Schardl CL,Bultman TL(2007).Symbiont-mediated changes in Lolium arundinaceum inducible defenses:Evidence from changes in gene expression and leaf composition.New Phytologist,176,673-679.
Sutherland BL,Hume DE,Tapper BA(1999).Allelopathic effects of endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass extracts on white clover seedlings.New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research,42,19-26.
Vázquez-de-Aldana BR,Romo M,García-Ciudad A,Petisco C,García-Criado B(2011).Infection with the fungal endophyte Epichlo?festucae may alter the allelopathic potential of red fescue.Annals of Applied Biology,159,281-290.
Vázquez-de-Aldana BR,Zabalgogeazcoa I,García-Ciudad A,García-Criado B(2013).An Epichlo?endophyte affects the competitive ability of Festuca rubra against other grassland species.Plant&Soil,362,201-213.
Wei YK,Gao YB,Xu H,Su D,Zhang X,Wang YH,Lin F,Chen L,Nie LY,Ren AZ(2006).Occurrence of endophytes in grasses native to northern China.Grass and Forage Science,61,422-429.
White JF,Reddy PV(1998).Examination of structure and molecular phylogenetic relationships of some graminicolous symbionts in genera Epichlo?and ParEpichlo?.Mycologia,90,226-234.
Xia C,Zhang XX,Christensen MJ,Nan ZB,Li CJ(2015).Epichlo?endophyte affects the ability of powdery mildew(Blumeria graminis)to colonise drunken horse grass(Achnatherum inebrians).Fungal Ecology,16,26-33.
Yang GW,Liu N,Lu WJ,Wang S,Kan HM,Zhang YJ,Xu L,Chen YL(2014).The interaction between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and soil phosphorus availability influences plant community productivity and ecosystem stability.Journal of Ecology,102,1072-1082.
Yang GW,Yang X,Zhang WJ,Wei YQ,Ge G,Lu WJ,Sun JJ,Liu N,Kan HM,Shen Y,Zhang YJ(2015).Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi affect plant community structure under various nutrient conditions and stabilize the community productivity.Oikos,125,576-585.
Zhang X,Ren AZ,Wei YK,Lin F,Li C,Liu ZJ,Gao YB(2009).Taxonomy,diversity and origins of symbiotic endophytes of Achnatherum sibiricum in the Inner Mongolia Steppe of China.FEMS Microbiology Letters,301,12-20.
Zhou F,Gao YB,Ma WJ(2003).Effects of phosphorus deficiency on growth of perennial ryegrass-fungal endophyte symbiont and phenolic content in root.Plant Physiology Communications,39,321-324.[周芳,高玉葆,马文江(2003).缺磷对黑麦草-内生真菌共生体生长和根中酚含量的影响.植物生理学通讯,39,321-324.]
Arachevaleta M,Bacon CW,Hoveland CS,Radcliffe DE(1989).Effect of the tall fescue endophyte on plant response to environmental stress.Agronomy Journal,81,83-90.
Arnold AE,Maynard Z,Gilbert GS,Coley PD,Kursar TA(2000).Are tropical fungal endophytes hyperdiverse?Ecology Letters,3,267-274.
Bao SD(2000).Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Analysis.3rd edn.China Agriculture Press,Beijing.44-49.[鲍士旦(2000).土壤农化分析.第三版.中国农业出版社,北京.44-49.]
Bissels S,H?lzel N,Otte A(2004).Population structure of the threatened perennial Serratula tinctoria in relation to vegetation and management.Applied Vegetation Science,7,267-274.
Brem D,Leuchtmann A(2002).Intraspecific competition of endophyte infected vs uninfected plants of two woodland grass species.Oikos,96,281-290.
Cao J,Holden NM,LüXT,Du G(2011).The effect of grazing management on plant species richness on the QinghaiTibetan Plateau.Grass and Forage Science,66,333-336.
Cheplick GP(2004).Symbiotic fungi and clonal plant physiology.New Phytologist,164,413-415.
Cheplick GP,Clay K,Marks S(1989).Interactions between infection by endophytic fungi and nutrient limitation in the grasses Lolium perenne and Festuca arundinacea.New Phytologist,111,89-97.
Christensen MJ(1996).Antifungal activity in grasses infected with Acremonium and Epichlo?endophytes.Australasian Plant Pathology,25,186-191.
Clay K(1987).Effects of fungal endophytes on the seed and seedling biology of Lolium perenne and Festuca arundinacea.Oecologia,73,358-362.
Clay K,Holah J(1999).Fungal endophyte symbiosis and plant diversity in successional fields.Science,285,1742-1744.
Collins CD,Foster BL(2009).Community-level consequences of mycorrhizae depend on phosphorus availability.Ecology,90,2567-2576.
Elmi AA,West CP(1995).Endophyte infection effects on stomatal conductance,osmotic adjustment and drought recovery of tall fescue.New Phytologist,131,61-67.
Faeth SH,Helander ML,Saikkonen KT(2004).Asexual Neotyphodium endophytes in a native grass reduce competitive abilities.Ecology Letters,7,304-313.
Gao Y,Li GP,Shi H,Liu H,Ren AZ,Gao YB(2017).Allelopathic effect of endophyte-infected Achnatherum sibiricum on Stipa grandis.Acta Ecologica Sinica,37,1063-1073.[高远,李隔萍,施宏,刘慧,任安芝,高玉葆(2017).感染内生真菌的羽茅对大针茅的化感作用.生态学报,37,1063-1073.]
Grime JP(1973).Competitive exclusion in herbaceous vegetation.Nature,242,344-347.
Janos DP(1980).Mycorrhizae influence tropical succession.Biotropica,12,56-64.
Jones TA,Gardner DR,Chatterton NJ(2000).Cattle prefer endophyte-free robust needle grass.Journal of Range Management,53,427-431.
Knapp AK,Hoover DL,Blair JM,Buis G,Burkepile DE,Chamberlain A,Collins SL,Fynn RWS,Kirkman KP,Smith MD,Blake D,Govender N,O’Neal P,Schreck T,Zinn A(2012).A test of two mechanisms proposed to optimize grassland aboveground primary productivity in response to grazing.Journal of Plant Ecology,5,357-365.
Lan ZC,Bai YF(2012).Testing mechanisms of N-enrichmentinduced species loss in a semiarid Inner Mongolia grassland:Critical thresholds and implications for long-term ecosystem responses.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B,367,3125-3134.
Latch GCM,Christensen M(1985).Artificial infection of grasses with endophytes.Annals of Applied Biology,107,17-24.
Leuchtmann A,Bacon CW,Schardl CL(2014).Nomenclatural realignment of Neotyphodium species with genus Epichlo?.Mycologia,106,202-215.
Lewis GC(2004).Effects of biotic and abiotic stress on the growth of three genotypes of Lolium perenne with and without infection by the fungal endophyte Neotyphodium lolii.Journal of Chemical Ecology,144,53-63.
Lewis GC,Bakken AK,MacDuff JH,Raistrick N(1996).Effect of infection by the endophytic fungus Acremonium lolii on growth and nitrogen uptake by perennial ryegrass(Lolium perenne)in flowing solution culture.Annals of Applied Biology,129,451-460.
Li CJ,Nan ZB,Paul VH,Dapprich PD,Liu Y(2004).A new Neotyphodium species symbiotic with drunken horse grass(Achnatherum inebrians)in China.Mycotaxon,90,141-147.
Li X,Han R,Ren AZ,Gao YB(2010).Using high-temperature treatment to construct endophyte-free Achnatherum sibiricum.Microbiology China,37,1395-1400.[李夏,韩荣,任安芝,高玉葆(2010).高温处理构建不感染内生真菌羽茅种群的方法探讨.微生物学通报,37,1395-1400.]
Li XS,Zhang XZ,Gu X,Zheng Y(1998).The relationship between the toxic metabolin and the endophytic fungi of drunken horse grass(Achnatherum inebrians).GrassFeeding Livestock,124,44-46.[李学森,张学洲,顾祥,郑瑛(1998).醉马草有毒物质与其内生真菌的关系.草食家畜,124,44-46.]
Louis MS,Faeth SH(1997).The effect of endophytic fungi on the fitness of Arizona fescue(Festuca arizonica)under varying nitrogen levels.Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America,78,317-327.
Malinowski DP,Alloush GA,Belesky DP(2000).Leaf endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum modifies mineral uptake in tall fescue.Plant and Soil,227,115-126.
Malinowski DP,Belesky DP(2006).Ecological importance of Neotyphodium spp.grass endophytes in agroecosystems.Grassland Science,52,1-14.
Malinowski DP,Belesky DP,Hill NS,Baligar VC,Fedders JM(1998).Influence of phosphorus on the growth and ergot alkaloid content of Neotyphodium coenophialum-infected tall fescue(Festuca arundinacea Schreb.).Plant and Soil,198,53-61.
Malinowski DP,Brauer DK,Belesky DP(1999).The endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum affects root morphology of tall fescue grown under phosphorus deficiency.Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science,183,53-60.
Malinowski DP,Leuchtmann A,Schmidt D,Nosberger J(1997).Symbiosis with Neotyphodium uncinatum endophyte may increase the competitive ability of meadow fescue.Agronomy Journal,89,833-839.
Marks S,Clay K(2007).Low resource availability differentially affects the growth of host grasses infected by fungal endophytes.International Journal of Plant Sciences,168,1269-1277.
Marks S,Clay K,Cheplick GP(1991).Effects of fungal endophytes on interspecific and intraspecific competition in the grasses Festuca arundinacea and Lolium perenne.Journal of Applied Ecology,28,194-204.
Moraes PVD,Witt WW,Phillips TD,Rossi P,Panozzo LE(2014).Relative competitiveness of Nimblewill(Muhlenbergia schreberi)with tall fescues and kentucky bluegrass.American Journal of Plant Sciences,5,3777-3787.
Newman JA,Abner ML,Dado RG,Gibson DJ,Brookings A,Parson AJ(2003).Effects of elevated CO2,nitrogen and fungal endophyte-infection on tall fescue:Growth,photosynthesis,chemical composition and digestibility.Global Change Biology,9,425-437.
Oberhofer M,Gusewell S,Leuchtmann A(2014).Effects of natural hybrid and non-hybrid Epichlo?endophytes on the response of Hordelymus europaeus to drought stress.New Phytologist,201,242-253.
Qin JH,Gao Y,Liu H,Zhou Y,Ren AZ,Gao YB(2016).Effect of Endophyte infection and clipping treatment on resistance and tolerance of Achnatherum sibiricum.Frontiers in Microbiology,7,1988.DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01988.
Ravel C,Courty C,Coudret A,Charmet G(1997).Beneficial effects of Neotyphodium lolii on the growth and the water status in perennial ryegrass cultivated under nitrogen deficiency or drought stress.Agronomie,17,173-181.
Ren AZ,Gao YB,Wang W,Wang JL,Zhao NX(2009).Influence of nitrogen fertilizer and endophyte infection on ecophysiological parameters and mineral element content of perennial ryegrass.Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,51,75-83.
Ren AZ,Gao YB,Zhou F(2007).Response of Neotyphodium lolii-infected perennial ryegrass to phosphorus deficiency.Plant Soil and Environment,53,113-119.
Rudgers JA,Clay K(2008).An invasive plant-fungal mutualism reduces arthropod diversity.Ecology Letters,11,831-840.
Rudgers JA,Orr S(2009).Non-native grass alters growth of native tree species via leaf and soil microbes.Journal of Ecology,97,247-255.
Saikkonen K,Lehtonen P,Helander M,Koricheva J,Faeth SH(2006).Model systems in ecology:Dissecting the endophytegrass literature.Trends in Plant Science,11,428-433.
Schardl CL,Young CA,Faulkner JR,Florea S,Pan J(2012).Chemotypic diversity of Epichlo?,fungal symbionts of grasses.Fungal Ecology,5,331-344.
Schulthess FM,Faeth SH(1998).Distribution,abundances,and associations of the endophytic fungal community of Arizona fescue(Festuca arizonica).Mycologia,90,569-578.
Su JQ,Li XR,Li XJ,Li F(2013).Effects of additional N on herbaceous species of desertified steppe in arid regions of China:A four-year field study.Ecological Research,28,21-28.
Sullivan TJ,Rodstrom J,Vandop J,Librizzi J,Graham C,Schardl CL,Bultman TL(2007).Symbiont-mediated changes in Lolium arundinaceum inducible defenses:Evidence from changes in gene expression and leaf composition.New Phytologist,176,673-679.
Sutherland BL,Hume DE,Tapper BA(1999).Allelopathic effects of endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass extracts on white clover seedlings.New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research,42,19-26.
Vázquez-de-Aldana BR,Romo M,García-Ciudad A,Petisco C,García-Criado B(2011).Infection with the fungal endophyte Epichlo?festucae may alter the allelopathic potential of red fescue.Annals of Applied Biology,159,281-290.
Vázquez-de-Aldana BR,Zabalgogeazcoa I,García-Ciudad A,García-Criado B(2013).An Epichlo?endophyte affects the competitive ability of Festuca rubra against other grassland species.Plant&Soil,362,201-213.
Wei YK,Gao YB,Xu H,Su D,Zhang X,Wang YH,Lin F,Chen L,Nie LY,Ren AZ(2006).Occurrence of endophytes in grasses native to northern China.Grass and Forage Science,61,422-429.
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