氮肥配施添加剂NAM对甜瓜生长、养分利用和产量品质的影响
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摘要
通过田间试验,研究NAM添加剂在甜瓜减氮施肥的情况下,对甜瓜生长、养分吸收及产量品质的影响,旨在验证利用NAM添加剂减少当地甜瓜施氮量的可行性。以新疆主栽甜瓜品种"黄皮9818"为材料,2年田间试验共设5个处理:常规施氮量(N)、常规施氮量添加NAM(N+NAM)、80%常规施氮量添加NAM(80%N+NAM)、不施氮添加NAM(N_0+NAM)、不施肥(CK),分析了甜瓜干物质、植株养分吸收利用效率、产量及品质。成熟期,与N处理相比,N+NAM处理显著提高干物质积累量及产量,分别提高4%和7.7%;而N处理与80%N+NAM处理干物质量和产量无显著差异。甜瓜各器官氮、磷、钾含量均表现为瓜>叶>茎,整株养分吸收量为钾>氮>磷;与各器官养分吸收量表现一致,N+NAM处理整株氮、磷吸收量显著高于其他处理5%～40%、5.5%～39%,氮肥表观利用率、生理利用率均以氮肥添加NAM处理最高,其中N+NAM、80%N+NAM处理氮肥表观利用率分别比常规施氮量处理(N)提高5.3%、4.9%。折光糖含量在3个施氮处理间差异不显著。与常规施氮处理的多次施肥相比,减氮20%添加NAM甜瓜产量和品质没有降低,并且提高了氮肥表观利用率。因此,在甜瓜生产中,减氮20%添加NAM是甜瓜施肥减施增效的有效途径。
The effects of additive NAM on the growth, nutrient uptake, yield, and quality of melon were studied in the field experiment in order to explore the feasibility of utilizing additive NAM to reduce the application of nitrogen(N) fertilizer. Taking the main Muskmelon variety of "Yellow 9818" as experiment material, five treatments were set for two years: conventional N application(N), conventional N application combined with additive NAM(N + NAM), 80%conventional N application combined with additive NAM(80%N + NAM), no N application and adding additive NAM(N_0+ NAM), no fertilizer(CK). The dry matter, plant nutrient uptake and utilization efficiency, yield and quality of melon were analyzed. In the maturity stage, compared with N treatments, N + NAM treatment significantly increased dry matter accumulation and yield by 4% and 7.7%, respectively. No significant difference in dry matter quality and yield was found between N treatment and 80% N + NAM treatment. The contents of N, phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) in each organs of muskmelon were melons > leaves > stems, and total nutrient uptake of whole plant was K > N >P, which was in accord with the amount of nutrient uptake of various organs. The total amounts of plant N and P uptake in N + NAM treatment were significantly 5%-40% and 5.5%-39% higher than those in the other treatments. The N utilization rate and physiological utilization rate was the highest in the addition of NAM treatment.Compared with conventional N treatments, N fertilizer utilization efficiency in N + NAM and 80%N + NAM treatments were increased by 5.3% and 4.9%, respectively. Brix sugar content had no significant difference among the three N treatments. Compared with the N treatment, the 80% N + NAM treatment did not decreased the melon yield and quality, but apparently increased the utilization rate of N fertilizer. Therefore, reducing N fertilizer by 20% combined with adding NAM is an effective way to reduce fertilizer application and increase fertilizer efficiency in the melon production.
The effects of additive NAM on the growth, nutrient uptake, yield, and quality of melon were studied in the field experiment in order to explore the feasibility of utilizing additive NAM to reduce the application of nitrogen(N) fertilizer. Taking the main Muskmelon variety of "Yellow 9818" as experiment material, five treatments were set for two years: conventional N application(N), conventional N application combined with additive NAM(N + NAM), 80%conventional N application combined with additive NAM(80%N + NAM), no N application and adding additive NAM(N_0+ NAM), no fertilizer(CK). The dry matter, plant nutrient uptake and utilization efficiency, yield and quality of melon were analyzed. In the maturity stage, compared with N treatments, N + NAM treatment significantly increased dry matter accumulation and yield by 4% and 7.7%, respectively. No significant difference in dry matter quality and yield was found between N treatment and 80% N + NAM treatment. The contents of N, phosphorus(P) and potassium(K) in each organs of muskmelon were melons > leaves > stems, and total nutrient uptake of whole plant was K > N >P, which was in accord with the amount of nutrient uptake of various organs. The total amounts of plant N and P uptake in N + NAM treatment were significantly 5%-40% and 5.5%-39% higher than those in the other treatments. The N utilization rate and physiological utilization rate was the highest in the addition of NAM treatment.Compared with conventional N treatments, N fertilizer utilization efficiency in N + NAM and 80%N + NAM treatments were increased by 5.3% and 4.9%, respectively. Brix sugar content had no significant difference among the three N treatments. Compared with the N treatment, the 80% N + NAM treatment did not decreased the melon yield and quality, but apparently increased the utilization rate of N fertilizer. Therefore, reducing N fertilizer by 20% combined with adding NAM is an effective way to reduce fertilizer application and increase fertilizer efficiency in the melon production.
引文
[1]陈波浪,吴海华,罗佳,等.施磷对立架甜瓜干物质积累及磷肥利用效率的影响[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(2):511-518.
[2]王晓巍,蒯佳林,郁继华,等.不同缓/控释氮肥对基质栽培甜瓜生理特性与品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(3):847-854.
[3]DI H J,CAMERON K C.Reducing environmental impacts of agriculture by using a fine particle suspension nitrification inhibitor to decrease nitrate leaching from grazed[J].Agriculture,ecosystems&environment,2005,109(3):202-212.
[4]Zaman M,Saggar S,Blennerhassett J D,et al.Effect of urease and nitrification inhibitors on N transformation,gaseous emissions of ammonia and nitrous oxide,pasture yield and N uptake in grazed pasture system.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2009,41(6):1270-1280.
[5]罗斌,束维正.我国缓控释肥料的研究现状与展望[J].化肥设计,2010,48(6):58-60.
[6]李青军,张炎,胡国智,等.化肥配施添加剂NAM对棉花干物质、产量及养分吸收的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(4):134-137.
[7]古慧娟,王玲莉,谭庆艳,等.NAM添加剂对水稻减氮施肥的影响效果研究[J].土壤通报,2012,43(2):439-443.
[8]马忠明,杜少平,薛亮,等.NPK养分配比与NAM长效剂对旱砂田西瓜生长、品质和养分利用的影响[J].核农学报,27(3):237-243.
[9]王飞,林诚,李清华,等.亚热带单季稻区紫云英不同翻压量下有机碳和养分释放特征[J].草业学报,2012,21(4):319-324.
[10]张福锁,王激清,张卫峰,等.中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径[J].土壤学报,2008,45(5):915-924.
[11]饶立华,蒋德安,薛建明,等.钾营养对水稻光合器功能的效应与谷粒产量的影响[J].植物生理学报,1989,15(2):191-197.
[12]王玲莉,古慧娟,石元量,等.尿素配施添加剂NAM对三江平原白浆土氮素转化和玉米产量的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2012,(2):34-38.
[13]刘黎,孙锐锋,肖厚军,等.尿素配施添加剂NAM对辣椒果实性状及产量的影响[J].种子,2012,31(8):86-88.
[14]陈波浪,吴海华,曹公利,等.不同肥力水平下立架栽培甜瓜干物质积累和氮、磷、钾养分吸收特性[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(1):142-149.
[15]林多,黄丹枫.基质栽培甜瓜矿质营养吸收规律的研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2003,9(1):112-116.
[16]胡国智,冯炯鑫,张炎,等.不同施氮量对甜瓜养分吸收、分配、利用及产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(3):760-766.
[17]SANCHEZ R L,SIRONI J S,CRESPO J A P.Growth and nutrient absorption by muskmelon crop under greenhouse conditions[J].Acta Hortic,1998,458:153-159.
[2]王晓巍,蒯佳林,郁继华,等.不同缓/控释氮肥对基质栽培甜瓜生理特性与品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016,22(3):847-854.
[3]DI H J,CAMERON K C.Reducing environmental impacts of agriculture by using a fine particle suspension nitrification inhibitor to decrease nitrate leaching from grazed[J].Agriculture,ecosystems&environment,2005,109(3):202-212.
[4]Zaman M,Saggar S,Blennerhassett J D,et al.Effect of urease and nitrification inhibitors on N transformation,gaseous emissions of ammonia and nitrous oxide,pasture yield and N uptake in grazed pasture system.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2009,41(6):1270-1280.
[5]罗斌,束维正.我国缓控释肥料的研究现状与展望[J].化肥设计,2010,48(6):58-60.
[6]李青军,张炎,胡国智,等.化肥配施添加剂NAM对棉花干物质、产量及养分吸收的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(4):134-137.
[7]古慧娟,王玲莉,谭庆艳,等.NAM添加剂对水稻减氮施肥的影响效果研究[J].土壤通报,2012,43(2):439-443.
[8]马忠明,杜少平,薛亮,等.NPK养分配比与NAM长效剂对旱砂田西瓜生长、品质和养分利用的影响[J].核农学报,27(3):237-243.
[9]王飞,林诚,李清华,等.亚热带单季稻区紫云英不同翻压量下有机碳和养分释放特征[J].草业学报,2012,21(4):319-324.
[10]张福锁,王激清,张卫峰,等.中国主要粮食作物肥料利用率现状与提高途径[J].土壤学报,2008,45(5):915-924.
[11]饶立华,蒋德安,薛建明,等.钾营养对水稻光合器功能的效应与谷粒产量的影响[J].植物生理学报,1989,15(2):191-197.
[12]王玲莉,古慧娟,石元量,等.尿素配施添加剂NAM对三江平原白浆土氮素转化和玉米产量的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2012,(2):34-38.
[13]刘黎,孙锐锋,肖厚军,等.尿素配施添加剂NAM对辣椒果实性状及产量的影响[J].种子,2012,31(8):86-88.
[14]陈波浪,吴海华,曹公利,等.不同肥力水平下立架栽培甜瓜干物质积累和氮、磷、钾养分吸收特性[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(1):142-149.
[15]林多,黄丹枫.基质栽培甜瓜矿质营养吸收规律的研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2003,9(1):112-116.
[16]胡国智,冯炯鑫,张炎,等.不同施氮量对甜瓜养分吸收、分配、利用及产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(3):760-766.
[17]SANCHEZ R L,SIRONI J S,CRESPO J A P.Growth and nutrient absorption by muskmelon crop under greenhouse conditions[J].Acta Hortic,1998,458:153-159.