电解法纸张脱酸研究
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摘要
酸化是导致纸质档案、文物、图书等自毁的主要原因,现有脱酸方法实用性不强,需进行创新与突破。传统水溶液法,是一种常见的脱酸方法,具有对纸张安全、环境友好、操作简便、经济实惠、脱酸效果好的优点,也具有纸张浸泡处理时间长、脱酸速度慢的缺点。若能够克服其缺点,水溶液脱酸法会具有非常广泛的应用前景。本研究在传统水溶液法脱酸的基础上,利用酸化纸张湿润状态下与外加直流电源构成电解池的工作原理,采用电解法将纸张中的酸根离子移出,实现纸张快速脱酸。通过对比电解法与传统水溶液法对自然酸化纸张脱酸前后的外观与性能,探讨电解法的脱酸效果。结果表明,电解法可以有效地去除纸张中的酸根离子,降低纸张的酸度,既保留了传统水溶液脱酸简便可靠、绿色安全、成本低的优点,又克服了纸张长时间湿态导致的变形、膨胀的不足及工作效率低的缺点。
Acidification is the main cause of self-destruction of paper files, cultural relics and books, etc. Since the existing deacidification methods are not that practical, innovation and breakthroughs are required. The traditional aqueous solution method not only does well in deacidification, but is safe to paper, environmentally friendly, easy to do and economical as well. Therefore, if its shortcomings could be overcome, this deacidification method may have broader prospects of application. In light of this, in our study we supplemented the traditional aqueous solution method of paper deacidification with electrolysis. The working principle is that acidified paper in a wet state and an external DC power source forms an electrolytic cell which quickly removes charged particles(e.g., protons) from the paper, achieving quick deacidification. After using the traditional aqueous solution method and the innovative electrolysis method to treat naturally acidified paper, we analyzed the appearances and properties of the paper before and after deacidification. The results show that the electrolysis method can effectively remove protons from the paper and reduce its acidity. The innovation not only is simple and reliable, green, safe and of lower cost than the traditional method, but also overcomes the problems including deformation, expansion and low work efficiency associated with the long-term wet state of paper.
Acidification is the main cause of self-destruction of paper files, cultural relics and books, etc. Since the existing deacidification methods are not that practical, innovation and breakthroughs are required. The traditional aqueous solution method not only does well in deacidification, but is safe to paper, environmentally friendly, easy to do and economical as well. Therefore, if its shortcomings could be overcome, this deacidification method may have broader prospects of application. In light of this, in our study we supplemented the traditional aqueous solution method of paper deacidification with electrolysis. The working principle is that acidified paper in a wet state and an external DC power source forms an electrolytic cell which quickly removes charged particles(e.g., protons) from the paper, achieving quick deacidification. After using the traditional aqueous solution method and the innovative electrolysis method to treat naturally acidified paper, we analyzed the appearances and properties of the paper before and after deacidification. The results show that the electrolysis method can effectively remove protons from the paper and reduce its acidity. The innovation not only is simple and reliable, green, safe and of lower cost than the traditional method, but also overcomes the problems including deformation, expansion and low work efficiency associated with the long-term wet state of paper.
引文
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[2] AREA M C,CHERADAME H.Paper aging and degradation:recent findings and research methods[J].Bioresources,2011,6(4):5307-5337.
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[9] 李青莲,贺宇红,李贤慧,等.等离子技术在近现代纸质文物脱酸保护中的应用研究[J].文物保护与考古科学,2014,26(1):76-80.LI Qinglian,HE Yuhong,LI Xianhui,et al.Application of plasma technology in deacidification of modern and contemporary paper relics[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2014,26(1):76-80.
[10] CLARK R J H,GIBBS P J,JARIJS R A.An investigation into the deacidification of paper by ethoxymagnesium ethylcarbonate[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry,1998,8(12):2685-2690.
[11] 詹艳平,李超,余跃进,等.酸化纸质文物水溶液真空脱酸和冷冻干燥试验研究[J].真空,2014,51(1):73-76.ZHAN Yanping,LI Chao,YU Yuejin,et al.Experimental study on vacuum deacidification and freeze-drying for acid-processed paper relics[J].Vacuum,2014,51(1):73-76.
[12] 郑冬青,张金萍,陈潇俐,等.整本图书水溶液法脱酸研究[J].中国造纸,2009,28(10):34-37.ZHENG Dongqing,ZHANG Jinping,CHEN Xiaoli,et al.Deacidification of a whole book without debinding by immersion[J].China Pulp & Paper,2009,28(10):34-37.
[13] 张玉芝,张金萍,云悦,等.几种脱酸润湿剂对纸张性能影响的研究[J].中国造纸,2016,35(5):35-38.ZHANG Yuzhi,ZHANG Jinping,YUN Yue,et al.Effects of wetting agents on deacidified paper properties[J].China Pulp and Paper,2016,35(5):35-38.
[14] 奚三彩.纸质文物脱酸与加固方法的综述[J].文物保护与考古科学,2008,20(增刊):85-94.XI Sancai.The summary of deacidification and consolidation of paper cultural relics[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2008,20(Suppl):85-94.
[15] CARTER H A.The chemistry of paper preservation:Part 1.the aging of paper and conservation techniques[J].Journal of Chemical Education,1996,73(5):417-420.
[16] Bukovsky V.Yellowing of newspaper after deacidification with methyl magnesium carbonate[J].Restaurator,1997,18(1):25-38.
[17] ROUSSET E,IPERT S,CHERADAME H.Mass Deacidification of Paper and Books,II:Deacidification in the Liquid Phase Using Aminosilanes[J].Restaurator,2004,25(2):104-118.
[18] IPERT S,ROUSSET E,CHERADAME H.Mass deacidification of papers and books Ⅲ:Study of a paper strengthening and deacidification process with amino alkyl alkoxy silanes[J].Restaurator,2005,26(4):250-264.
[19] IPERT S,DUPONT A L,LAVéDRINE B,et al.Mass deacidification of papers and books.IV- A study of papers treated with aminoalkylalkoxysilanes and their resistance to ageing[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2006,91(12):3448-3455.
[20] 梁义,卿梅.丙酸钙水酒精溶液对纸质文物脱酸效果的影响[J].文物保护与考古科学,2009,21(2):44-47.LIANG Yi,QING Mei.Influence of calcium propionate-water-ethanol mined solution on deacidification effect on paper-cultural relics[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2009,21(2):44-47.
[21] 周耀林,档案纸张去酸技术[J].中国档案,1998(12):28-29.Zhou Yaolin.Deacidification technology for archival paper[J].Chinese Archives,1998(12):28-29.
[22] EMIL G I,DORINA R,SIMONA D,et al.High-frequency plasma in heritage photo decontamination[J].Annals of Microbiology,2010,60(2):355-361.
[2] AREA M C,CHERADAME H.Paper aging and degradation:recent findings and research methods[J].Bioresources,2011,6(4):5307-5337.
[3] BATY J W,MAITLAND C L,MINTER W,et al.Deacidification for the conservation and preservation of paper - based works:A review[J].Bioresources,2010,5(3):1955-2023.
[4] WHITMORE P M,BOGAARD J.Determination of the cellulose scission route in the hydrolytic and oxidative degradation of paper[J].Restaurator,1994,15(1):26-45.
[5] BANSA H.Aqueous deacidification-with calcium or with magnesium[J].Restaurator,1998,19(1):1-40.
[6] CHERADAME H,IPERT S,ROUSSET E.Mass deacidification of paper and books,I:Study limitations gas phase process[J].Restaurator,2003,24(4):227-229.
[7] GIORGI R,BOZZI C,DEI L,et al.Nanoparticles of Mg(OH)2:Synthesis and application to paper conservation[J].Langmuir:the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids,2005,21(18):8495-8501.
[8] WANG Y,FANG Y,TAN W,et al.Preservation of aged paper using borax in alcohols and the supercritical carbon dioxide system[J].Journal of Cultural Heritage,2013,14(1):16-22.
[9] 李青莲,贺宇红,李贤慧,等.等离子技术在近现代纸质文物脱酸保护中的应用研究[J].文物保护与考古科学,2014,26(1):76-80.LI Qinglian,HE Yuhong,LI Xianhui,et al.Application of plasma technology in deacidification of modern and contemporary paper relics[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2014,26(1):76-80.
[10] CLARK R J H,GIBBS P J,JARIJS R A.An investigation into the deacidification of paper by ethoxymagnesium ethylcarbonate[J].Journal of Materials Chemistry,1998,8(12):2685-2690.
[11] 詹艳平,李超,余跃进,等.酸化纸质文物水溶液真空脱酸和冷冻干燥试验研究[J].真空,2014,51(1):73-76.ZHAN Yanping,LI Chao,YU Yuejin,et al.Experimental study on vacuum deacidification and freeze-drying for acid-processed paper relics[J].Vacuum,2014,51(1):73-76.
[12] 郑冬青,张金萍,陈潇俐,等.整本图书水溶液法脱酸研究[J].中国造纸,2009,28(10):34-37.ZHENG Dongqing,ZHANG Jinping,CHEN Xiaoli,et al.Deacidification of a whole book without debinding by immersion[J].China Pulp & Paper,2009,28(10):34-37.
[13] 张玉芝,张金萍,云悦,等.几种脱酸润湿剂对纸张性能影响的研究[J].中国造纸,2016,35(5):35-38.ZHANG Yuzhi,ZHANG Jinping,YUN Yue,et al.Effects of wetting agents on deacidified paper properties[J].China Pulp and Paper,2016,35(5):35-38.
[14] 奚三彩.纸质文物脱酸与加固方法的综述[J].文物保护与考古科学,2008,20(增刊):85-94.XI Sancai.The summary of deacidification and consolidation of paper cultural relics[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2008,20(Suppl):85-94.
[15] CARTER H A.The chemistry of paper preservation:Part 1.the aging of paper and conservation techniques[J].Journal of Chemical Education,1996,73(5):417-420.
[16] Bukovsky V.Yellowing of newspaper after deacidification with methyl magnesium carbonate[J].Restaurator,1997,18(1):25-38.
[17] ROUSSET E,IPERT S,CHERADAME H.Mass Deacidification of Paper and Books,II:Deacidification in the Liquid Phase Using Aminosilanes[J].Restaurator,2004,25(2):104-118.
[18] IPERT S,ROUSSET E,CHERADAME H.Mass deacidification of papers and books Ⅲ:Study of a paper strengthening and deacidification process with amino alkyl alkoxy silanes[J].Restaurator,2005,26(4):250-264.
[19] IPERT S,DUPONT A L,LAVéDRINE B,et al.Mass deacidification of papers and books.IV- A study of papers treated with aminoalkylalkoxysilanes and their resistance to ageing[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability,2006,91(12):3448-3455.
[20] 梁义,卿梅.丙酸钙水酒精溶液对纸质文物脱酸效果的影响[J].文物保护与考古科学,2009,21(2):44-47.LIANG Yi,QING Mei.Influence of calcium propionate-water-ethanol mined solution on deacidification effect on paper-cultural relics[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2009,21(2):44-47.
[21] 周耀林,档案纸张去酸技术[J].中国档案,1998(12):28-29.Zhou Yaolin.Deacidification technology for archival paper[J].Chinese Archives,1998(12):28-29.
[22] EMIL G I,DORINA R,SIMONA D,et al.High-frequency plasma in heritage photo decontamination[J].Annals of Microbiology,2010,60(2):355-361.