17世纪前基督教与高等教育关系的历史演变
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摘要
17世纪前基督教与高等教育关系的本质是神学与古典学问的碰撞对话。初代基督教时期,古典学问将基督教视为野蛮无知的宗教,为了消除这样的误解,一批护教学者架起了两者之间对话的桥梁。帝国基督教时期,古典学问逐渐走向衰落,而基督教学术则主动借鉴古典学术的精粹以完善教义体系。到了中世纪基督教时期,神学开始主导高深学问的发展,推动了基督教高等教育蓝图的形成:神学是科学女王,哲学是女仆。宗教改革时期,新教与天主教间的斗争影响了这一蓝图的实践。17世纪清教徒将这一蓝图移植到北美并加以改造。进入18世纪,启蒙理性彻底动摇了这个理想。
Christianity and higher education developed in a collision between theology and classical science before the 17th century. In the early Christian period, classical scholarship regarded Christianity as a barbaric and ignorant religion. To eliminate such misunderstandings, a group of escorts tried to set up a bridge between the two sides. During the period of Imperial Christianity, classical scholarship gradually declined while Christian scholars took the initiative to learn from the classical essence to perfect the teaching system. In the Middle Ages of Christianity, theology began to lead the development of advanced knowledge and formed a Christian-style blueprint for higher education: theology is the queen of science while philosophy being the maid. During the period of the religious reform, the struggle between Protestantism and Catholicism influenced the practice of this blueprint. In the 17th century, the Puritans transformed this blueprint into the New World of North America. In the 18th century, however, the Enlightenment rationality had completely shaken this ideal.
Christianity and higher education developed in a collision between theology and classical science before the 17th century. In the early Christian period, classical scholarship regarded Christianity as a barbaric and ignorant religion. To eliminate such misunderstandings, a group of escorts tried to set up a bridge between the two sides. During the period of Imperial Christianity, classical scholarship gradually declined while Christian scholars took the initiative to learn from the classical essence to perfect the teaching system. In the Middle Ages of Christianity, theology began to lead the development of advanced knowledge and formed a Christian-style blueprint for higher education: theology is the queen of science while philosophy being the maid. During the period of the religious reform, the struggle between Protestantism and Catholicism influenced the practice of this blueprint. In the 17th century, the Puritans transformed this blueprint into the New World of North America. In the 18th century, however, the Enlightenment rationality had completely shaken this ideal.
引文
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[27]LEIF GRANE.University and reformation:lectures from the University of Copenhagen Symposium[M].Leiden:Brill Arch ive,1981:9-10.
[28]乔治?马斯登.美国大学之魂[M].徐弢等,译,北京:北京大学出版社,2015:35,38.
[29]PHILIPP MELANCHTHON.Melanchthon:orations on philosophy and education[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1999:xi.
[30]THOMAS ALBERT HOWARD.Protestant theology and the making of the modern German university[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2006:62.
[31]JOHN MORGAN.Godly Learning:puritan attitudes towards reason,learning,and education,1560-1640[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1986:43.
[32]PAUL GRENDLER.The Jesuits and Italian universities:(1548-1773)[M].Washington:The Catholic University of American Press,2017:444.
[33]COLIN BROWN.Christianity&western thought:from the ancient world to the age of enlightenment[M].Downers Grove:Inter Varsity Press,1990:79-100.
[34]ROGER E.OLSON.The story of christian theology:twenty centuries of tradition&reform[M].Downers Grove:Inter Varsity Press,1999:332.
[2]汤因比,厄本.汤因比论汤因比[M].王少如等,译.上海:生活·读书·新知三联书店上海分店出版社,1989:7.
[3]克里斯托弗·道森.宗教与西方文化的兴起[M].长川某,译.成都:四川人民出版社,1989:3.
[4]贺国庆,王保星,朱文富,等.外国高等教育史[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2003:4-9,导言.
[5]JONATHAN SUTTON.Traditions in new freedom:christianity and higher Education in Russia and Ukraine today[M].Bramcote Press,1996:3-6.
[6]JOEL CARPENTER,PERRY L,GLANZER,et al.Christian higher education:A global reconnaissance[M].Michigan:William B,Eerdmans Publishing Company,2014:68-110.
[7]约翰·S·布鲁贝克.高等教育哲学[M].王承绪,等,译,杭州:浙江教育出版社,1999:2,17.
[8]劳伦斯·克雷明.美国教育史:殖民地时期的历程(1607-1783)[M].周玉军等,译.北京:北京师范大学出版社,2003:164.
[9]胡斯托·L·冈萨雷斯.基督教史[M].赵城艺,译,上海:上海三联书店,2016:67.
[10]德尔图良.护教篇[M].涂世华,译,北京:商务印书馆,2012:133.
[11]PAUL MONROE.A text-book in the history of education[M].New York:The Macmillan Company,1906:238.
[12]克莱门.劝勉希腊人[M].王来法,译,北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,2002:84.
[13]傅伊德·金.西方教育史[M].任宝祥等,译,北京:人民教育出版社,1985:81-84.
[14]M J卡里,T J哈阿霍夫.希腊罗马世界的生活与思想[M].郭子林等,译,郑州:大象出版社,2012:254-259.
[15]希提.阿拉伯通史[M].马坚,译.北京:新世界出版社,2015:149-150.
[16]桑兹.西方古典学术史[M].张治,译,上海:上海人民出版社,2010:240-241.
[17]奥古斯丁.忏悔录[M].周士良,译,北京:商务印书馆,1963:135.
[18]JOHN C.MOORE.A brief history of university[M].New York:Palgrave Macnillan,2018:3.
[19]杜兰特.世界文明史第四卷:信仰的时代[M].台湾幼狮文化,译,北京:华夏出版社,2010:854.
[20]本内特.欧洲中世纪史[M].杨宁,等,译,上海:上海社会科学院出版社,2007:68-122.
[21]P C KEMENY.Faith,freedom,and higher education:historical analysis and contemporary reflections[M].Wipf and Stock Publishers,2013:17.
[22]蒂尔尼.西欧中世纪史[M].袁传伟,译,北京:北京大学出版社,2011:299.
[23]瓦尔特?吕埃格.欧洲大学史.第一卷:中世纪大学[M].张斌贤,译,保定:河北大学出版社,2008.
[24]艾伦?B?科班.中世纪大学:发展与组织[M].周常明等,译,济南:山东教育出版社,2013:22.
[25]瓦尔特?吕埃格.欧洲大学史.第二卷:近代早期的欧洲大学(1500-1800)[M].贺国庆等,译,保定:河北大学出版社,2008.
[26]麦格夫.宗教改革运动思潮[M].陈佐人,译,香港:基道出版社,2006.
[27]LEIF GRANE.University and reformation:lectures from the University of Copenhagen Symposium[M].Leiden:Brill Arch ive,1981:9-10.
[28]乔治?马斯登.美国大学之魂[M].徐弢等,译,北京:北京大学出版社,2015:35,38.
[29]PHILIPP MELANCHTHON.Melanchthon:orations on philosophy and education[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1999:xi.
[30]THOMAS ALBERT HOWARD.Protestant theology and the making of the modern German university[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2006:62.
[31]JOHN MORGAN.Godly Learning:puritan attitudes towards reason,learning,and education,1560-1640[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1986:43.
[32]PAUL GRENDLER.The Jesuits and Italian universities:(1548-1773)[M].Washington:The Catholic University of American Press,2017:444.
[33]COLIN BROWN.Christianity&western thought:from the ancient world to the age of enlightenment[M].Downers Grove:Inter Varsity Press,1990:79-100.
[34]ROGER E.OLSON.The story of christian theology:twenty centuries of tradition&reform[M].Downers Grove:Inter Varsity Press,1999:332.