抑制控制能力及其训练对低熟练汉英双语者语言切换代价的影响
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摘要
本项研究选取一般抑制控制能力高/低的两组低熟练汉英双语者,通过两个实验考察了一般抑制控制能力对于汉英双语者语言切换代价的影响。实验1发现高抑制控制能力的低熟练双语者的反应时要短于低抑制控制能力的低熟练双语者,并且后者表现出更大的语言切换代价。实验2对低熟练双语者的一般抑制控制能力进行训练后发现,汉英低熟练双语者的语言切换代价变小,并且表现出与高熟练双语者类似的对称性切换代价;一般抑制控制能力的训练成果会迁移到语言切换中,影响双语者的语言切换代价。
With low-proficient Chinese-English learners who were divided into high and low inhibitory control ability groups, the study conducted two experiments to examine the effect of inhibitory control ability and its training on language switching. The results of Experiment 1 indicated that the low-proficient learners with high inhibitory control ability showed a shorter reaction time than those with low inhibitory control ability and higher switching costs were found in the latter group than the former group. Experiment 2 found that after receiving the training of the inhibitory controlability, learners showed smaller language switching costs and a symmetrical switching cost similar to the high-proficient learners. Therefore, the results of the inhibitory control ability training could be transferred to the language switching and affected language switching costs.
With low-proficient Chinese-English learners who were divided into high and low inhibitory control ability groups, the study conducted two experiments to examine the effect of inhibitory control ability and its training on language switching. The results of Experiment 1 indicated that the low-proficient learners with high inhibitory control ability showed a shorter reaction time than those with low inhibitory control ability and higher switching costs were found in the latter group than the former group. Experiment 2 found that after receiving the training of the inhibitory controlability, learners showed smaller language switching costs and a symmetrical switching cost similar to the high-proficient learners. Therefore, the results of the inhibitory control ability training could be transferred to the language switching and affected language switching costs.
引文
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Calabria,M.,M.Hernández,F.Branzi&A.Costa.2011.Qualitative differences between bilingual language control and executive control:Evidence from task-switching[J].Frontiers in Psychology 2(1):399-413.
Chiu,Y.,A.Aron&F.Verbruggen.2012.Response suppression by automatic retrieval of stimulusstop association:Evidence from transcranial magnetic stimulation[J].Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 24:1908-1918.
Christoffels,I.,C.Firk&N.Schiller.2007.Bilingual language control:An event-related brain potential study[J].Brain Research 1147(8):192-208.
Declerck,M.,A.Thoma,I.Koch&A.Philipp.2015.Highly proficient bilinguals implement inhibition:Evidence from n-2 language repetition costs[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning Memory&Cognition 41:1911-1916.
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Gollan,T.&M.Goldrick.2017.A switch is not a switch:Syntactically-driven bilingual language control[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning Memory&Cognition 44:143-156.
Guo,T.,F.Ma&F.Liu.2013.An ERP study of inhibition of non-target languages in trilingual word production[J].Brain and Language 127:12-20.
Guo,T.,F.Liu,B.Chen&S.Li.2013.Inhibition of non-target languages in multilingual word production:Evidence from Uighur-Chinese-English trilinguals[J].Acta Psychologica 143:227-283.
Hernandez,A.&K.Kohnert.2015.Investigations into the locus of language-switching costs in older adult bilinguals[J].Bilingualism:Language and Cognition 18:51-64.
Hirsch,P.,T.Schwarzkopp,M.Declerck,S.Reese&I.Koch.2016.Age-related differences in task switching and task preparation:Exploring the role of task-set competition[J].Acta Psychologica 170:66-73.
Liu,H.,L.Liang,S.Dunlap,N.Fan&B.Chen.2016.The effect of domain-general inhibitionrelated training on language switching:An ERP study[J].Cognition 146:264-276.
Liu,H.,L.Liang,L.Zhang,Y.Lu,Y.Lu&B.Chen.2017.Modulatory role of inhibition during language switching:Evidence from evoked and induced oscillatory activity[J].International Journal of Bilingualism 21:57-80.
Ma,F.,S.Li&T.Guo.2016.Reactive and proactive control in bilingual word production:An investigation of influential factors[J].Journal of Memory&Language 86:35-59.
Manuel,A.,F.Bernasconi&L.Spierer.2013.Plastic modifications within inhibitory control networks induced by practicing a stop-signal task:An electrical neuroimaging study[J].Cortex 49:1141-1147.
Mishra,R.&N.Singh.2014.Language non-selective activation of orthography during spoken word processing in Hindi-English sequential bilinguals:An eye tracking visual world study[J].Reading and Writing 27:129-151.
Mosca,M.&H.Clahsen.2016.Examining language switching in bilinguals:The role of preparation time[J].Bilingualism:Language&Cognition 19:415-424.
Ong,K.&L.J.Zhang.2018.The effects of code-switched reading tasks on late-bilingual EFLlearners’vocabulary recall,retention and retrieval[J].System 72:13-22.
Ratiu,I.&T.Azuma.2017.Language control in bilingual adults with and without history of mild traumatic brain injury[J].Brian&Language 166:29-39.
Schaeffner,S.,L.Fibla&A.Philipp.2017.Bimodal language switching:New insights from signing and typing[J].Journal of Memory&Language 94:1-14.
Todd,J.&B.Mullan.2014.The role of self-monitoring and response inhibition in improving sleep behaviours[J].International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 21:470-477.
Verhoef,K.,A.Roelofs&D.Chwilla.2009.Role of inhibition in language switching:Evidence from event-related brain potentials in overt picture naming[J].Cognition 110:84-99.
Benikos,N.,S.Johnstone&S.Roodenrys.2013.Short-term training in the Go/No go task:Behavioural and neural changes depend on task demands[J].International Journal of Psychophysiology 87:301-312.
Bialystok,E.,F.Craik,R.Klein&M.Viswanathan.2004.Bilingualism,aging,and cognitive control:Evidence from the Simon task[J].Psychology and Aging 19:290-303.
Bruin,A.,A.Roelofs,T.Dijkstra&I.Fitzpatrick.2014.Domain-general inhibition areas of the brain are involved in language switching:f MRI evidence from trilingual speakers[J].Neuroimage 90:348-359.
Calabria,M.,M.Hernández,F.Branzi&A.Costa.2011.Qualitative differences between bilingual language control and executive control:Evidence from task-switching[J].Frontiers in Psychology 2(1):399-413.
Chiu,Y.,A.Aron&F.Verbruggen.2012.Response suppression by automatic retrieval of stimulusstop association:Evidence from transcranial magnetic stimulation[J].Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 24:1908-1918.
Christoffels,I.,C.Firk&N.Schiller.2007.Bilingual language control:An event-related brain potential study[J].Brain Research 1147(8):192-208.
Declerck,M.,A.Thoma,I.Koch&A.Philipp.2015.Highly proficient bilinguals implement inhibition:Evidence from n-2 language repetition costs[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning Memory&Cognition 41:1911-1916.
Gajewski,P.,T.Kleinsorge&M.Falkenstein.2010.Electrophysiological correlates of residual switch costs[J].Cortex 46:1138-1148.
Gollan,T.&V.Ferreira.2009.Should I stay or should I switch?A cost-benefit analysis of voluntary language switching in young and aging bilinguals[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition 35:640-665.
Gollan,T.&M.Goldrick.2017.A switch is not a switch:Syntactically-driven bilingual language control[J].Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning Memory&Cognition 44:143-156.
Guo,T.,F.Ma&F.Liu.2013.An ERP study of inhibition of non-target languages in trilingual word production[J].Brain and Language 127:12-20.
Guo,T.,F.Liu,B.Chen&S.Li.2013.Inhibition of non-target languages in multilingual word production:Evidence from Uighur-Chinese-English trilinguals[J].Acta Psychologica 143:227-283.
Hernandez,A.&K.Kohnert.2015.Investigations into the locus of language-switching costs in older adult bilinguals[J].Bilingualism:Language and Cognition 18:51-64.
Hirsch,P.,T.Schwarzkopp,M.Declerck,S.Reese&I.Koch.2016.Age-related differences in task switching and task preparation:Exploring the role of task-set competition[J].Acta Psychologica 170:66-73.
Liu,H.,L.Liang,S.Dunlap,N.Fan&B.Chen.2016.The effect of domain-general inhibitionrelated training on language switching:An ERP study[J].Cognition 146:264-276.
Liu,H.,L.Liang,L.Zhang,Y.Lu,Y.Lu&B.Chen.2017.Modulatory role of inhibition during language switching:Evidence from evoked and induced oscillatory activity[J].International Journal of Bilingualism 21:57-80.
Ma,F.,S.Li&T.Guo.2016.Reactive and proactive control in bilingual word production:An investigation of influential factors[J].Journal of Memory&Language 86:35-59.
Manuel,A.,F.Bernasconi&L.Spierer.2013.Plastic modifications within inhibitory control networks induced by practicing a stop-signal task:An electrical neuroimaging study[J].Cortex 49:1141-1147.
Mishra,R.&N.Singh.2014.Language non-selective activation of orthography during spoken word processing in Hindi-English sequential bilinguals:An eye tracking visual world study[J].Reading and Writing 27:129-151.
Mosca,M.&H.Clahsen.2016.Examining language switching in bilinguals:The role of preparation time[J].Bilingualism:Language&Cognition 19:415-424.
Ong,K.&L.J.Zhang.2018.The effects of code-switched reading tasks on late-bilingual EFLlearners’vocabulary recall,retention and retrieval[J].System 72:13-22.
Ratiu,I.&T.Azuma.2017.Language control in bilingual adults with and without history of mild traumatic brain injury[J].Brian&Language 166:29-39.
Schaeffner,S.,L.Fibla&A.Philipp.2017.Bimodal language switching:New insights from signing and typing[J].Journal of Memory&Language 94:1-14.
Todd,J.&B.Mullan.2014.The role of self-monitoring and response inhibition in improving sleep behaviours[J].International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 21:470-477.
Verhoef,K.,A.Roelofs&D.Chwilla.2009.Role of inhibition in language switching:Evidence from event-related brain potentials in overt picture naming[J].Cognition 110:84-99.