生物质水蒸气气化制取富氢合成气及其应用的研究进展
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摘要
生物质水蒸气气化是有效的热化学转化手段,可将原材料转化为富氢合成气,气体应用更加广泛,有替代化石能源制氢的潜在价值。不同的生物质资源气化和产氢能力存在差异,物料的选择对气化制取富氢合成气至关重要,而调整气化操作参数包括反应温度、水蒸气加入量、催化剂和吸收剂等可进一步优化合成气质量,提升氢气含量。本文首先综述了不同操作条件对生物质水蒸气气化制取富氢合成气的影响。其次,介绍了生物质炭气化制取富氢合成气的研究现状,炭气化可制得高品质的富氢合成气,但过程受动力学限制,需要加入催化剂以提升炭气化速率。文中还简述了以钾盐为催化剂时的催化机理,并展望了富氢合成气的应用,包括制备高纯氢应用于燃料电池和制备合成天然气。
Biomass steam gasification is an efficient thermochemical process,and it can converts raw materials to hydrogen-rich syngas which can be applied widely. It has potential to substitute fossil fuels to produce hydrogen. Different biomasses greatly affect the gasification and hydrogen production capacity. The choice of feedstocks is crucial for gasification to produce hydrogen-rich syngas. In addition,the adjustment of operation parameters including reaction temperature,steam flow rate,catalyst and adsorbent can optimize the quality of syngas and enhance hydrogen concentration. In this paper,the effect of operation conditions on biomass steam gasification for hydrogen-rich syngas was reviewed. Meantime,the research status of bio-char gasification for hydrogen-rich syngas was discussed. High quality of hydrogen-rich syngas can be produced by char gasification,which is kinetically limitation,thus this process requires catalyst to improve char reaction rate. It was also introduced the catalytic mechanism of potassium salts. The prospect of hydrogen-rich syngas application was proposed,including high purity hydrogen for fuel cell and synthetic natural gas.
Biomass steam gasification is an efficient thermochemical process,and it can converts raw materials to hydrogen-rich syngas which can be applied widely. It has potential to substitute fossil fuels to produce hydrogen. Different biomasses greatly affect the gasification and hydrogen production capacity. The choice of feedstocks is crucial for gasification to produce hydrogen-rich syngas. In addition,the adjustment of operation parameters including reaction temperature,steam flow rate,catalyst and adsorbent can optimize the quality of syngas and enhance hydrogen concentration. In this paper,the effect of operation conditions on biomass steam gasification for hydrogen-rich syngas was reviewed. Meantime,the research status of bio-char gasification for hydrogen-rich syngas was discussed. High quality of hydrogen-rich syngas can be produced by char gasification,which is kinetically limitation,thus this process requires catalyst to improve char reaction rate. It was also introduced the catalytic mechanism of potassium salts. The prospect of hydrogen-rich syngas application was proposed,including high purity hydrogen for fuel cell and synthetic natural gas.
引文
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[35]PETERSON S C,JACKSON M A.Simplifying pyrolysis:using gasification to produce corn stover and wheat straw biochar for sorptive and horticultural media[J].Industrial Crops and Products,2014,53:228-235.
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[38]AHMED I I,GUPTA A K.Kinetics of woodchips char gasification with steam and carbon dioxide[J].Applied Energy,2011,88(5):1613-1619.
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[43]GAI C,CHEN M,LIU T,et al.Gasification characteristics of hydrochar and pyrochar derived from sewage sludge[J].Energy,2016,113:957-965.
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[50]AL-RAHBI A S,WILLIAMS P T.Hydrogen-rich syngas production and tar removal from biomass gasification using sacrificial tyre pyrolysis char[J].Applied Energy,2017,190:501-509.
[51]MURADOV N,GUJAR A,BAIK J,et al.Production of Fischer–Tropsch hydrocarbons via oxygen-blown gasification of charred pinewood pellets[J].Fuel Processing Technology,2015,140:236-244.
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[2]ELIF D,NEZIHE A.Hydrogen production by supercritical water gasification of fruit pulp in the presence of Ru/C[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2016,41(19):8073-8083.
[3]KUBA M,HAVLIK F,KIMBAUER F,et al.Influence of bed material coatings on the water-gas-shift reaction and steam reforming of toluene as tar model compound of biomass gasification[J].Biomass and Bioenergy,2016,89:40-49.
[4]ZHANG Y,GONG X,ZHANG B,et al.Potassium catalytic hydrogen production in sorption enhanced gasification of biomass with steam[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2014,39(9):4234-4243.
[5]KANG K,AZARGOHAR R,DALAI A K,et al.Systematic screening and modification of Ni based catalysts for hydrogen generation from supercritical water gasification of lignin[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2016,283:1019-1032.
[6]杨伯伦,李星星,伊春梅.合成天然气技术进展[J].化工进展,2011,30(1):111-116.YANG B L,LI X X,YING C M,et al.Technological progress of synthetic natural gas[J].Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress,2011,30(1):111-116.
[7]ZHANG B,ZHANG L,YANG Z,et al.Hydrogen-rich gas production from wet biomass steam gasification with Ca O/Mg O[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2015,40(29):8816-8823.
[8]FERMOSO J,HE L,CHEN D.Production of high purity hydrogen by sorption enhanced steam reforming of crude glycerol[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2012,37(19):14047-14054.
[9]DUMAN G,UDDIN M A,YANIK J.Hydrogen production from algal biomass via steam gasification[J].Bioresource Technology,2014,166:24-30.
[10]SMOLINSKI A,STANCZYKS K,HOWANIEC N.Steam gasification of selected energy crops in a fixed bed reactor[J].Renewable Energy,2010,35(2):397-404.
[11]FRANCO C,PINTO F,GULYURTLU I,et al.The study of reactions influencing the biomass steam gasification process[J].Fuel,2003,82(7):835-842.
[12]李琳娜.生物质高温水蒸气气化制备富氢燃气的研究[D].南京:中国林业科学研究院林产化学工业研究所,2011.LI L N.Researches on high temperature steam gasification of biomass to produce hydrogen-rich gas[D].Nanjing:Chinese Academy of Forestry,2011.
[13]BOURAOUI Z,DUPONT C,JEGUIRIM M,et al.CO2 gasification of woody biomass chars:the influence of K and Si on char reactivity[J].Comptes Rendus Chimie,2016,19(4):457-465.
[14]LI H,CHEN Z,HUO C,et al.Effect of bioleaching on hydrogen-rich gas production by steam gasification of sewage sludge[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2015,106:1212-1218.
[15]徐卫,孙宁,应浩,等.木屑半焦高温水蒸气气化制备富氢燃气研究[J].林产化学与工艺,2017,37(3):1-9.XU W,SUN N,YING H,et al.Sawdust-char high temperature steam gasification of hydrogen rich gas[J].Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products,2017,37(3):1-9.
[16]NIU Y,HAN F,CHEN Y,et al.Experimental study on steam gasification of pine particles for hydrogen-rich gas[J].Journal of the Energy Institute,2016,90(5):292-302.
[17]GAI C,GUO Y,LIU T,et al.Hydrogen-rich gas production by steam gasification of hydrochar derived from sewage sludge[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2016,41(5):3363-3372.
[18]HAN L,WANG Q,YANG Y,et al.Hydrogen production via Ca O sorption enhanced anaerobic gasification of sawdust in a bubbling fluidized bed[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2011,36(8):4820-4829.
[19]HAN L,WANG Q,LUO Z,et al.H2 rich gas production viapressurized fluidized bed gasification of sawdust with in situ CO2capture[J].Applied Energy,2013,109:36-43.
[20]HU M,GUO D,MA C,et al.Hydrogen-rich gas production by the gasification of wet MSW(municipal solid waste)coupled with carbon dioxide capture[J].Energy,2015,90(1):857-863.
[21]KLINGHOFFER N B,CASTALDI M J,ZZIHOU A.Influence of char composition and inorganics on catalytic activity of char from biomass gasification[J].Fuel,2015,157:37-47.
[22]SUTTON D,KELLEHER B,ROSS J.Review of literature on catalysts for biomass gasification[J].Fuel Processing Technology,2001,73(3):155-173.
[23]PENG W X,WANG L S,MIRZAEE M,et al.Hydrogen and syngas production by catalytic biomass gasification[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2017,135:270-273.
[24]JIANG L,HU S,WANG Y.Catalytic effects of inherent alkali and alkaline earth metallic species on steam gasification of biomass[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2015,40(45):15460-15469.
[25]KOPYSCINSKI J,LAM J,MIMS C A.K2CO3 catalyzed steam gasification of ash-free coal.Studying the effect of temperature on carbon conversion and gas production rate using a drop-down reactor[J].Fuel,2014,128:210-219.
[26]CAO J-P,HUANG X,ZHAO X-Y,et al.Low-temperature catalytic gasification of sewage sludge-derived volatiles to produce clean H2-rich syngas over a nickel loaded on lignite char[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2014,39(17):9193-9199.
[27]PHUHIRAN C,TAKARADA T,CHAIKLANGMUANG S.Hydrogen-rich gas from catalytic steam gasification of eucalyptus using nickel-loaded Thai brown coal char catalyst[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2014,39(8):3649-3656.
[28]YAO D,HU Q,WANG D,et al.Hydrogen production from biomass gasification using biochar as a catalyst/support[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,216:159-164.
[29]SHOKROLLAHI YANCHESHMEH M,RADFARNIA H R,ILIUTA M C.High temperature CO2 sorbents and their application for hydrogen production by sorption enhanced steam reforming process[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2016,283:420-444.
[30]MAHISHI M,GOSWAMI D.An experimental study of hydrogen production by gasification of biomass in the presence of a CO2sorbent[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2007,32(14):2803-2808.
[31]UDOMSIRICHAKORN J,BASU P,ABDUL SALAM P,et al.Ca O-based chemical looping gasification of biomass for hydrogen-enriched gas production with in situ CO2 capture and tar reduction[J].Fuel Processing Technology,2014,127:7-12.
[32]MOSTAFAVI E,MAHINPEY N,MANOVIC V.A novel development of mixed catalyst–sorbent pellets for steam gasification of coal chars with in situ CO2 capture[J].Catalysis Today,2014,237:111-117.
[33]ZAMBONI I,COURSON C,KIENNEMANN A.Fe-Ca interactions in Fe-based/Ca O catalyst/sorbent for CO2 sorption and hydrogen production from toluene steam reforming[J].Applied Catalysis B:Environmental,2017,203:154-165.
[34]SONG M,JIN B,XIAO R,et al.The comparison of two activation techniques to prepare activated carbon from corn cob[J].Biomass and Bioenergy,2013,48:250-256.
[35]PETERSON S C,JACKSON M A.Simplifying pyrolysis:using gasification to produce corn stover and wheat straw biochar for sorptive and horticultural media[J].Industrial Crops and Products,2014,53:228-235.
[36]涂军令.木屑/木屑炭高温水蒸气气化制备合成气研究[D].南京:中国林业科学研究院林产化学工业研究所,2012:35-36.TU J L.Production of synthesis gas by high temperature steam gasification of sawdust/sawdust-derived char[D].Nanjing:Chinese Academy of Forestry,2012:35-36.
[37]ZHAI M,ZHANG Y,DONG P,et al.Characteristics of rice husk char gasification with steam[J].Fuel,2015,158:42-49.
[38]AHMED I I,GUPTA A K.Kinetics of woodchips char gasification with steam and carbon dioxide[J].Applied Energy,2011,88(5):1613-1619.
[39]HLA S S,LOPES R,ROBERTS D.The CO2 gasification reactivity of chars produced from Australian municipal solid waste[J].Fuel,2016,185:847-854.
[40]LE C D,KOLACZKOWSKI S T.Steam gasification of a refuse derived char:reactivity and kinetics[J].Chemical Engineering Research and Design,2015,102:389-398.
[41]CHAUDHARI S T,DALAI A K,BAKHSHI N N.Production of hydrogen and/or syngas(H2+CO)via steam viasteam gasification of biomass-derived chars[J].Energy Fuels,2003,17(4):1062-1067.
[42]WAHEED Q M K,WU C,WILLIAMS P T.Hydrogen production from high temperature steam catalytic gasification of bio-char[J].Journal of the Energy Institute,2016,89(2):222-230.
[43]GAI C,CHEN M,LIU T,et al.Gasification characteristics of hydrochar and pyrochar derived from sewage sludge[J].Energy,2016,113:957-965.
[44]NZIHOU A,STANMORE B,SHARROCK P.A review of catalysts for the gasification of biomass char,with some reference to coal[J].Energy,2013,58:305-317.
[45]WOOD B J,SANCIER K M.The mechanism of catalytic gasification of coal char:a critical review[J].Catal.Rev.,1984,26(2):463-470.
[46]WEN W Y.Mechanisms of alkali metal catalysis in gasification of coal,char or graphite[J].Catal.Rev.,1980,22(1):1-28.
[47]FRERIKS I L C,VAN WECHEM H M H,STUIVER J C M,et al.Potassium-catalyzed gasification of carbon with steam:a temperature-programmed desorption and Fourier Transform infrared study[J].Fuel,1981,60(6):463-470.
[48]WANG J,JIANG M,YAO Y,et al.Steam gasification of coal char catalyzed by K2CO3 for enhanced production of hydrogen without formation of methane[J].Fuel,2009,88(9):1572-1579.
[49]WEILAND F,HEDMAN H,MARKLUND M,et al.Pressurized oxygen blown entrained-flow gasification of wood powder[J].Energy&Fuels,2013,27:932-941.
[50]AL-RAHBI A S,WILLIAMS P T.Hydrogen-rich syngas production and tar removal from biomass gasification using sacrificial tyre pyrolysis char[J].Applied Energy,2017,190:501-509.
[51]MURADOV N,GUJAR A,BAIK J,et al.Production of Fischer–Tropsch hydrocarbons via oxygen-blown gasification of charred pinewood pellets[J].Fuel Processing Technology,2015,140:236-244.
[52]LEE C H,LEE K B.Application of one-body hybrid solid pellets to sorption-enhanced water gas shift reaction for high-purity hydrogen production[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,2014,39(31):18128-18134.
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