失独父母自我认同融合与哀伤:有调节的中介
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摘要
采用问卷调查法,调查147名失独父母的外化联结在自我认同融合与延长哀伤症状关系中的中介作用及被试年龄在其中的影响。结果表明:(1)延长哀伤症状与家庭经济条件显著负相关;(2)延长哀伤症状与自我认同融合、外化联结显著正相关;(3)外化联结在自我融合认同与延长哀伤症状的关系中起完全中介作用;(4)年龄对自我认同融合与外化联结的关系及外化联结与延长哀伤症状的关系起调节作用。这表明,自我认同融合完全通过外化联结对延长哀伤症状产生影响。年龄会增强自我认同融合与外化联结的相关,也会减弱外化联结与延长哀伤症状的相关。本研究有助于理解病理性哀伤的影响因素,是对已有哀伤理论模型的本土化探索,为未来开展临床干预研究提供理论支持。
This study aimed to explore the mediating role of external bond on the relationship between inclusion of others in self and prolonged grief,secondarily on the moderating role of age among the relationship. A total 147 subjects in Beijing were tested with the Prolonged Grief-13,Inclusion of Other in the Self scale and Continuing Bond scale.The results demonstrated that :(1) Prolonged grief was significantly negatively correlated with family economic level;(2) Prolonged grief was significantly positively correlated with inclusion of others in self and external bond;(3) The external bond plays a full mediating role in inclusion of others in self and prolonged grief;(4) The age also plays a moderating role in the mediation module of inclusion of others in self and prolonged grief. These findings suggest that the relationship between inclusion of others in self and prolonged grief were full mediated by external bond. Age would increase the correlation between inclusion of others in self and external bond,and decrease the correlation between external bond and prolonged grief. The current study may help us to a better understanding of the impact factors of prolonged grief,from a more localized perspective. It may also provide certain implications about the intervention of prolonged grief from the theoretical level.
This study aimed to explore the mediating role of external bond on the relationship between inclusion of others in self and prolonged grief,secondarily on the moderating role of age among the relationship. A total 147 subjects in Beijing were tested with the Prolonged Grief-13,Inclusion of Other in the Self scale and Continuing Bond scale.The results demonstrated that :(1) Prolonged grief was significantly negatively correlated with family economic level;(2) Prolonged grief was significantly positively correlated with inclusion of others in self and external bond;(3) The external bond plays a full mediating role in inclusion of others in self and prolonged grief;(4) The age also plays a moderating role in the mediation module of inclusion of others in self and prolonged grief. These findings suggest that the relationship between inclusion of others in self and prolonged grief were full mediated by external bond. Age would increase the correlation between inclusion of others in self and external bond,and decrease the correlation between external bond and prolonged grief. The current study may help us to a better understanding of the impact factors of prolonged grief,from a more localized perspective. It may also provide certain implications about the intervention of prolonged grief from the theoretical level.
引文
李梅,李洁,时勘(2015).持续联结量表中文版的修订与初步应用.中国临床心理学杂志,23(2),251-255.
温忠麟,侯杰泰,张雷(2005).调节效应与中介效应的比较和应用.心理学报,37(2),268-274.
温忠麟,叶宝娟(2014).有调节的中介模型检验方法:竞争还是替补?心理学报,46(5),714-726.
徐慰,何丽,符仲芳,王建平(2015).重大疾病丧亲者的延长哀伤症状及预测因素.中国临床心理学杂志,23(2),277-280.
杨智辉,王建平(2007).205名癌症病人创伤后应激障碍症状分析.中国临床心理学杂志,15(1),18-20.
张雯,王安妮,姚抒予,罗媛慧,张静平,黎志华(2016).失独者抑郁症状的分布特征及与心理弹性的关系.中国心理卫生杂志,30(8),612-617.
Amir,M.,&Ramati,A.(2002).Post-traumatic symptoms,emotional distress and quality of life in longterm survivors of breast cancer:A preliminary research.Journal of Anxiety Disorders,16(2),191-206.
Aoun,S.M.,Breen,L.J.,Howting,D.A.,Rumbold,B.,Mcnamara,B.,&Hegney,D.(2015).Who needs bereavement support?a population based survey of bereavement risk and support need.Plos One,10(3),e0121101.
Aron,A.,Aron,E.N.,&Smollan,D.(1992).Inclusion of other in the self scale and the structure of Interpersonal Closeness.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,63(4),596-612.
Aron,A.,Aron,E.N.,Tudor,M.,&Nelson,G.(1991).Close relationships as including other in the self.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,60(2),241-253.
Barnes,J.B.,Dickstein,B.D.,Maguen,S.,Neria,Y.,&Litz,B.T.(2012).The distinctiveness of prolonged grief and posttraumatic stress disorder in adults bereaved by the attacks of September 11th.Journal of Affective Disorders,136(3),366-369.
Barrera,M.,O'Connor,K.,D'Agostino,N.M.,Spencer,L.,Nicholas,D.,Jovcevska,V.,...Schneiderman,G.(2009).Early parental adjustment and bereavement after childhood cancer death.Death Studies,33(6),497-520.
Baumeister,R.F.,&Leary,M.R.(1995).The need to belong:Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.Psychological Bulletin,117(3),497-529.
Boelen,P.A.,Keijsers,L.,&Ma,V.D.H.(2012).The role of self-concept clarity in prolonged grief disorder.Journal of Nervous&Mental Disease,200(1),56-62.
Boelen,P.A.,Van,de S.R.,Ma,V.D.H.,De,K.J.,&Van,den B.J.(2010).Prolonged Grief Disorder,depression,and posttraumatic stress disorder are distinguishable syndromes.Journal of Affective Disorders,125(1-3),374-378.
Boelen,P.A.,&Reijntjes,A.(2009).Negative cognitions in emotional problems following romantic relationship break-ups.Stress&Health,25(1),11-19.
Boelen,P.A.,&Prigerson,H.G.(2007).The influence of symptoms of prolonged grief disorder,depression,and anxiety on quality of life among bereaved adults:A prospective study.European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience,257(8),444-452.
Boelen,P.A.,Hout,M.A.Van Den,&Bout,J.Van Den.(2006).A cognitive-behavioral conceptualization of complicated grief.Clinical Psychology:Science and Practice,13(2),109-128.
Bonanno,G.A.,&Kaltman,S.(2001).The varieties of grief experience.Clinical Psychology Review,21(5),705-734.
Breckler,S.J.,&Greenwald,A.G.(1986).Motivational facets of the self.Handbook of Motivation and Cognition:Foundations of Social Behavior,145-164.
Brewer,M.B.(1991).The social self:On being the same and different at the same time.Personality&Social Psychology Bulletin,17(5),475-482.
Cicirelli,V.G.(2009).Sibling death and death fear in relation to depressive symptomatology in older adults.Journals of Gerontology,64(1),24-32.
Field,N.P.,&Filanosky,C.(2010).Continuing bonds,risk factors for complicated grief,and adjustment to bereavement.Death Studies,34(1),1-29.
Field,N.P.,GAO,B.,&Paderna,L.(2005).Continuing bonds in bereavement:an attachment theory based perspective.Death Studies,29(4),277-299.
Field,N.P.,Nichols,C.,Holen,A.,&Horowitz,M.J.(1999).The relation of continuing attachment to adjustment in conjugal bereavement.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,67(2),212-218.
Harrill,R.(2016).Residents'attitudes toward tourism development:A literature review with implications for tourism planning.Journal of Planning Literature,18(3),251-266.
Hayes,A.F.(2013).Introduction to mediation,moderation,and conditional process analysis:A regression-based approach.Journal of Educational Measurement,51(3),335-337.
He,L.,Tang,S.,Yu,W.,Xu,W.,Xie,Q.,&Wang,J.(2014).The prevalence,comorbidity and risks of prolonged grief disorder among bereaved Chinese adults.Psychiatry Research,219(2),347-352.
Holland,J.M.,Rozalski,V.,Thompson,K.L.,Tiongson,R.J.,Schatzberg,A.F.,O'Hara,R.,...GallaqherThompson,D.(2014).The unique impact of late-life bereavement and prolonged grief on diurnal cortisol.The Journals of Gerontology Series B:Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences,69B(1),4-11.
John R.Jordan,&Robert A.Neimeyer.(2003).Does grief counseling work?.Death Study,27(9),765-786.
Klass,D.(2006).Continuing Conversation about Continuing Bonds.Death Studies,30(9),843-858.
Maccallum,F.,&Bryant,R.A.(2008).Self-defining memories in complicated grief.Behaviour Research and Therapy,46(12),1311-1315.
Maercker,A.,Brewin,C.R.,Bryant,R.A.,Cloitre,M.,Reed,G.M.,Van,O.M.,...Llosa,A.E.(2013).Proposals for mental disorders specifically associated with stress in the International Classification of Diseases-11.Lancet,381(9878),1683-1685.
Miller,M.D.(2012).Complicated grief in late life.Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience,14(2),195-202.
Prigerson,H.O.,&Jacobs,S.C.(2001).Traumatic grief as a distinct disorder:A rationale,consensus criteria,and a preliminary empirical test.Am J Psychiatry,154,613-645.
Prigerson,H.G.,Horowitz,M.J.,Jacobs,S.C.,Parkes,C.M.,Aslan,M.,Goodkin,K.,...Maciejewski,P.K.(2009).Prolonged grief disorder:Psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11.PLoS Medicine,6(8)e1000121.
Prigerson,H.G.,Shear,M.K.,Jacobs,S.C.,Reynolds,C.F.,Maciejewski,P.K.,Davidson,J.R.,...Williams,J.B.(1999).Consensus criteria for traumatic grief.A preliminary empirical test.British Journal of Psychiatry the Journal of Mental Science,174(174),67-73.
Root,B.L.,&Exline,J.J.(2014).The role of continuing bonds in coping with grief:Overview and future directions.Death Stud,38(1),1-8.
Shear,K.,&Shair,H.(2005).Attachment,loss,and complicated grief.Developmental Psychobiology,47(3),253-267.
Slotter,E.B.,&Gardner,W.L.(2009).Where do you end and I begin?Evidence for anticipatory,motivated self-other integration between relationship partners.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,96(6),1137.
Stroebe,M.,Schut,H.,&Boerner,K.(2010).Continuing bonds in adaptation to bereavement:Toward theoretical integration.Clinical Psychology Review,30(2),259-268.
Stroebe,M.,Schut,H.,&Stroebe,W.(2007).Health outcomes of bereavement.Lancet,370(9603),1960-1973.
Stroebe,M.,Schut,H.,&Stroebe,W.(2005).Attachment in coping with bereavement:A Theoretical Integration.Review of General Psychology,9(1),48-66.
Wijngaardsde Meij,L.,Stroebe,M.,Schut,H.,Stroebe,W.,Jan,V.D.B.,Peter,V.D.H.,&Dijkstra,I.(2005).Couples at risk following the death of their child:Predictors of grief versus depression.Journal of Consulting&Clinical Psychology,73(4),617-623.
Woosnam,K.M.,&Aleshinloye,K.D.(2016).Modifying the inclusion of other in self(IOS)scale and comparing residents'and tourists'perceived closeness with one another,2013 ttra International Conference,1-5.Retrieved June 26,2018,from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/ttra/2013/AcademicPapers_Oral/1
Woosnam,K.M.(2010).The inclusion of other in the self(IOS)scale.Annals of Tourism Research,37(3),857-860.
Zhang,J.(2006).Understanding community attitudes towards tourism and host-guest interaction in the urbanrural border region.Tourism Geographies,8(2),182-204.
温忠麟,侯杰泰,张雷(2005).调节效应与中介效应的比较和应用.心理学报,37(2),268-274.
温忠麟,叶宝娟(2014).有调节的中介模型检验方法:竞争还是替补?心理学报,46(5),714-726.
徐慰,何丽,符仲芳,王建平(2015).重大疾病丧亲者的延长哀伤症状及预测因素.中国临床心理学杂志,23(2),277-280.
杨智辉,王建平(2007).205名癌症病人创伤后应激障碍症状分析.中国临床心理学杂志,15(1),18-20.
张雯,王安妮,姚抒予,罗媛慧,张静平,黎志华(2016).失独者抑郁症状的分布特征及与心理弹性的关系.中国心理卫生杂志,30(8),612-617.
Amir,M.,&Ramati,A.(2002).Post-traumatic symptoms,emotional distress and quality of life in longterm survivors of breast cancer:A preliminary research.Journal of Anxiety Disorders,16(2),191-206.
Aoun,S.M.,Breen,L.J.,Howting,D.A.,Rumbold,B.,Mcnamara,B.,&Hegney,D.(2015).Who needs bereavement support?a population based survey of bereavement risk and support need.Plos One,10(3),e0121101.
Aron,A.,Aron,E.N.,&Smollan,D.(1992).Inclusion of other in the self scale and the structure of Interpersonal Closeness.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,63(4),596-612.
Aron,A.,Aron,E.N.,Tudor,M.,&Nelson,G.(1991).Close relationships as including other in the self.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,60(2),241-253.
Barnes,J.B.,Dickstein,B.D.,Maguen,S.,Neria,Y.,&Litz,B.T.(2012).The distinctiveness of prolonged grief and posttraumatic stress disorder in adults bereaved by the attacks of September 11th.Journal of Affective Disorders,136(3),366-369.
Barrera,M.,O'Connor,K.,D'Agostino,N.M.,Spencer,L.,Nicholas,D.,Jovcevska,V.,...Schneiderman,G.(2009).Early parental adjustment and bereavement after childhood cancer death.Death Studies,33(6),497-520.
Baumeister,R.F.,&Leary,M.R.(1995).The need to belong:Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.Psychological Bulletin,117(3),497-529.
Boelen,P.A.,Keijsers,L.,&Ma,V.D.H.(2012).The role of self-concept clarity in prolonged grief disorder.Journal of Nervous&Mental Disease,200(1),56-62.
Boelen,P.A.,Van,de S.R.,Ma,V.D.H.,De,K.J.,&Van,den B.J.(2010).Prolonged Grief Disorder,depression,and posttraumatic stress disorder are distinguishable syndromes.Journal of Affective Disorders,125(1-3),374-378.
Boelen,P.A.,&Reijntjes,A.(2009).Negative cognitions in emotional problems following romantic relationship break-ups.Stress&Health,25(1),11-19.
Boelen,P.A.,&Prigerson,H.G.(2007).The influence of symptoms of prolonged grief disorder,depression,and anxiety on quality of life among bereaved adults:A prospective study.European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience,257(8),444-452.
Boelen,P.A.,Hout,M.A.Van Den,&Bout,J.Van Den.(2006).A cognitive-behavioral conceptualization of complicated grief.Clinical Psychology:Science and Practice,13(2),109-128.
Bonanno,G.A.,&Kaltman,S.(2001).The varieties of grief experience.Clinical Psychology Review,21(5),705-734.
Breckler,S.J.,&Greenwald,A.G.(1986).Motivational facets of the self.Handbook of Motivation and Cognition:Foundations of Social Behavior,145-164.
Brewer,M.B.(1991).The social self:On being the same and different at the same time.Personality&Social Psychology Bulletin,17(5),475-482.
Cicirelli,V.G.(2009).Sibling death and death fear in relation to depressive symptomatology in older adults.Journals of Gerontology,64(1),24-32.
Field,N.P.,&Filanosky,C.(2010).Continuing bonds,risk factors for complicated grief,and adjustment to bereavement.Death Studies,34(1),1-29.
Field,N.P.,GAO,B.,&Paderna,L.(2005).Continuing bonds in bereavement:an attachment theory based perspective.Death Studies,29(4),277-299.
Field,N.P.,Nichols,C.,Holen,A.,&Horowitz,M.J.(1999).The relation of continuing attachment to adjustment in conjugal bereavement.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,67(2),212-218.
Harrill,R.(2016).Residents'attitudes toward tourism development:A literature review with implications for tourism planning.Journal of Planning Literature,18(3),251-266.
Hayes,A.F.(2013).Introduction to mediation,moderation,and conditional process analysis:A regression-based approach.Journal of Educational Measurement,51(3),335-337.
He,L.,Tang,S.,Yu,W.,Xu,W.,Xie,Q.,&Wang,J.(2014).The prevalence,comorbidity and risks of prolonged grief disorder among bereaved Chinese adults.Psychiatry Research,219(2),347-352.
Holland,J.M.,Rozalski,V.,Thompson,K.L.,Tiongson,R.J.,Schatzberg,A.F.,O'Hara,R.,...GallaqherThompson,D.(2014).The unique impact of late-life bereavement and prolonged grief on diurnal cortisol.The Journals of Gerontology Series B:Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences,69B(1),4-11.
John R.Jordan,&Robert A.Neimeyer.(2003).Does grief counseling work?.Death Study,27(9),765-786.
Klass,D.(2006).Continuing Conversation about Continuing Bonds.Death Studies,30(9),843-858.
Maccallum,F.,&Bryant,R.A.(2008).Self-defining memories in complicated grief.Behaviour Research and Therapy,46(12),1311-1315.
Maercker,A.,Brewin,C.R.,Bryant,R.A.,Cloitre,M.,Reed,G.M.,Van,O.M.,...Llosa,A.E.(2013).Proposals for mental disorders specifically associated with stress in the International Classification of Diseases-11.Lancet,381(9878),1683-1685.
Miller,M.D.(2012).Complicated grief in late life.Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience,14(2),195-202.
Prigerson,H.O.,&Jacobs,S.C.(2001).Traumatic grief as a distinct disorder:A rationale,consensus criteria,and a preliminary empirical test.Am J Psychiatry,154,613-645.
Prigerson,H.G.,Horowitz,M.J.,Jacobs,S.C.,Parkes,C.M.,Aslan,M.,Goodkin,K.,...Maciejewski,P.K.(2009).Prolonged grief disorder:Psychometric validation of criteria proposed for DSM-V and ICD-11.PLoS Medicine,6(8)e1000121.
Prigerson,H.G.,Shear,M.K.,Jacobs,S.C.,Reynolds,C.F.,Maciejewski,P.K.,Davidson,J.R.,...Williams,J.B.(1999).Consensus criteria for traumatic grief.A preliminary empirical test.British Journal of Psychiatry the Journal of Mental Science,174(174),67-73.
Root,B.L.,&Exline,J.J.(2014).The role of continuing bonds in coping with grief:Overview and future directions.Death Stud,38(1),1-8.
Shear,K.,&Shair,H.(2005).Attachment,loss,and complicated grief.Developmental Psychobiology,47(3),253-267.
Slotter,E.B.,&Gardner,W.L.(2009).Where do you end and I begin?Evidence for anticipatory,motivated self-other integration between relationship partners.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,96(6),1137.
Stroebe,M.,Schut,H.,&Boerner,K.(2010).Continuing bonds in adaptation to bereavement:Toward theoretical integration.Clinical Psychology Review,30(2),259-268.
Stroebe,M.,Schut,H.,&Stroebe,W.(2007).Health outcomes of bereavement.Lancet,370(9603),1960-1973.
Stroebe,M.,Schut,H.,&Stroebe,W.(2005).Attachment in coping with bereavement:A Theoretical Integration.Review of General Psychology,9(1),48-66.
Wijngaardsde Meij,L.,Stroebe,M.,Schut,H.,Stroebe,W.,Jan,V.D.B.,Peter,V.D.H.,&Dijkstra,I.(2005).Couples at risk following the death of their child:Predictors of grief versus depression.Journal of Consulting&Clinical Psychology,73(4),617-623.
Woosnam,K.M.,&Aleshinloye,K.D.(2016).Modifying the inclusion of other in self(IOS)scale and comparing residents'and tourists'perceived closeness with one another,2013 ttra International Conference,1-5.Retrieved June 26,2018,from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/ttra/2013/AcademicPapers_Oral/1
Woosnam,K.M.(2010).The inclusion of other in the self(IOS)scale.Annals of Tourism Research,37(3),857-860.
Zhang,J.(2006).Understanding community attitudes towards tourism and host-guest interaction in the urbanrural border region.Tourism Geographies,8(2),182-204.