5H-1.5A型花生换向通风干燥机研制
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摘要
为了解自行研发的5H-1.5A型花生换向通风干燥机作业性能,该文介绍了研发设备总体结构、工作原理及烘干箱体、导风组件、换向通风机构、余热回收装置等关键部件,并开展了整机作业性能试验研究,对比了空载工况下有无导风组件时,介质空气穿过承料板后的风场分布特性,测得有导风组件时承料板上方10 cm处风速均在0.68～0.73 m/s范围内,水平方向介质空气通风均匀性显著提高。测试了双入风口并行通风干燥10 h和单入风口换向通风干燥38 h过程中床层物料温度变化及干燥终止含水率分布情况:0～10 h,底层物料温度快速升高,上层物料温度上升缓慢,物料层温差先快速增大后逐渐缩小;10 h后,上、中、下物料层温度呈类波浪式升落,波动幅度逐渐减小,物料层温度逐渐逼近设定干燥温度;干燥终止时,左、右2个干燥半区最大含水率差值分别为1.42%、1.74%,为左、右干燥区含水率总降幅的4.1%、5.1%,干燥均匀性良好。测试并评估了余热回收装置对整机加热贡献率、热效率、能耗成本等的影响:余热回收装置在换向通风阶段对干燥系统的加热贡献率约为61%,系统热效率提高至80%以上,批次干燥能耗成本降低48.7%。与传统固定床干燥设备相比,可节省能耗成本约64.7%,干燥不均匀度降低约82.6%。研究结果可为设备的改进熟化及推广应用提供技术支撑。
This paper introduces the general structure and working principle and key components of 5H-1.5A peanut reversing ventilation dryer including drying box, air guide components, reversing ventilation mechanism and waste heat recovery device. In order to understand the performance of the dryer, performance analysis and experimental study were carried out under two kinds of working condition, with no peanut material loading and full peanut material loading. Under the no loading condition, the air velocity distribution at 10 cm above material supporting perforated plate was measured and compared when the wind deflectors was installed or not respectively. The results showed that installation of wind deflectors could effectively improve the uniformity of air field distribution. When the medium air passed through the material supporting perforated plate, the air velocity distribution ranged from 0.68 m/s to 0.73 m/s with wind deflectors installing, while ranged from 0.5 m/s to 1 m/s with no wind deflectors installed. Under the full load condition, a drying test was completed. 1.5 t fresh peanut, Tianfu No.3 variety, just after mechanized harvesting was used as the experimental material, which initial moisture content was 43.2%. The drying process was carried out in two stages. In the first stage, both the left and right air chambers were ventilated with hot air, and the medium air was discharged into the atmosphere after passing through the peanut material layer from bottom to top without waste heat recovery. The execution time of this stage was 10 h. During this period, the temperature of the bottom material increased rapidly while that of the upper material increased slowly. In the second stage, single air inlet alternate ventilation drying process was adopted. The medium air entered the drying box from one of the two air inlets, and passed through the peanut material layer of this side from bottom to top. Then the medium air mixed in the top space of drying box fully, and passed through the peanut material layer of the other side from top to bottom, finally, the medium air was discharged from the air outlet downwind chamber of this side. The ventilation direction was changed every 2 h. During this period, the temperature of the upper, middle and lower peanut material layers rose and fell wavelike. The fluctuation range of temperature of peanut layers decreased gradually and temperature of all peanut layers approximated the setting drying temperature. At the end of drying operation, the maximum difference of moisture content of peanut material in the left and right drying chamber was 1.42% and 1.74% respectively, which was 4.1% and 5.1% of total reduction of moisture content. The drying uniformity of the peanut bed was good in both horizontal direction and vertical direction. In the second stage, the waste heat recovery device was adopted, and its influence on the heating contribution rate, energy utilization rate and energy consumption cost of the total drying system were tested and evaluated. The results showed that the heating contribution rate of waste heat recovery device to the drying system was about 61% and energy utilization rate of the drying system was increased to more than 80%. The energy consumption cost of batch drying was reduced by 48.7%. The research results provide data support for the improvement and application of the equipment.
This paper introduces the general structure and working principle and key components of 5H-1.5A peanut reversing ventilation dryer including drying box, air guide components, reversing ventilation mechanism and waste heat recovery device. In order to understand the performance of the dryer, performance analysis and experimental study were carried out under two kinds of working condition, with no peanut material loading and full peanut material loading. Under the no loading condition, the air velocity distribution at 10 cm above material supporting perforated plate was measured and compared when the wind deflectors was installed or not respectively. The results showed that installation of wind deflectors could effectively improve the uniformity of air field distribution. When the medium air passed through the material supporting perforated plate, the air velocity distribution ranged from 0.68 m/s to 0.73 m/s with wind deflectors installing, while ranged from 0.5 m/s to 1 m/s with no wind deflectors installed. Under the full load condition, a drying test was completed. 1.5 t fresh peanut, Tianfu No.3 variety, just after mechanized harvesting was used as the experimental material, which initial moisture content was 43.2%. The drying process was carried out in two stages. In the first stage, both the left and right air chambers were ventilated with hot air, and the medium air was discharged into the atmosphere after passing through the peanut material layer from bottom to top without waste heat recovery. The execution time of this stage was 10 h. During this period, the temperature of the bottom material increased rapidly while that of the upper material increased slowly. In the second stage, single air inlet alternate ventilation drying process was adopted. The medium air entered the drying box from one of the two air inlets, and passed through the peanut material layer of this side from bottom to top. Then the medium air mixed in the top space of drying box fully, and passed through the peanut material layer of the other side from top to bottom, finally, the medium air was discharged from the air outlet downwind chamber of this side. The ventilation direction was changed every 2 h. During this period, the temperature of the upper, middle and lower peanut material layers rose and fell wavelike. The fluctuation range of temperature of peanut layers decreased gradually and temperature of all peanut layers approximated the setting drying temperature. At the end of drying operation, the maximum difference of moisture content of peanut material in the left and right drying chamber was 1.42% and 1.74% respectively, which was 4.1% and 5.1% of total reduction of moisture content. The drying uniformity of the peanut bed was good in both horizontal direction and vertical direction. In the second stage, the waste heat recovery device was adopted, and its influence on the heating contribution rate, energy utilization rate and energy consumption cost of the total drying system were tested and evaluated. The results showed that the heating contribution rate of waste heat recovery device to the drying system was about 61% and energy utilization rate of the drying system was increased to more than 80%. The energy consumption cost of batch drying was reduced by 48.7%. The research results provide data support for the improvement and application of the equipment.
引文
[1]高连兴,陈中玉,Charles Chen,等.美国花生收获机械化技术演变历程及对中国的启示[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(12):1-9.Gao Lianxing,Chen Zhongyu,Charles Chen,et al.Development course of peanut harvest mechanization technoogy of the United States and enlightenment to China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineeing(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(12):1-9.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]王海鸥,胡志超,陈守江,等.收获时期及干燥方式对花生品质的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(22):292-300.Wang Haiou,Hu Zhichao,Chen Shoujiang,et al.Effects of different harvesting dates and drying methods on peanut quality[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricutural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(22):292-300.
[3]胡志超.花生生产机械化关键技术[M].镇江:江苏大学出版社,2017.
[4]Cundiff J S,Baker K D.Curing Quality Peanuts in Virgiial[M].Virgina:Virgina Tech.2009
[5]Jordan D,Brandenburg R,Brown A,et al.2018 Peanut Inforation[M].North Carolina State:North Carolina Coopeative Extension Service,2018.
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[7]Palacios T R,Potes L B,Montenegro R A,et al.Peanut drying kinetics:Determination of the effective diffusivity for in-shell and shelled peanuts by Applying a Short-time Analytical Model of Measured Data[J].Drying 2004-Proceings of the 14th International Drying Symposium,2004,8(B):1448-1455.
[8]Butts C L,Williams E J,Sanders T H.Algorithms for automated temperature controls to cure peanuts[J].Postharvest Biology and Technology,2002,24(6):309-316.
[9]Yang C Y,Fon D S,Lin T T.Simulation and validation of thin Layer models for peanut drying[J].drying Technology,2007,25(9):1515-1526.
[10]Krzyzanowski F C,West S H,Barros J D.Drying peanut seed using air ambient temperature allow relative humiity[J].Revista Brasileira de Sementes.2006,28(3):1-5.
[11]Nakai V K,Rocha L O,Goncalez E,et al.Distribution of fungi and aflatoxins in a stored peanut variety[J].Food Chemistry,2008,106(1):285-290.
[12]Yu J,Ahmedna M,Goktepe I.Peanut protein concentrate:Production and functional properties as affected by processing[J].Food Chemistry,2007,103(1):121-129.
[13]Butts C L,Dorner J W,Brown S L,et al.Aerating farmer stock peanut storage in the southeastern U.S.[J].Transations of the ASABE,2006,49(2):457-0465.
[14]颜建春,吴努,胡志超,等.花生干燥技术概况与发展[J].中国农机化,2012,32(2):10-13.Yan Jianchun,Wu Nu,Hu Zhichao,et al.Overview and development of peanut drying technology[J].Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2012,32(2):10-13.
[15]刘丽,王强,刘红芝.花生干燥贮藏方法的应用及研究现状[J].农产品加工,2011,(8):49-52.Liu Li,Wang Qiang,Liu Hongzhi.Application and its present on method for drying storage of peanut[J].Farm Products Processing,2011,(8):49-52.
[16]王安建,高帅平,田广瑞,等.花生热泵干燥特性及动力学模型[J].农产品加工,2015,(5):49-52.Wang Anjian,Gao Shuaiping,Tian Guangrui,et al.Heatpmp drying characteristics and dynamics model of peanut[J].Farm Products Processing,2015,(5):49-52.
[17]谢焕雄,王海鸥,胡志超,等.箱式通风干燥机小麦干燥试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(1):64-71.Xie Huanxiong,Wang Haiou,Hu Zhichao,et al.Experiments of wheat drying by bin-ventilation dryer[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transaction of the CSAE),2013,29(1):64-71.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]谢焕雄,王海鸥,魏海,等.一种可换向通风的箱式干燥机及对粮油作物干燥的方法:中国专利,201210532111.-8[P].2014-09-24.
[19]颜建春,谢焕雄,魏海,等.一种箱式换向通风干燥机的余热回收装置及方法:中国专利,201510117871.6[P].2017-08-25.
[20]ASAE D272.3-1996.Resistance to airflow of grains,seeds,other agricultural products,and perforated metal sheets[S].USA:American Society Agricultural,2007.
[21]Butts C L,Williams E J.Measuring airflow distribution in peanut drying trailers[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture-2004,20(3):335-339.
[22]余建祖.换热器原理与设计[M].北京:北京航空航天大学出版,2006.
[23]钱颂文.换热器设计手册[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2002.
[24]GB/T5009.3-2010.食品中水分的测定[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2010.
[25]潘永康,王喜忠,刘相东.现代干燥技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2006.
[26]Fudholi A,Sopian K,Othman M Y,et al.Energy and exergy analyses of solar drying system of red seaweed[J].Energy and Buildings,2014,68(A):121-129.
[27]Celma A R,Cuadros F.Energy and exergy analyses of OMWsolar drying process[J].Renewable Energy,2009,34(3):660-666
[28]Rabha D K,Muthukumar P,Somayaji C.Energy and exergy analyses of the solar drying processes of ghost chilli pepper and ginger[J].Renewable Energy,2017,105(5):764-773.
[29]Chowdhury M M,Bala B K,Haque M A.Energy and exergy analysis of the solar drying of jackfruit leather[J].Biosystems Engineering,2011,110(2):222-229.
[30]Panwar N L,Kaushik S C,Kothari S.A review on energy and exery analysis of solar drying systems[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review,2012,16(5):2812-2819.
[31]NYT 2785-2015.花生热风干燥技术规范[S].
[2]王海鸥,胡志超,陈守江,等.收获时期及干燥方式对花生品质的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(22):292-300.Wang Haiou,Hu Zhichao,Chen Shoujiang,et al.Effects of different harvesting dates and drying methods on peanut quality[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricutural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(22):292-300.
[3]胡志超.花生生产机械化关键技术[M].镇江:江苏大学出版社,2017.
[4]Cundiff J S,Baker K D.Curing Quality Peanuts in Virgiial[M].Virgina:Virgina Tech.2009
[5]Jordan D,Brandenburg R,Brown A,et al.2018 Peanut Inforation[M].North Carolina State:North Carolina Coopeative Extension Service,2018.
[6]Butts C L,Davidson J I,Lamb M C,et al.Estimating drying time for a stock peanut curing decision support system[J].American Society of Agricultural Engineers,2004.47(3):25-932.
[7]Palacios T R,Potes L B,Montenegro R A,et al.Peanut drying kinetics:Determination of the effective diffusivity for in-shell and shelled peanuts by Applying a Short-time Analytical Model of Measured Data[J].Drying 2004-Proceings of the 14th International Drying Symposium,2004,8(B):1448-1455.
[8]Butts C L,Williams E J,Sanders T H.Algorithms for automated temperature controls to cure peanuts[J].Postharvest Biology and Technology,2002,24(6):309-316.
[9]Yang C Y,Fon D S,Lin T T.Simulation and validation of thin Layer models for peanut drying[J].drying Technology,2007,25(9):1515-1526.
[10]Krzyzanowski F C,West S H,Barros J D.Drying peanut seed using air ambient temperature allow relative humiity[J].Revista Brasileira de Sementes.2006,28(3):1-5.
[11]Nakai V K,Rocha L O,Goncalez E,et al.Distribution of fungi and aflatoxins in a stored peanut variety[J].Food Chemistry,2008,106(1):285-290.
[12]Yu J,Ahmedna M,Goktepe I.Peanut protein concentrate:Production and functional properties as affected by processing[J].Food Chemistry,2007,103(1):121-129.
[13]Butts C L,Dorner J W,Brown S L,et al.Aerating farmer stock peanut storage in the southeastern U.S.[J].Transations of the ASABE,2006,49(2):457-0465.
[14]颜建春,吴努,胡志超,等.花生干燥技术概况与发展[J].中国农机化,2012,32(2):10-13.Yan Jianchun,Wu Nu,Hu Zhichao,et al.Overview and development of peanut drying technology[J].Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2012,32(2):10-13.
[15]刘丽,王强,刘红芝.花生干燥贮藏方法的应用及研究现状[J].农产品加工,2011,(8):49-52.Liu Li,Wang Qiang,Liu Hongzhi.Application and its present on method for drying storage of peanut[J].Farm Products Processing,2011,(8):49-52.
[16]王安建,高帅平,田广瑞,等.花生热泵干燥特性及动力学模型[J].农产品加工,2015,(5):49-52.Wang Anjian,Gao Shuaiping,Tian Guangrui,et al.Heatpmp drying characteristics and dynamics model of peanut[J].Farm Products Processing,2015,(5):49-52.
[17]谢焕雄,王海鸥,胡志超,等.箱式通风干燥机小麦干燥试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(1):64-71.Xie Huanxiong,Wang Haiou,Hu Zhichao,et al.Experiments of wheat drying by bin-ventilation dryer[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transaction of the CSAE),2013,29(1):64-71.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]谢焕雄,王海鸥,魏海,等.一种可换向通风的箱式干燥机及对粮油作物干燥的方法:中国专利,201210532111.-8[P].2014-09-24.
[19]颜建春,谢焕雄,魏海,等.一种箱式换向通风干燥机的余热回收装置及方法:中国专利,201510117871.6[P].2017-08-25.
[20]ASAE D272.3-1996.Resistance to airflow of grains,seeds,other agricultural products,and perforated metal sheets[S].USA:American Society Agricultural,2007.
[21]Butts C L,Williams E J.Measuring airflow distribution in peanut drying trailers[J].Applied Engineering in Agriculture-2004,20(3):335-339.
[22]余建祖.换热器原理与设计[M].北京:北京航空航天大学出版,2006.
[23]钱颂文.换热器设计手册[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2002.
[24]GB/T5009.3-2010.食品中水分的测定[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2010.
[25]潘永康,王喜忠,刘相东.现代干燥技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2006.
[26]Fudholi A,Sopian K,Othman M Y,et al.Energy and exergy analyses of solar drying system of red seaweed[J].Energy and Buildings,2014,68(A):121-129.
[27]Celma A R,Cuadros F.Energy and exergy analyses of OMWsolar drying process[J].Renewable Energy,2009,34(3):660-666
[28]Rabha D K,Muthukumar P,Somayaji C.Energy and exergy analyses of the solar drying processes of ghost chilli pepper and ginger[J].Renewable Energy,2017,105(5):764-773.
[29]Chowdhury M M,Bala B K,Haque M A.Energy and exergy analysis of the solar drying of jackfruit leather[J].Biosystems Engineering,2011,110(2):222-229.
[30]Panwar N L,Kaushik S C,Kothari S.A review on energy and exery analysis of solar drying systems[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Review,2012,16(5):2812-2819.
[31]NYT 2785-2015.花生热风干燥技术规范[S].