胶州湾氮、磷非点源污染负荷估算及时空分析
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摘要
考虑"陆源产生-河流输移-入海输出"的整体过程,根据土地利用、农业人口和畜禽养殖等数据,利用输出系数模型(ECM)模拟估算胶州湾海岸带2000—2013年氮、磷非点源污染负荷及其时空分布特征,并通过对比河流入海实测值与模型模拟结果,获取氮、磷非点源污染入海系数。结果表明:胶州湾海岸带各入海河沿岸氮、磷负荷年际下降趋势明显,空间上则呈现出"北高南低",耕地和农业人口是主要污染源;氮、磷入海通量与陆源污染负荷分布规律一致,氮、磷污染的入海系数均在0.6以上。河流及其流经区的空间异质性导致入海系数的差异化,其自然净化过程会对氮、磷污染物造成损失。因此为有效地缓解胶州湾海岸带非点源污染现状,应将源头控制、过程修复与末端治理有机结合起来。
This paper considered the overall process of"terrestrial production-river transport-sea output".Based on the data of land use,agricultural population and livestock and poultry breeding,the nonpoint source pollution of the Jiaozhou Bay Coastal Zone from 2000 to 2013 was analyzed by using the export coefficient model.The actual monitoring value of the river estuary and the model results were compared and analyzed.The results showed that the load of non-point source pollution of nitrogen and phosphorus along the Jiaozhou Bay Coastal Zone decreased obviously,and the spatial variation trend was"north to south".The agricultural population and the cultivated land were the most important sources of the non-point source pollution in the Jiaozhou Bay Coastal Zone;The flux of nitrogen and phosphorus into the sea was consistent with that of non-point source pollution of terrestrial nitrogen and phosphorus,and the nitrogen and phosphorus non-point source into the sea coefficient were above 0.6.The spatial heterogeneity of the river and its passing area leads to the difference of the non-point source sea-going coefficients of nitrogen and phosphorus.During the process of transiting into the sea,the natural purification process of the river ecosystem will cause losses to nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants to a certain extent.Therefore,in order to effectively improve the pollution status of the Jiaozhou Bay Coastal Zone,the source control,process control and end treatment should be combined to control the nitrogen and phosphorus non-point source pollution.
This paper considered the overall process of"terrestrial production-river transport-sea output".Based on the data of land use,agricultural population and livestock and poultry breeding,the nonpoint source pollution of the Jiaozhou Bay Coastal Zone from 2000 to 2013 was analyzed by using the export coefficient model.The actual monitoring value of the river estuary and the model results were compared and analyzed.The results showed that the load of non-point source pollution of nitrogen and phosphorus along the Jiaozhou Bay Coastal Zone decreased obviously,and the spatial variation trend was"north to south".The agricultural population and the cultivated land were the most important sources of the non-point source pollution in the Jiaozhou Bay Coastal Zone;The flux of nitrogen and phosphorus into the sea was consistent with that of non-point source pollution of terrestrial nitrogen and phosphorus,and the nitrogen and phosphorus non-point source into the sea coefficient were above 0.6.The spatial heterogeneity of the river and its passing area leads to the difference of the non-point source sea-going coefficients of nitrogen and phosphorus.During the process of transiting into the sea,the natural purification process of the river ecosystem will cause losses to nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants to a certain extent.Therefore,in order to effectively improve the pollution status of the Jiaozhou Bay Coastal Zone,the source control,process control and end treatment should be combined to control the nitrogen and phosphorus non-point source pollution.
引文
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[2]许炯心,孙季.近50年来降水变化和人类活动对黄河入海径流通量的影响[J].水科学进展,2003(6):690-695.Xu J X,Sun J.Influence of precipitation and human activities on water fluxes from the Yellow River into the sea in the past 50years[J].Advances in Water Science,2003(6):690-695.
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[4]朱先进,于贵瑞,高艳妮,等.中国河流入海颗粒态碳通量及其变化特征[J].地理科学进展,2012,31(1):118-122.Zhu X J,Yu G R,Gao Y N,et al.Fluxes of particulate carbon from rivers to the ocean and their changing tendency in China[J].Progress in Geography,2012,31(1):118-122.
[5]罗先香,杨建强.海洋生态系统健康评价的底栖生物指数法研究进展[J].海洋通报,2009,28(3):106-112.Luo X X,Yang J Q.Progress in researches on benthic indices of assessing marine ecosystem health[J].Marine Science Bulletin,2009,28(3):106-112.
[6]杨建强,朱永贵,宋文鹏,等.基于生境质量和生态响应的莱州湾生态环境质量评价[J].生态学报,2014,34(1):105-114.Yang J Q,Zhu Y G,Song W P,et al.The eco-environmental evaluation based on habitat quality and ecological response of Laizhou Bay[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(1):105-114.
[7]李延峰,宋秀贤,李虎,等.山东半岛蓝色经济区海域生态环境综合评价[J].环境科学研究,2014,27(5):560-566.Li Y F,Song X X,Li H,et al.An integrated methodology for assessment of marine eco-environment status in the Blue Economic Zone of Shandong Peninsula of China[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2014,27(5):560-566.
[8]麻德明,石洪华,丰爱平.基于流域单元的海湾农业非点源污染负荷估算---以莱州湾为例[J].生态学报,2014,34(1):173-181.Ma D M,Shi H H,Feng A P.Estimation of agricultural non-point source pollution based on watershed unit:A case study of Laizhou Bay[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(1):173-181.
[9]郝芳华,杨胜天,程红光,等.大尺度区域非点源污染负荷计算方法[J].环境科学学报,2006(3):375-383.Hao F H,Yang S T,Cheng H G,et al.A method for estmiation of non-point source pollution load in the large-scale basins of China[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2006(3):375-383.
[10]夏军,翟晓燕,张永勇.水环境非点源污染模型研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2012,31(7):941-952.Xia J,Zhai X Y,Zhang Y Y.Progress in the research of water environmental non-point source pollution models[J].Progress in Geography,2012,31(7):941-952.
[11]Johnes P J.Evaluation and management of the impact of land use change on the nitrogen and phosphorus load delivered to surface waters:the export coefficient modeling approach[J].J Hydrol,1996,183:323-349.
[12]丁晓雯,沈珍瑶,刘瑞民,等.基于降雨和地形特征的输出系数模型改进及精度分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2008(2):306-309.Ding X W,Sheng Z Y,Liu R M,et al.Improved export coefficient model considering precipitation as well as terrain and its accuracy analysis[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2008(2):306-309.
[13]李思思,张亮,杜耘,等.面源磷负荷改进输出系数模型及其应用[J].长江流域资源与环境,2014,23(9):1330-1336.Li S S,Zhang L,Du Y,et al.Estimation of non-point phosphorus load using improved export coefficient model and its application in watershed management[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2014,23(9):1330-1336.
[14]Wu L,Gao J E,Ma X Y,et al.Application of modified export coefficient method on the load estimation of non-point source nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of soil and water loss in semiarid regions[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(14):10647-10660.
[15]薛利红,杨林章.面源污染物输出系数模型的研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2009,28(4):755-761.Xue L H,Yang L Z.Research advances of export coefficient model for non-point source pollution[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2009,28(4):755-761.
[16]侯西勇,张安定,王传远,等.海岸带陆源非点源污染研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2010,29(1):73-78.Hou X Y,Zhang A D,Wang C Y,et al.Progress of studies on coastal land-based non-point source pollution[J].Progress in Geography,2010,29(1):73-78.
[17]Beaulac M N,Reckhow K M.An examination of land use-nutrient export relationships[J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,1982,18(6):1013-1024.
[18]陈友媛,惠二青,金春姬,等.非点源污染负荷的水文估算方法[J].环境科学研究,2003(1):10-13.Chen Y Y,Hui E Q,Jin C J,et al.A hydrological method for estimation of non-point source pollution loads and its application[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2003(1):10-13.
[19]Zheng Y,Yu G.Spatio-temporal distribution of vegetation index and its influenceing factors-a case study of the Jiaozhou Bay,China[J].Chinese Journal of Oceanology&Limnology,2017,35(6):1398-1408.
[20]蔡明,李怀恩,庄咏涛,等.改进的输出系数法在流域非点源污染负荷估算中的应用[J].水利学报,2004(7):40-45.Cai M,Li H E,Zhuang Y T,et al.Application of modified export coefficient method in polluting load estimation of non-point source pollution[J].Shuili Xuebao,2004(7):40-45.
[21]刘瑞民,沈珍瑶,丁晓雯,等.应用输出系数模型估算长江上游非点源污染负荷[J].农业环境科学学报,2008(2):677-682.Liu R M,Shen Z Y,Ding X W,et al.Application of export coefficient model in simulating pollution load of non-point source in upper reach of Yangtze River basin[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2008(2):677-682.
[22]李潇然,李阳兵,邵景安.非点源污染输出对土地利用和社会经济变化响应的案例研究[J].生态学报,2016,36(19):6050-6061.Li X R,Li Y B,Shao J A.A study on the response of non-point source pollution to the variation of land use and social economy[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(19):6050-6061.
[23]龙天渝,刘敏,刘佳.三峡库区非点源污染负荷时空分布模型的构建及应用[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(8):217-223.Long T Y,Liu M,Liu J.Development and application of nonpoint source pollution load model of spatial and temporal distribution in Three Gorges reservoir region[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2016,32(8):217-223.
[24]徐立红,陈成广,胡保卫,等.基于流域降雨强度的氮磷输出系数模型改进及应用[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(16):159-166.Xu L H,Chen C G,Hu B W,et al.Improvement of export coefficient model for N and P based on rainfall intensity and its application[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2015,31(16):159-166.
[25]方怒放,史志华,李璐.基于输出系数模型的丹江口库区非点源污染时空模拟[J].水生态学杂志,2011,32(4):7-12.Fang N F,Shi Z H,Li L.Application of export coefficient model in simulating pollution load of non-point source in Danjiangkou reservoir area[J].Journal of Hydroecology,2011,32(4):7-12.
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