凉州灌区酿酒葡萄氮肥施用研究
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摘要
[目的]通过田间试验,研究酿酒葡萄对不同氮肥施用量及施用深度的响应,为甘肃省凉州灌区酿酒葡萄氮肥合理施用提供依据。[方法]在凉州区设置酿酒葡萄氮肥施用量及施用深度试验,研究不同氮肥施用量及施用深度对酿酒葡萄产量、收获期果实、叶片和叶柄含氮量及收获期和第2a萌芽期0—200cm土层硝态氮含量的影响。[结果]10和30cm施肥深度之间酿酒葡萄产量、收获期果实、叶片和叶柄含氮量及收获期和第2a萌芽期0—200cm土层硝态氮含量差异不显著。氮肥施用量对酿酒葡萄产量和叶柄含氮量的影响达到显著水平,对果实和叶片含氮量的影响不明显,其中高氮(300kg/hm~2)和中氮(240kg/hm~2)处理之间酿酒葡萄产量、果实含氮量、叶片含氮量、叶柄含氮量差异不明显,但是高氮和中氮处理与低氮(180kg/hm~2)处理相比,产量增加28.6%和24.1%,叶片含氮量增加17.4%和11.3%,叶柄含氮量增加了40.7%和33.0%,而对于收获期和第2a萌芽期0—200cm土层硝态氮含量,高氮处理相对于中氮和低氮处理增加了53.8%,94.4%和41.8%,76.1%,氮肥施用量和施用深度的交互效应,仅叶片含氮量达到显著水平。[结论]受土壤质地和传统沟灌影响,氮肥施用深度对酿酒葡萄影响效果不明显,240kg/hm~2为酿酒葡萄较为合适的氮肥施用量,但氮素也存在损失风险。所以,凉州灌区酿酒葡萄合理施肥应该和灌水方式进行结合来确定合理的施肥量和施肥方式。
[Objective]To study the responses of wine grapes for different nitrogen fertilizer application rates and depths,in order to supply theoretical basis for the nitrogen fertilizer application on wine grapes in the Liangzhou irrigation area of Gansu Province.[Methods]Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of different nitrogen fertilizer application rates and depths on grape yield,nitrogen content of fruit,leaf,stalk and residues of nitrate nitrogen in 0—200 cm soil layers during harvest and the second germination season.[Results]There were no significantly difference in the yield,nitrogen content of fruit,leaf,stalk and residues of nitrate nitrogen in 0—200 cm soil layers during harvest and the second germination season between 10 cm and 30 cm fertilization depths.The effects of different nitrogen fertilizer application rates on yield and nitrogen content of stalk reached significant level,but the effects on nitrogen content of fruit and leaf were not significant.There were no significant difference in yield,nitrogen content of fruit and leaf betweenhigh level(300 kg/hm2)and middle level(240 kg/hm2)nitrogen fertilizer treatments.Compared with low levels(180 kg/hm2)nitrogen fertilizer treatment,the yield significantly increased by 28.6% and 24%;The nitrogen content of leaf significantly increased by 17.4%,and 11.3%;and the nitrogen content of stalk significantly increased by 40.7% and 33.0% for high and middle levels nitrogen fertilizer treatment,respectively.Compared with middle and low levels nitrogen fertilizer treatment,residues of nitrate nitrogen in 0—200 cm soil layers for high levels nitrogen fertilizer treatment during harvest and germination season increased by53.8%,94.4% and 41.8%,76.1%,respectively.As to the interactions between nitrogen fertilizer application rates and depths,only the nitrogen content of leaf reached a significant level.[Conclusion]Under the conditions of current experiment,the effect of nitrogen application depth on wine grape was not obvious,due to the influence of soil texture and traditional irrigation.The suitable nitrogen fertilizer application rate was 240 kg/hm2 for wine grapes,but there is also a risk of nitrogen loss.Therefore,reasonable fertilization amount and fertilization mode should be determined based on irrigation mode in Liangzhou irrigation area.
[Objective]To study the responses of wine grapes for different nitrogen fertilizer application rates and depths,in order to supply theoretical basis for the nitrogen fertilizer application on wine grapes in the Liangzhou irrigation area of Gansu Province.[Methods]Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of different nitrogen fertilizer application rates and depths on grape yield,nitrogen content of fruit,leaf,stalk and residues of nitrate nitrogen in 0—200 cm soil layers during harvest and the second germination season.[Results]There were no significantly difference in the yield,nitrogen content of fruit,leaf,stalk and residues of nitrate nitrogen in 0—200 cm soil layers during harvest and the second germination season between 10 cm and 30 cm fertilization depths.The effects of different nitrogen fertilizer application rates on yield and nitrogen content of stalk reached significant level,but the effects on nitrogen content of fruit and leaf were not significant.There were no significant difference in yield,nitrogen content of fruit and leaf betweenhigh level(300 kg/hm2)and middle level(240 kg/hm2)nitrogen fertilizer treatments.Compared with low levels(180 kg/hm2)nitrogen fertilizer treatment,the yield significantly increased by 28.6% and 24%;The nitrogen content of leaf significantly increased by 17.4%,and 11.3%;and the nitrogen content of stalk significantly increased by 40.7% and 33.0% for high and middle levels nitrogen fertilizer treatment,respectively.Compared with middle and low levels nitrogen fertilizer treatment,residues of nitrate nitrogen in 0—200 cm soil layers for high levels nitrogen fertilizer treatment during harvest and germination season increased by53.8%,94.4% and 41.8%,76.1%,respectively.As to the interactions between nitrogen fertilizer application rates and depths,only the nitrogen content of leaf reached a significant level.[Conclusion]Under the conditions of current experiment,the effect of nitrogen application depth on wine grape was not obvious,due to the influence of soil texture and traditional irrigation.The suitable nitrogen fertilizer application rate was 240 kg/hm2 for wine grapes,but there is also a risk of nitrogen loss.Therefore,reasonable fertilization amount and fertilization mode should be determined based on irrigation mode in Liangzhou irrigation area.
引文
[1]巨晓棠,古保静.我国农田氮肥施用现状、问题及趋势[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(4):783-795.
[2]李孝良,程婷婷,方鸿祥,等.水氮耦合对滁菊产量和品质的影响[J].水土保持通报,2014,34(2):111-115.
[3]Mohsen Jalali.Nitrates leaching from agricultural land in Hamadan,Western Iran.[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2005,110(3):210-218.
[4]Fang Quanxiao,Yu Qiang,Wang Enli,et al.Soil nitrate accumulation,leaching and crop nitrogen use as influenced by fertilization and irrigation in an intensive wheat-maize double cropping system in the North China Plain[J].Plant Soil,2006,284(1/2):335-350.
[5]Bijay-Singh,Yadvinder-Singh,Sekhon G S.Fertilizer-Nuse efficiency and nitrate pollution of groundwater in developing countries[J].Journal of Contaminant Hydrology,1995,20(3/4):167-184.
[6]李强,王朝辉,戴健,等.氮肥调控与地表覆盖对旱地冬小麦氮素吸收及残留淋失的影响[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(7):1380-1389.
[7]薛莲,井彩巧,张鹏,等.氮磷钾配比对甘蓝产量及养分吸收利用的影响[J].水土保持通报,2017,37(6):80-91.
[8]闫湘,金继运,何萍,等.提高肥料利用率技术研究进展[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(2):450-459.
[9]白茹.陕西渭北苹果园土壤矿质氮累积及影响因素的研究[J].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2006.
[10]王探魁,吉艳芝,张丽娟,等.不同产量水平葡萄园水肥投入特点及其土壤-树体养分特征分析[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(3):136-141.
[11]Cui Zhenling,Chen Xinping,Li Junliang,et al.Effect of fertilization on grain yield of winter wheat and apparent N losses[J].Pedosphere,2006,16(6):806-812.
[12]孙权,王静芳,王素芳,等.不同施肥深度对酿酒葡萄叶片养分和产量及品质的影响[J].果树学报,2007,24(4):455-459.
[13]汪新颖.施肥深度对葡萄氮素营养特征及土体硝态氮迁移的影响[D].河北保定:河北农业大学,2015.
[14]王朝辉,李生秀,王西娜,等.旱地土壤硝态氮残留淋溶及影响因素研究[J].土壤,2006,38(6):676-681.
[15]刘健.三种质地土壤氮素淋溶规律研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2010.
[16]张海军,王振平,王世平,等.灌溉方式对沙漠地土壤水分、葡萄树生长和果实品质的影响[J].中国南方果树,2008,37(5):56-58.
[17]杜太生,康绍忠,张霁,等.不同沟灌模式对沙漠绿洲区葡萄生长和水分利用的效应[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(5):805-810.
[18]郑睿,康绍忠,胡笑涛,等.水氮处理对荒漠绿洲区酿酒葡萄光合特性与产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(4):133-141.
[19]胡紫璟.不同氮素水平对酿酒葡萄‘蛇龙珠’植株碳氮代谢影响的研究[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2010.
[20]李生秀.关于土壤供氮指标的研究(Ⅰ):对几种测定土壤供氮能力方法的评价[J].土壤学报,1990,27(3):233-241.
[21]曹寒冰,王朝辉,师渊超,等.渭北旱地冬小麦监控施氮技术的优化[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(19):3826-3838.
[2]李孝良,程婷婷,方鸿祥,等.水氮耦合对滁菊产量和品质的影响[J].水土保持通报,2014,34(2):111-115.
[3]Mohsen Jalali.Nitrates leaching from agricultural land in Hamadan,Western Iran.[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2005,110(3):210-218.
[4]Fang Quanxiao,Yu Qiang,Wang Enli,et al.Soil nitrate accumulation,leaching and crop nitrogen use as influenced by fertilization and irrigation in an intensive wheat-maize double cropping system in the North China Plain[J].Plant Soil,2006,284(1/2):335-350.
[5]Bijay-Singh,Yadvinder-Singh,Sekhon G S.Fertilizer-Nuse efficiency and nitrate pollution of groundwater in developing countries[J].Journal of Contaminant Hydrology,1995,20(3/4):167-184.
[6]李强,王朝辉,戴健,等.氮肥调控与地表覆盖对旱地冬小麦氮素吸收及残留淋失的影响[J].中国农业科学,2013,46(7):1380-1389.
[7]薛莲,井彩巧,张鹏,等.氮磷钾配比对甘蓝产量及养分吸收利用的影响[J].水土保持通报,2017,37(6):80-91.
[8]闫湘,金继运,何萍,等.提高肥料利用率技术研究进展[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(2):450-459.
[9]白茹.陕西渭北苹果园土壤矿质氮累积及影响因素的研究[J].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2006.
[10]王探魁,吉艳芝,张丽娟,等.不同产量水平葡萄园水肥投入特点及其土壤-树体养分特征分析[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(3):136-141.
[11]Cui Zhenling,Chen Xinping,Li Junliang,et al.Effect of fertilization on grain yield of winter wheat and apparent N losses[J].Pedosphere,2006,16(6):806-812.
[12]孙权,王静芳,王素芳,等.不同施肥深度对酿酒葡萄叶片养分和产量及品质的影响[J].果树学报,2007,24(4):455-459.
[13]汪新颖.施肥深度对葡萄氮素营养特征及土体硝态氮迁移的影响[D].河北保定:河北农业大学,2015.
[14]王朝辉,李生秀,王西娜,等.旱地土壤硝态氮残留淋溶及影响因素研究[J].土壤,2006,38(6):676-681.
[15]刘健.三种质地土壤氮素淋溶规律研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2010.
[16]张海军,王振平,王世平,等.灌溉方式对沙漠地土壤水分、葡萄树生长和果实品质的影响[J].中国南方果树,2008,37(5):56-58.
[17]杜太生,康绍忠,张霁,等.不同沟灌模式对沙漠绿洲区葡萄生长和水分利用的效应[J].应用生态学报,2006,17(5):805-810.
[18]郑睿,康绍忠,胡笑涛,等.水氮处理对荒漠绿洲区酿酒葡萄光合特性与产量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(4):133-141.
[19]胡紫璟.不同氮素水平对酿酒葡萄‘蛇龙珠’植株碳氮代谢影响的研究[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2010.
[20]李生秀.关于土壤供氮指标的研究(Ⅰ):对几种测定土壤供氮能力方法的评价[J].土壤学报,1990,27(3):233-241.
[21]曹寒冰,王朝辉,师渊超,等.渭北旱地冬小麦监控施氮技术的优化[J].中国农业科学,2014,47(19):3826-3838.