玉米不同部位秸秆腐解特征及其影响因素研究
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摘要
采用尼龙网袋法,研究不同还田方式(覆盖、深埋)、不同还田环境(室内高温环境、生产田自然环境)条件下,不同秸秆长度(10 cm、20 cm、30 cm、40 cm)、不同植株部位(茎、叶、穗轴)秸秆的腐解规律及其相互影响作用,探索适宜当地生产和生态条件的玉米秸秆还田方式。结果表明,玉米茎秆腐解过程总体呈"快-慢-快-慢"趋势,两年腐解率达62.10%～73.23%;玉米叶还田的腐解规律表现为前期快后期慢,第一个月腐解率达22.80%～40.78%。秸秆腐解速率显著受秸秆部位、还田环境、还田深度及秸秆长度影响,且各影响因素间交互作用对秸秆腐解速率影响显著(P<0.01)。不同部位秸秆腐解速率常数k差异较大。在本试验条件下,小秸秆深埋还田最有利于秸秆腐解。
To explore the straw incorporation way suitable for local production and ecological conditions, the decomposition regularity of straw incorporation was studied with nylon-mesh-bag method under different conditions:two soil depths(covered, deeply buried), two environments(high temperature in chamber, natural environment infield), four straw lengths(10, 20, 30 and 40 cm) and three different plant parts(stem, leaf and corn cob). The interac-tion effects of these factors on straw decomposition were also analyzed. The straw decomposition rate differed greatlyamong different parts of straw. The decomposition of maize stem presented a tendency of"fast-slow-fast-slow",with the rate of 62.10%-73.23% in two years. The decomposition rate of maize leaves is fast during the early stage,and it reached 22.80%-40.78% in the first month. The straw decomposition rate was highly related with straw parts,environment, soil depth, straw length, and the interaction effect of these influence factors(P<0.01). In conclusion,the smashed straw being deeply buried together with favorable moisture and temperature was the most suitable way for straw decomposition.
To explore the straw incorporation way suitable for local production and ecological conditions, the decomposition regularity of straw incorporation was studied with nylon-mesh-bag method under different conditions:two soil depths(covered, deeply buried), two environments(high temperature in chamber, natural environment infield), four straw lengths(10, 20, 30 and 40 cm) and three different plant parts(stem, leaf and corn cob). The interac-tion effects of these factors on straw decomposition were also analyzed. The straw decomposition rate differed greatlyamong different parts of straw. The decomposition of maize stem presented a tendency of"fast-slow-fast-slow",with the rate of 62.10%-73.23% in two years. The decomposition rate of maize leaves is fast during the early stage,and it reached 22.80%-40.78% in the first month. The straw decomposition rate was highly related with straw parts,environment, soil depth, straw length, and the interaction effect of these influence factors(P<0.01). In conclusion,the smashed straw being deeply buried together with favorable moisture and temperature was the most suitable way for straw decomposition.
引文
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[16]岳丹,蔡立群,齐鹏,等.小麦和玉米秸秆不同还田量下腐解特征及其养分释放规律[J].干旱区资源与环境,2016,30(3):80-85.Yue D,Cai L Q,Qi P,et al.The decomposition characteristics and nutrient release laws of wheat and corn straws under different straw-returned amount[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2016,30(3):80-85.(in Chinese)
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[20]江晓东,迟淑筠,王芸,等.少免耕对小麦/玉米农田玉米还田秸秆腐解的影响[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(10):247-251.Jiang X D,Chi S Y,Wang Y,et al.Effect of less tillage and no-tillage patterns on decomposition of returned maize straw in wheat/maize system[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2009,25(10):247-251.(in Chinese)
[2]李涛,何春娥,葛晓颖,等.秸秆还田施氮调节碳氮比对土壤无机氮、酶活性及作物产量的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2016,24(12):1633-1642.Li T,He C E,Ge X Y,et al.Responses of soil mineral N contents,enzyme activities and crop yield to different C/N ratio mediated by straw retention and N fertilization[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2016,24(12):1633-1642.(in Chinese)
[3]南雄雄,田霄鸿,张琳,等.小麦和玉米秸秆腐解特点及对土壤中碳、氮含量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(3):626-633.Nan X X,Tian X H,Zhang L,et al.Decomposition characteristics of maize and wheat straw and their effects on soil carbon and nitrogen contents[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2010,16(3):626-633.(in Chinese)
[4]张红,吕家珑,曹莹菲,等.不同植物秸秆腐解特性与土壤微生物功能多样性研究[J].土壤学报,2014,51(4):743-752.Zhang H,LüJ L,Cao Y F,et al.Decomposition characteristics of different plant straws and soil microbial functional diversit[J].Acta Pedologica sinica,2014,51(4):743-752.(in Chinese)
[5]武际,郭熙盛,鲁剑巍,等.不同水稻栽培模式下小麦秸秆腐解特征及对土壤生物学特性和养分状况的影响[J].生态学报,2013,33(2):565-575.Wu J,Guo X S,Lu J W,et al.Decomposition characteristics of wheat straw and effects on soil biological properties and nutrient status under different rice cultivation[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(2):565-575.(in Chinese)
[6]王景,陈曦,张雅洁,等.好气和厌氧条件下小麦秸秆的腐解特征研究[J].中国农业大学学报,2015,20(3):161-168.Wang J,Chen X,Zhang Y J,et al.Characteristic of wheat straw decomposition under aerobic and anaerobic condition in soil[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2015,20(3):161-168.(in Chinese)
[7]蔡丽君,张敬涛,刘婧琦,等.玉米-大豆免耕轮作体系玉米秸秆还田量对土壤养分和大豆产量的影响[J].作物杂志,2015(5):107-110.Cai L J,Zhang,J T,Liu J Q,et al.Effects of corn stalk amount returning to field on the soil nutrient and soybean yields under alternate-year no-till corn-soybean rotation[J].Crops,2015(5):107-110.(in Chinese)
[8]李新举,张志国,李贻学.土壤深度对还田秸秆腐解速度的影响[J].土壤学报,2001,38(1):135-138.Li X J,Zhang Z G,Li Y X.Effects of soil depth on decay speed of straw[J].Acta Pedologica sin,2001,38(1):135-138.(in Chinese)
[9]李鹏,李永春,史加亮,等.水稻秸秆还田时间对土壤真菌群落结构的影响[J].生态学报,2017,37(13):4309-4317.Li P,Li Y C,Shi J L,et al.Rice straw return of different decomposition days altered soil fungal community structure[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(13):4309-4317.(in Chinese)
[10]庞党伟,陈金,唐玉海,等.玉米秸秆还田方式和氮肥处理对土壤理化性质及冬小麦产量的影响[J].作物学报,2016,42(11):1689-1699.Pang D W,Chen J,Tang Y H,et al.Effect of returning methods of maize straw and nitrogen treatments on soil physicochemical property and yield of winter wheat[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2016,42(11):1689-1699.(in Chinese)
[11]张宇,陈阜,张海林,等.耕作方式对玉米秸秆腐解影响的研究[J].玉米科学,2009,17(6):68-73.Zhang Y,Chen F,Zhang H L,et al.Tillage effects of decompsed ratio on corn straw[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2009,17(6):68-73.(in Chinese)
[12]马超,周静,刘满强,等.秸秆促腐还田对土壤养分及活性有机碳的影响[J].土壤学报,2013,50(5):915-921.Ma C,Zhou J,Liu M Q,et al.Effects of incorportion of pre-treated straws into field on soil nutrients and labile organic carbon in shajiang black soil[J].Acta Pedologica sinica,2013,50(5):915-921.(in Chinese)
[13]代文才,高明,兰木羚,等.不同作物秸秆在旱地和水田中的腐解特性及养分释放规律[J].中国生态农业学报,2017,25(2):188-199.Dai W C,Gao M,Lan M L,et al.Nutrient release patterns and decomposition characteristics of different crop straws in drylands and paddy fields[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2017,25(2):188-199.(in Chinese)
[14]陈兴丽,周建斌,刘建亮,等.不同施肥处理对玉米秸秆碳氮比及其矿化特性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(2):314-319.Chen X L,Zhou J B,Liu J L,et al.Effects of fertilization on carbon nitrogen ratio of maize straw and itsm ineralization in soil[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2009,20(2):314-319.(in Chinese)
[15]徐健程,王晓维,朱晓芳,等.不同绿肥种植模式下玉米秸秆腐解特征研究[J].植物营养与肥料学,2016,22(1):48-58.Xu J C,Wang X W,Zhu X F,et al.Study on decomposition of maize straw under different green manure cropping patterns[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2016,22(1):48-58.(in Chinese)
[16]岳丹,蔡立群,齐鹏,等.小麦和玉米秸秆不同还田量下腐解特征及其养分释放规律[J].干旱区资源与环境,2016,30(3):80-85.Yue D,Cai L Q,Qi P,et al.The decomposition characteristics and nutrient release laws of wheat and corn straws under different straw-returned amount[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2016,30(3):80-85.(in Chinese)
[17]李昌明,王晓玥,孙波.不同气候和土壤条件下秸秆腐解过程中养分的释放特征及其影响因素[J].土壤学报,2017,54(5):1206-1216.Li C M,Wang X Y,Sun B.Characteristics of nutrient release and its affecting factors during plant residue decomposition under different cimate and soil conditions[J].Acta Pedologica sinica,2017,54(5):1206-1216.(in Chinese)
[18]戴志刚,鲁剑巍,李小坤,等.不同作物还田秸秆的养分释放特征试验[J].农业工程学报,2010,26(6):272-276.Dai Z G,Lu J W,Li X K,et al.Nutrient release characteristic of different crop straws manure[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2010,26(6):272-276.(in Chinese)
[19]李中韬.寒地旱作秸秆还田腐解规律及土壤CO2排放的研究[D].东北农业大学,2012.
[20]江晓东,迟淑筠,王芸,等.少免耕对小麦/玉米农田玉米还田秸秆腐解的影响[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(10):247-251.Jiang X D,Chi S Y,Wang Y,et al.Effect of less tillage and no-tillage patterns on decomposition of returned maize straw in wheat/maize system[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2009,25(10):247-251.(in Chinese)