基于二语习得理论和实证研究的课堂纠错反馈原则
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摘要
纠错反馈的特点和效果是近几十年第二语言习得和教学研究的热点课题之一,虽然二语习得理论和研究证明纠错反馈对二语能力的发展有积极的作用,但是二语课堂纠错反馈的实践却存在主观随意、模糊不清、不系统等问题。现有的一些课堂纠错反馈的原则和方法大多是根据教学理论,特别是交际教学法提出的,而不是以二语习得的理论和实证研究结果为依据的。本文将从二语习得的互动-认知理论和社会文化理论的角度,以纠错反馈的实证研究成果为依据,阐述汉语课堂纠错反馈的十项原则,以期指导汉语课堂的纠错反馈实践。
Corrective feedback is one of hot topics in the fields of second language acquisition and teaching.Though a great deal of empirical research has found that corrective feedback occurred in interaction can benefit second language development,corrective feedback as a pedagogical method has been used inconsistently and ambiguously in language classrooms.Current principles and methods of corrective feedback are mostly based on second language teaching theories,especially communicative language teaching,rather than second language learning theories or research findings.This article discusses ten principles for corrective feedback in language classrooms based on the latest theories and research findings mainly from the cognitive and sociocultural perspectives in second language acquisition.
Corrective feedback is one of hot topics in the fields of second language acquisition and teaching.Though a great deal of empirical research has found that corrective feedback occurred in interaction can benefit second language development,corrective feedback as a pedagogical method has been used inconsistently and ambiguously in language classrooms.Current principles and methods of corrective feedback are mostly based on second language teaching theories,especially communicative language teaching,rather than second language learning theories or research findings.This article discusses ten principles for corrective feedback in language classrooms based on the latest theories and research findings mainly from the cognitive and sociocultural perspectives in second language acquisition.
引文
曹贤文、牟蕾(2013)重铸和诱导反馈条件下语言修正与形式学习的关系研究,《世界汉语教学》第1期。
洪芸(2013)纠错反馈与理解回应的实证研究,《汉语学习》第6期。
靳洪刚(2011)现代语言教学的十大原则,《世界汉语教学》第1期。
靳洪刚、章吟(2009)“选择性注意”与“差异效应”在汉语铭得,字方式补语习得中的作用,《世界汉语教学》第1期。
陆熙雯、高立群(2015)对外汉语课堂互动中纠错反馈对习得的影响,《世界汉语教学》第1期。
祖晓梅(2008)汉语课堂纠错反馈的调查与分析,《汉语学习》第1期。
祖晓梅、马嘉俪(2015)汉语教师和学习者对课堂纠错反馈的信念和态度比较,《汉语学习》第4期。
祖晓梅、赵赫(2017)汉语课堂纠错反馈与理解回应的特点研究,《南开语言学刊》第2期。
Adams, Rebecca(2007)Do second language learners benefit from interacting with each other? In Alison Mackey(ed.),Conversational interaction in second language acquisition, 29-51. New York:Oxford University Press.
Aljaafreh, Ali James Lantolf(1994)Negative feedback as regulation and second language learning in the zone of proximal development. The Modern Language Journal 78:465-483.
Ammar, Ahlem(2008)Prompts ancd recasts:Differential effects on second language morphosyntax.Language Teaching Research 12:183-210.
Ammar, Ahlem&Nina Spada(2006)One size fits all? Recast, prompts, and L2 learning. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 28:543-574.
Brown, Alan V.(2009)Students'and teachers'perceptions of effective foreign language teaching:A comparison of ideals. The Modern Language Journal 93:42-60.
Brown, Douglas H.(2000)Principles of language learning and teaching, 4th edn. New York:Pearson Longman.
Brown, Douglas H.(2007)Teaching by principles:An interactive approach to language pedagogy,3rd edn. New York:Pearson Longman.
DeKeyser,Robert M.(1993)The effect of error correction on L2 grammar knowledge and oral proficiency.Modern Language Journal 77:501-514.
Donato, Richard(1994)Collective scaffolding in second language learning. In James Lantolf and Gabrila Appel(eds.), Vygoskian approaches to second language research, 33-56. Norwood, NJ:Ablex.
Doughty, Catherine(2001)The cognitive underpinnings of focus on form. In Peter Robinson(ed.), Cognition and second language instruction, 206-257. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Doughty, Catherine&Elizabeth Varela(1998)Communicative on focus on form. In Catherine Doughty and Jessica Williams(eds.), Focus on form in classroom second language acquisition, 114-138. New York:Cambridge University Press.
Ellis, Rod(2006)Researching the effects of form-focused instruction on L2 acquisition. AILA Review 19:18-41.
Ellis,Rod(2007)The differential effects of corrective feedback on two grammatical structures. In Alison Mackey(ed.), Conversational interaction in second language acquisition, 339-360. New York:Ox-ford University Press.
Ellis, Rod(2012)Language teaching research&language pedagogy. Malden, MA:Wiley-Blackwell.
Ellis,Rod,Helen Basturkmen&Shawn Loewen(2001)Learner uptake in communicative ESL lessons.L a n g ua ge Learning 51:281-318.
Ellis, Rod&Natsuko Shintani(2014)Exploring language pedagogy through second language acquisition research. New York:Routledge.
Ellis, Rod, Shawn Loewen&Rosemary Eram(2006)Implicit and explicit corrective feedback and the acquisition of L2 grammar. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 28:339-368.
Goo, Jaemyung&Alison Mackey(2013)The case against recasts. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 35:127-165.
Han, Zhaohong(2002)A study of the impact of recasts on tense consistency in L2 output. TESOL Quarterly 36:543-572.
Hendrickson, James M.(1978)Error correction in foreign language teaching:Recent theory, research, and practice. Modern Language Journal 62(8):387-398.
Kim,Ji-Hyun&Zhaohong Han(2007)Recasts in communicative EFL classes:Do teacher intent and learner interpretation overlap. In Alison Mackey(ed.), Conversational interaction in SLA:A collection of em pirical studies, 408-452. New York:Oxford University Press.
Kras hen, Stephen(1982)Principles and practice in second language acquisition. Oxford:Pergamum.
Li,Shaofeng(2010)The effectiveness of corrective feedback in SLA:A meta-analysis. Language Learning60:309-365.
Li,Shaofeng, Rod Ellis&Yan Zhu(2016)The effects of timing of corrective feedback on the acquisition of a new linguistic structure. Modern Language Journal 100:276-295.
Loewen, Shawn&Jenefer Philp(2006)Recasts in the adult English L2 classroom:Characteristics, explicitness,and effectiveness. Modern Language Journal 90:535-556.
Long, Michael(1996)The role of the linguistic environment in second language acquisition. In William Ritchie and Tej Bhatia(eds.), Handbook of second language acquisition, 413-468. San Diego, CA:Academic Press.
Long, Michael, Shunji Inagaki&Lourdes Ortega(1998)The role of implicit negative feedback in SLA:Models and recasts in Japanese and Spanish. Modern Language Journal 82:357-371.
Lyster,Roy(1998)Negotiation of form, recast, and explicit correction in relation to error typles and learner repair in immersion classrooms. Language Learning 48:183-281.
Lyster, Roy(2004)Different effects of prompts and effects in form-focused instruction. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 26:399-432.
Lyster,Roy&Hirohide Mori(2006)Interactional feedback and instructional counterbalance. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 28:269-300.
Lyster, Rod&Jesus Izquierdo(2009)Prompts versus recasts in dyadic interaction. Language Learning,59:453-498.
Lyster, Rod&Kazuya Saito(2010)Oral feedback on classroom SLA:A meta-analysis. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 32:265-302.
Lyster, Rod,Kazuya Saito&Masatoshi Sato(2013)Oral corrective feedback in second language classrooms. Language Teaching 46:1-40.
Lyster,Rod&Leila Ranta(1997)Corrective feedback and learner uptake. Studies in Second LanguageAcquisition 19:37-66.
Mackey, Alison&Jaemyung Goo(2007)Interactional research in SLA:A meta-analysis and research synthesis. In Alison Mackey(ed.), Conversational interaction in SLA:A collection of empirical studies,408-452. New York:Oxford University Press.
Mackey,Alison&Jenefer Philp(1998)Conversational interaction and second language development:Recasts, responses, and red herrings? Modern Language Journal 82:338-356.
Nassaji, Hossein(2016)Anniversary article interactional feedback in second language teaching and learning:A synthesis and analysis of current research. Language Tecaching Research 20:535-562.
Nassaji, Hossein&Merrill Swain(2000)A Vygotskian perspective on corrective feedback in L2:The effect of random versus negotiated help on the learning of English articles. Language Awareness 9:34-51.
Oliver, Rhonda&Alison Mackey(2003)Interactional context and feedback in child ESL classrooms. Modern Lanuage Journal 87:519-533.
Ortega, Lourdes(2009)Understanding second language acquisition. Abindon:Routledge.
Quinn, Paul(2014)Delayed and immediate corrective feedback on orally produced passive errors in English.Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Toronto:University of Toronto.
Rassaei, Ehsan(2014)Scaffolded feedback,recasts, and L2 development:A sociocultural perspective,Modern Language Journal 98:417-427.
Rassaei, Ehsan(2015)Oral feedback, foreign language anxiety and L2 development. System 49:98-109.
Russell,Jan&Nina Spada(2006)The effectiveness of corrective feedback for second language acquisition of L2 grammar:A meta-analysis of the research. In John Norris and Lourdes Ortega(eds.), Synthesizing research on language learning and teaching, 133-164. Amsterdam:Benjamins.
Sato, Masatoshi&Roy Lyster(2012)Peer interaction and corrective feedback for accuracy and fluency development:Monitoring, practice,and proceduralization. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 34:591-626.
Schmidt,Richard W.(1990)The role of consciousness in second language learning. Applied Linguistics11:17-46.
Sheen, YoungHee(2004)Corrective feedback and learner uptake in communicative classrooms across instructional settings. Language Teaching Research 8:263-300.
Sheen, YoungHee(2007)The effects of corrective feedback, language aptitude and leaner attitudes on the acquisition of English articles. In Alison Mackey(ed.), Conversational interaction in SLA:A collection o f em pirical studies, 301-322. New York:Oxford University Press.
Sheen, YoungHee(2008)Recasts, language anxiety, modified output, and L2 Learning. Language Learning 58:835-874.
Sippel,Lieselotte&Carrie Johnson(2015)Teacher vs peer oral corrective feedback in the German language classroom. Foreign Language Annals 48:688-705.
Swain,Merrill(1995)Three functions of output in second language learning. In Guy Cook and Barbera Seidlhofer(eds.), Principle and practice in applied linguistics:Studies in honor o f H. G. Widdowson,125-144. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Swain, Merrill(2000)The output hypothesis and beyond:Mediating acquisition through collaborative dialogue. In James Lantolf(ed.), Sociocultural theory and second language learning, 97-114. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Truscott, John(1999)What's wrong with oral grammar correction? Canadian Modern Language Review55:437-456.
Ur, Penny(1996)A course in language teaching. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Yang, Yingli&Roy Lyster(2010)Effects of form-focused practice and feecdback on Chinese EFL learners'acquisition of regular and irregular past tense forms. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 32:235-263.
洪芸(2013)纠错反馈与理解回应的实证研究,《汉语学习》第6期。
靳洪刚(2011)现代语言教学的十大原则,《世界汉语教学》第1期。
靳洪刚、章吟(2009)“选择性注意”与“差异效应”在汉语铭得,字方式补语习得中的作用,《世界汉语教学》第1期。
陆熙雯、高立群(2015)对外汉语课堂互动中纠错反馈对习得的影响,《世界汉语教学》第1期。
祖晓梅(2008)汉语课堂纠错反馈的调查与分析,《汉语学习》第1期。
祖晓梅、马嘉俪(2015)汉语教师和学习者对课堂纠错反馈的信念和态度比较,《汉语学习》第4期。
祖晓梅、赵赫(2017)汉语课堂纠错反馈与理解回应的特点研究,《南开语言学刊》第2期。
Adams, Rebecca(2007)Do second language learners benefit from interacting with each other? In Alison Mackey(ed.),Conversational interaction in second language acquisition, 29-51. New York:Oxford University Press.
Aljaafreh, Ali James Lantolf(1994)Negative feedback as regulation and second language learning in the zone of proximal development. The Modern Language Journal 78:465-483.
Ammar, Ahlem(2008)Prompts ancd recasts:Differential effects on second language morphosyntax.Language Teaching Research 12:183-210.
Ammar, Ahlem&Nina Spada(2006)One size fits all? Recast, prompts, and L2 learning. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 28:543-574.
Brown, Alan V.(2009)Students'and teachers'perceptions of effective foreign language teaching:A comparison of ideals. The Modern Language Journal 93:42-60.
Brown, Douglas H.(2000)Principles of language learning and teaching, 4th edn. New York:Pearson Longman.
Brown, Douglas H.(2007)Teaching by principles:An interactive approach to language pedagogy,3rd edn. New York:Pearson Longman.
DeKeyser,Robert M.(1993)The effect of error correction on L2 grammar knowledge and oral proficiency.Modern Language Journal 77:501-514.
Donato, Richard(1994)Collective scaffolding in second language learning. In James Lantolf and Gabrila Appel(eds.), Vygoskian approaches to second language research, 33-56. Norwood, NJ:Ablex.
Doughty, Catherine(2001)The cognitive underpinnings of focus on form. In Peter Robinson(ed.), Cognition and second language instruction, 206-257. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Doughty, Catherine&Elizabeth Varela(1998)Communicative on focus on form. In Catherine Doughty and Jessica Williams(eds.), Focus on form in classroom second language acquisition, 114-138. New York:Cambridge University Press.
Ellis, Rod(2006)Researching the effects of form-focused instruction on L2 acquisition. AILA Review 19:18-41.
Ellis,Rod(2007)The differential effects of corrective feedback on two grammatical structures. In Alison Mackey(ed.), Conversational interaction in second language acquisition, 339-360. New York:Ox-ford University Press.
Ellis, Rod(2012)Language teaching research&language pedagogy. Malden, MA:Wiley-Blackwell.
Ellis,Rod,Helen Basturkmen&Shawn Loewen(2001)Learner uptake in communicative ESL lessons.L a n g ua ge Learning 51:281-318.
Ellis, Rod&Natsuko Shintani(2014)Exploring language pedagogy through second language acquisition research. New York:Routledge.
Ellis, Rod, Shawn Loewen&Rosemary Eram(2006)Implicit and explicit corrective feedback and the acquisition of L2 grammar. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 28:339-368.
Goo, Jaemyung&Alison Mackey(2013)The case against recasts. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 35:127-165.
Han, Zhaohong(2002)A study of the impact of recasts on tense consistency in L2 output. TESOL Quarterly 36:543-572.
Hendrickson, James M.(1978)Error correction in foreign language teaching:Recent theory, research, and practice. Modern Language Journal 62(8):387-398.
Kim,Ji-Hyun&Zhaohong Han(2007)Recasts in communicative EFL classes:Do teacher intent and learner interpretation overlap. In Alison Mackey(ed.), Conversational interaction in SLA:A collection of em pirical studies, 408-452. New York:Oxford University Press.
Kras hen, Stephen(1982)Principles and practice in second language acquisition. Oxford:Pergamum.
Li,Shaofeng(2010)The effectiveness of corrective feedback in SLA:A meta-analysis. Language Learning60:309-365.
Li,Shaofeng, Rod Ellis&Yan Zhu(2016)The effects of timing of corrective feedback on the acquisition of a new linguistic structure. Modern Language Journal 100:276-295.
Loewen, Shawn&Jenefer Philp(2006)Recasts in the adult English L2 classroom:Characteristics, explicitness,and effectiveness. Modern Language Journal 90:535-556.
Long, Michael(1996)The role of the linguistic environment in second language acquisition. In William Ritchie and Tej Bhatia(eds.), Handbook of second language acquisition, 413-468. San Diego, CA:Academic Press.
Long, Michael, Shunji Inagaki&Lourdes Ortega(1998)The role of implicit negative feedback in SLA:Models and recasts in Japanese and Spanish. Modern Language Journal 82:357-371.
Lyster,Roy(1998)Negotiation of form, recast, and explicit correction in relation to error typles and learner repair in immersion classrooms. Language Learning 48:183-281.
Lyster, Roy(2004)Different effects of prompts and effects in form-focused instruction. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 26:399-432.
Lyster,Roy&Hirohide Mori(2006)Interactional feedback and instructional counterbalance. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 28:269-300.
Lyster, Rod&Jesus Izquierdo(2009)Prompts versus recasts in dyadic interaction. Language Learning,59:453-498.
Lyster, Rod&Kazuya Saito(2010)Oral feedback on classroom SLA:A meta-analysis. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 32:265-302.
Lyster, Rod,Kazuya Saito&Masatoshi Sato(2013)Oral corrective feedback in second language classrooms. Language Teaching 46:1-40.
Lyster,Rod&Leila Ranta(1997)Corrective feedback and learner uptake. Studies in Second LanguageAcquisition 19:37-66.
Mackey, Alison&Jaemyung Goo(2007)Interactional research in SLA:A meta-analysis and research synthesis. In Alison Mackey(ed.), Conversational interaction in SLA:A collection of empirical studies,408-452. New York:Oxford University Press.
Mackey,Alison&Jenefer Philp(1998)Conversational interaction and second language development:Recasts, responses, and red herrings? Modern Language Journal 82:338-356.
Nassaji, Hossein(2016)Anniversary article interactional feedback in second language teaching and learning:A synthesis and analysis of current research. Language Tecaching Research 20:535-562.
Nassaji, Hossein&Merrill Swain(2000)A Vygotskian perspective on corrective feedback in L2:The effect of random versus negotiated help on the learning of English articles. Language Awareness 9:34-51.
Oliver, Rhonda&Alison Mackey(2003)Interactional context and feedback in child ESL classrooms. Modern Lanuage Journal 87:519-533.
Ortega, Lourdes(2009)Understanding second language acquisition. Abindon:Routledge.
Quinn, Paul(2014)Delayed and immediate corrective feedback on orally produced passive errors in English.Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Toronto:University of Toronto.
Rassaei, Ehsan(2014)Scaffolded feedback,recasts, and L2 development:A sociocultural perspective,Modern Language Journal 98:417-427.
Rassaei, Ehsan(2015)Oral feedback, foreign language anxiety and L2 development. System 49:98-109.
Russell,Jan&Nina Spada(2006)The effectiveness of corrective feedback for second language acquisition of L2 grammar:A meta-analysis of the research. In John Norris and Lourdes Ortega(eds.), Synthesizing research on language learning and teaching, 133-164. Amsterdam:Benjamins.
Sato, Masatoshi&Roy Lyster(2012)Peer interaction and corrective feedback for accuracy and fluency development:Monitoring, practice,and proceduralization. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 34:591-626.
Schmidt,Richard W.(1990)The role of consciousness in second language learning. Applied Linguistics11:17-46.
Sheen, YoungHee(2004)Corrective feedback and learner uptake in communicative classrooms across instructional settings. Language Teaching Research 8:263-300.
Sheen, YoungHee(2007)The effects of corrective feedback, language aptitude and leaner attitudes on the acquisition of English articles. In Alison Mackey(ed.), Conversational interaction in SLA:A collection o f em pirical studies, 301-322. New York:Oxford University Press.
Sheen, YoungHee(2008)Recasts, language anxiety, modified output, and L2 Learning. Language Learning 58:835-874.
Sippel,Lieselotte&Carrie Johnson(2015)Teacher vs peer oral corrective feedback in the German language classroom. Foreign Language Annals 48:688-705.
Swain,Merrill(1995)Three functions of output in second language learning. In Guy Cook and Barbera Seidlhofer(eds.), Principle and practice in applied linguistics:Studies in honor o f H. G. Widdowson,125-144. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Swain, Merrill(2000)The output hypothesis and beyond:Mediating acquisition through collaborative dialogue. In James Lantolf(ed.), Sociocultural theory and second language learning, 97-114. Oxford:Oxford University Press.
Truscott, John(1999)What's wrong with oral grammar correction? Canadian Modern Language Review55:437-456.
Ur, Penny(1996)A course in language teaching. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Yang, Yingli&Roy Lyster(2010)Effects of form-focused practice and feecdback on Chinese EFL learners'acquisition of regular and irregular past tense forms. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 32:235-263.