山核桃二次破壳取仁机设计与试验
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摘要
针对山核桃一次破壳不理想、损失率高等问题,在分析山核桃物料特性以及破壳时所需各项力学特征参数的基础上,建立了二次破壳机构数学模型,设计了山核桃二次破壳取仁机。样机试验结果表明:当山核桃含水率为14. 55%～16. 35%、直径约22 mm(沿缝合线方向)、离心旋转装置转速410 r/min、离心旋转装置边缘与锥形圆筒碰撞壁间距80 mm、喂料速度200 g/s时,有效破壳率大于等于87. 85%,果仁损伤率小于等于16. 14%,生产率超过500 kg/h,满足当前山核桃加工产业的实际要求。
The objective was to improve the quality and effect of shell breaking on pecan after the firsttime breaking. In order to make up for the shortage of the first shell breaking of pecan and ensure the more effective separation of shell and walnut kernel,a secondary shell breaking method based on centrifugal force impact was proposed for pecan with unsatisfactory shell breaking effect,and a secondary shell breaking machine based on centrifugal force was developed. According to the material characteristics of pecan and various mechanical characteristic parameters required for shell breaking,a mathematical model for the design of the secondary shell breaking mechanism was established,and key structural components such as feeding and shell breaking mechanisms were designed in detail,the key parameters were determined,the whole machine model was established,and the sample machine trial production was completed. The experiment of the sample machine showed that when the water content of pecan was 14. 55% ～ 16. 35%,and the diameter was 18 ～ 22 mm( along the seam line direction),the speed of the centrifugal rotating device was 410 r/min,the distance between the edge of centrifugal rotating device and the collision wall of conical cylinder was 80 mm,and the feeding speed was 200 g/s,the effective rate of breakage was larger than 87. 85%,the rate of damage to walnut kernel was less than16. 14% and the rate of production exceeded 500 kg/h. The accuracy and stability of each sample machine were verified,which met the actual requirements of the current pecan processing industry.
The objective was to improve the quality and effect of shell breaking on pecan after the firsttime breaking. In order to make up for the shortage of the first shell breaking of pecan and ensure the more effective separation of shell and walnut kernel,a secondary shell breaking method based on centrifugal force impact was proposed for pecan with unsatisfactory shell breaking effect,and a secondary shell breaking machine based on centrifugal force was developed. According to the material characteristics of pecan and various mechanical characteristic parameters required for shell breaking,a mathematical model for the design of the secondary shell breaking mechanism was established,and key structural components such as feeding and shell breaking mechanisms were designed in detail,the key parameters were determined,the whole machine model was established,and the sample machine trial production was completed. The experiment of the sample machine showed that when the water content of pecan was 14. 55% ～ 16. 35%,and the diameter was 18 ～ 22 mm( along the seam line direction),the speed of the centrifugal rotating device was 410 r/min,the distance between the edge of centrifugal rotating device and the collision wall of conical cylinder was 80 mm,and the feeding speed was 200 g/s,the effective rate of breakage was larger than 87. 85%,the rate of damage to walnut kernel was less than16. 14% and the rate of production exceeded 500 kg/h. The accuracy and stability of each sample machine were verified,which met the actual requirements of the current pecan processing industry.
引文
[1]徐克明,王俊,邓凡霏,等.用于山核桃陈化时间检测的电子鼻传感器阵列优化[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(3):281-287.XU Keming,WANG Jun,DENG Fanfei,et al. Optimization of sensor array of electronic nose for aging time detection of pecan[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2017,33(3):281-287.(in Chinese)
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[16] OLUWOLE F A,AVIARAH M A. Development and performance tests of a sheanut cracker[J]. Journal of Food Engineering,2004,65:117-123.
[17]吴瑶,赵超,张中卫,等.山核桃属性测量及其剥壳破碎临界值的压缩刚度分析[J].安徽农业科学,2012,40(9):5338-5339,5620.WU Yao,ZHAO Chao,ZHANG Zhongwei,et al. Measurement of walnut properties and compressive stiffness analysis on the critical value of shell-cracking[J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2012,40(9):5338-5339,5620.(in Chinese)
[18]孙偲,曹成茂,娄帅帅,等.山核桃破壳力学性能试验[J].安徽农业大学学报,2016,43(2):331-336.SUN Si,CAO Chengmao,LOU Shuaishuai,et al. A test of breaking mechanical properties of pecan shell[J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural University,2016,43(2):331-336.(in Chinese)
[19]张毅,史建新,周军.栅栏式核桃二次破壳机的设计与试验[J].新疆农机化,2016(2):5-8.
[20]曹成茂,蒋兰,吴崇友,等.山核桃破壳机加载锤头设计与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2017,48(10):307-315.CAO Chengmao,JIANG Lan,WU Chongyou,et al. Design and test on hammerhead of pecan shell-breaking machine[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(10):307-315. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? flag=1&file_no=20171039&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298. 2017. 10.039.(in Chinese)
[2]洪翎,曹成茂,毕如俊,等.手剥山核桃破壳机的设计与试验[J].包装与食品机械,2009,27(6):31-34.HONG Ling,CAO Chengmao,BI Rujun,et al. Equipment design and test of shell-breaking machine for hand-stripping pecan[J]. Packing and Food Machinery,2009,27(6):31-34.(in Chinese)
[3]韩本勇,陈朝银,杨薇.核桃破壳取仁机械的研发动态[J].农业机械,2011(2):151-155.
[4] FROOGH S,MOHAMMADALI H D. Mechanical behavior of walnut under cracking conditions[J]. Journal of Applied Sciences,2008,8(5):886-890.
[5] KOYUNCU M A,EKINCI K,SAVRAN E. Cracking charateristics of walnut[J]. Biosystems Engineering,2004,87(3):305-311.
[6] RAGAAB K,PAN Zhongli,GRIFFITHS G A. Size and moisture distribution characteristics of walnut and their components[J].Food and Bioprocess Technology,2013,6(3):771-782.
[7]史建新,赵海军,辛动军.基于有限元分析的核桃脱壳技术研究[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(3):185-188.SHI Jianxin,ZHAO Haijun,XIN Dongjun. Technology for breaking walnut shell based on finite element analysis[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2005,21(3):185-188.(in Chinese)
[8]闫茹,高警,郑甲红,等.基于Workbench的核桃破壳力学特性分析[J].农机化研究,2014,36(10):38-41.YAN Ru,GAO Jing,ZHENG Jiahong,et al. Analysis of mechanical propertics of walnut shell based on workbench[J]. Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2014,36(10):38-41.(in Chinese)
[9]刘奎,李忠新,杨莉玲,等.机械破壳时核桃仁损伤特性研究[J].农产品加工,2014,8(8):41-44.
[10]李忠新,刘奎杨,杨莉玲,等.锥篮式核桃破壳装置设计与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2012,43(增刊):146-152.LI Zhongxin,LIU Kuiyang,YANG Liling,et al. Design and experiment of walnut-cracking device[J/OL]. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2012,43(Supp.):146-152. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? flag=1&file_no=2012s29&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298. 2012. S0. 029.(in Chinese)
[11] OJOLO S J,DAMISA O. Design and development of cashew nut shelling machine[J]. Journal of Engineering,Design and Technology,2010,8(2):146-157.
[12]奉山森,王娟,陈致水.滚压式核桃破壳机的设计[J].湖北农业科学,2014,53(14):3338-3341.FENG Shansen,WANG Juan,CHEN Zhishui. Design of walnut shell cracking equipment based on roller type[J]. Hubei Agricultural Science,2014,53(14):3338-3341.(in Chinese)
[13]丁冉,曹成茂,詹超,等.仿生敲击式山核桃破壳机的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报. 2017,33(3):257-264.DING Ran,CAO Chengmao,ZHAN Chao,et al. Design and experiment of bionic-impact type pecan shell breaker[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2017,33(3):257-264.(in Chinese)
[14]丁正耀,朱德泉,钱良存,等.山核桃坚果有限元模型建立及受力分析[J].农业装备与车辆工程,2010,48(6):6-9.DING Zhengyao,ZHU Dequan,QIAN Liangcun,et al. Finite element modeling and mechanical analysis of hickory kernel[J]. Agricultural Equipment and Vehicle Engineering,2010,48(6):6-9.(in Chinese)
[15] BOEKELHEIDE K. Cracking the nut[J]. Toxicological Sciences,2004,81(1):1-2.
[16] OLUWOLE F A,AVIARAH M A. Development and performance tests of a sheanut cracker[J]. Journal of Food Engineering,2004,65:117-123.
[17]吴瑶,赵超,张中卫,等.山核桃属性测量及其剥壳破碎临界值的压缩刚度分析[J].安徽农业科学,2012,40(9):5338-5339,5620.WU Yao,ZHAO Chao,ZHANG Zhongwei,et al. Measurement of walnut properties and compressive stiffness analysis on the critical value of shell-cracking[J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2012,40(9):5338-5339,5620.(in Chinese)
[18]孙偲,曹成茂,娄帅帅,等.山核桃破壳力学性能试验[J].安徽农业大学学报,2016,43(2):331-336.SUN Si,CAO Chengmao,LOU Shuaishuai,et al. A test of breaking mechanical properties of pecan shell[J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural University,2016,43(2):331-336.(in Chinese)
[19]张毅,史建新,周军.栅栏式核桃二次破壳机的设计与试验[J].新疆农机化,2016(2):5-8.
[20]曹成茂,蒋兰,吴崇友,等.山核桃破壳机加载锤头设计与试验[J/OL].农业机械学报,2017,48(10):307-315.CAO Chengmao,JIANG Lan,WU Chongyou,et al. Design and test on hammerhead of pecan shell-breaking machine[J/OL].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2017,48(10):307-315. http:∥www. j-csam. org/jcsam/ch/reader/view_abstract. aspx? flag=1&file_no=20171039&journal_id=jcsam. DOI:10. 6041/j. issn. 1000-1298. 2017. 10.039.(in Chinese)