环境危险源分析方法与应用研究
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摘要
针对具有环境污染隐患的一类危险源界定模糊的研究现状,在与一般危险源比较基础上,首次探讨了环境危险源的内涵和外延。系统梳理和总结了危险源分析方法,结合环境问题的特点提出了环境危险源分析方法建议。借鉴环境风险分析一般过程,首次明确提出环境危险源分析可按照"系统分析—概率分析—后果评价—风险表征"这4个步骤进行。环境危险源分析方法与应用研究对于提高环境危险源评价的科学性、降低环境危害事故发生的概率和危害程度具有重要的意义。
At present,the identification of the hazardous source that can do harm to environment seems inadequate and obscure.This paper,for the first time,discussed the denotation and connotation of the environmental hazard source in comparison with the common hazardous source.After systematically summarizing the methods of hazard source analysis and carefully analyzing the application of each method in environmental hazard source analysis,three methods were strongly recommended:Analogy,Event Tree Analysis and Fault Tree Analysis.Several other methods needed specific revision before being used in environmental hazard source analysis.Referring to the environmental risk analysis,the process of how to conduct an analysis of the environmental hazard source was proposed:the system analysis,the probability analysis,the consequence assessment and the risk characterization.This work was important in terms of decreasing the environmentally-damaged accidents and improving the scientific assessment of environmental hazard source.
At present,the identification of the hazardous source that can do harm to environment seems inadequate and obscure.This paper,for the first time,discussed the denotation and connotation of the environmental hazard source in comparison with the common hazardous source.After systematically summarizing the methods of hazard source analysis and carefully analyzing the application of each method in environmental hazard source analysis,three methods were strongly recommended:Analogy,Event Tree Analysis and Fault Tree Analysis.Several other methods needed specific revision before being used in environmental hazard source analysis.Referring to the environmental risk analysis,the process of how to conduct an analysis of the environmental hazard source was proposed:the system analysis,the probability analysis,the consequence assessment and the risk characterization.This work was important in terms of decreasing the environmentally-damaged accidents and improving the scientific assessment of environmental hazard source.
引文
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[11]JIS B 9700—2013,机械安全性.设计通用原则.风险评估和风险降低[S].
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[32]周德红,赵云胜,胡敏涛,等.合成氨厂液氨储罐泄漏环境风险分析[J].安全与环境工程,2009,16(2):101-104.
[33]CHEN S C,LIAO C M.Health risk assessment on human exposed to environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution sources[J].Science of the Total Environment,2006,366(1):112-123.
[34]GROS M,PETROVI'C M,GINEBREDA A,et al.Removal of pharmaceuticals during wastewater treatment and environmental risk assessment using hazard indexes[J].Environment International,2010,36(1):15-26.
[35]魏风清.煤与瓦斯突出的物理爆炸模型及预测指标研究[D].焦作:河南理工大学,2010.
[36]褚冠全,孙金华.性能化防火设计中的火灾危险源分析及设定火灾[J].火灾科学,2004,13(2):111-115.
[37]HJ/T 169—2004,建设项目环境风险评价技术导则[S].
[38]VINCOLI J W.Basic guide to system safety[M].2nd ed.Hoboken,New Jersy:John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,2006.
[39]李凤英,毕军,曲常胜,等.环境风险全过程评估与管理模式研究及应用[J].中国环境科学,2010,30(6):858-864.
[40]孙晓东,毕明树.加油站定量和定性系统安全评价[J].中国安全科学学报,2007,17(11):163-166.
[41]杨占军,程志明,吴育俭.我国铁路危险货物办理站安全分析与对策[J].中国安全科学学报,2000,10(4):19-23.
[42]LERCHE I,GLAESSER W.Environmental risk assessment[M].Beilin,German:Springer,2006.
[43]国家安全生产管理监督局.安全评价(修订版)[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,2003.
[44]陈长春.化学品突发性爆炸事故的环境风险分析方法与计算程序[J].环境污染与防治,1998,20(1):33-35.
[45]王洪涛.多孔介质污染物迁移动力学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2008.
[46]曾光明,钟政林,曾北危.环境风险评价中的不确定性问题[J].中国环境科学,1998,18(3):61-64.
[2]张景林,崔国璋.安全系统工程[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,2002.
[3]SIU N.Risk assessment for dynamic system:an overview[J].Reliability Engineering and System Safety,1994,43(12):81-89.
[4]U.S.Nuclear Regulatory Commission.Reactor safety study:an assessment of accident risks in U.S.commercial nuclear power plant[R].Washington,D.C.:U.S.Nuclear Regulatory Commission,1975.
[5]李金惠,李颖.环境风险评价内涵与外延研究[J].安全与环境学报,2012,12(1).
[6]毛小苓,刘阳生.国内外环境风险评价研究进展[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2003,11(3):266-273.
[7]HAMMER W,PRICE D.职业安全管理与工程(影印版)[M].5版.北京:清华大学出版社,2003.
[8]罗云,徐德蜀.注册安全工程师手册[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2004.
[9]Occupational Safety and Health Administration,Department of Labor,USA.Job hazard analysis[EB/OL].[2014-09-28].http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3071.pdf.
[10]GB/T 28001—2001,职业健康安全管理体系规范[S].
[11]JIS B 9700—2013,机械安全性.设计通用原则.风险评估和风险降低[S].
[12]Advisory Committee on Major Hazards.The control of major hazards(third report)[R].London:Advisory Committee on Major Hazards,1984.
[13]国家安全生产监督管理局.危险化学品安全评价[M].北京:中国石化出版社,2003.
[14]李永怀,彭奏平.安全系统工程[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,2008.
[15]AIChE.Dow fire and explosion index hazard classification guide[M].7th ed.New York:American Institute of Chemical Engineers,1994.
[16]景国勋,施式亮.系统安全评价与预测[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,2009.
[17]王莹,冯炘.垃圾焚烧发电厂焚烧炉的安全评价[J].天津理工大学学报,2010,26(3):50-53.
[18]ELLIOTT P,SHADDICK G,KLEINSCHMIDT I,et al.Cancer incidence near municipal solid waste incinerators in Great Britain[J].British Journal of Cancer,1996,73(5):702-710.
[19]胡二邦.环境风险评价实用技术与方法[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.
[20]胡二邦,姚仁太,任智强,等.环境风险评价浅论[J].辐射防护通讯,2004,24(1):20-26.
[21]陈宝智.系统安全评价与预测[M].2版.北京:冶金工业出版社,2011.
[22]王进军,刘占旗,古晓娜,等.环境致癌物的健康风险评价方法[J].国外医学:卫生学分册,2009,36(1):50-58.
[23]HERNANDO M D,MEZCUA M,FERNNDEZ ALBA A R,et al.Environmental risk assessment of pharmaceutical residues in wastewater effluents,surface waters and sediments[J].Talanta,2006,69(2):334-342.
[24]WAKEFIELD S E L,ELLIOTT S J,COLE D C,et al.Environmental risk and(re)action:air quality,health,and civic involvement in an urban industrial neighbourhood[J].Health&Place,2001,7(3):163-177.
[25]ROGERN J.An environmental risk assessment/management framework for climate change impact assessments[J].Natural Hazards,2001,23(2/3):197-230.
[26]陈沅江,程刚.瓦斯隧道施工安全标准化管理实施方案研究[J].中国安全科学学报,2012,22(5):140-146.
[27]王培,李新春.危险源理论及煤矿事故危险源风险分析研究综述[J].煤炭经济研究,2008,28(11):76-79.
[28]尹海鹏.工业园危险化学品事故应急系统管理研究[D].大连:大连理工大学,2004.
[29]丁大鹏,吴芳谷,刘骥,等.焦化厂焦炉煤气脱硫工程危险源辨识及危险评价[J].安全,2002,15(6):8-10.
[30]KHAN F I,ABBASI S A.Risk analysis of a typical chemical industry using ORA procedure[J].Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries,2001,14(1):43-59.
[31]冯肇瑞.安全系统工程[M].2版.北京:冶金工业出版社,1993.
[32]周德红,赵云胜,胡敏涛,等.合成氨厂液氨储罐泄漏环境风险分析[J].安全与环境工程,2009,16(2):101-104.
[33]CHEN S C,LIAO C M.Health risk assessment on human exposed to environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons pollution sources[J].Science of the Total Environment,2006,366(1):112-123.
[34]GROS M,PETROVI'C M,GINEBREDA A,et al.Removal of pharmaceuticals during wastewater treatment and environmental risk assessment using hazard indexes[J].Environment International,2010,36(1):15-26.
[35]魏风清.煤与瓦斯突出的物理爆炸模型及预测指标研究[D].焦作:河南理工大学,2010.
[36]褚冠全,孙金华.性能化防火设计中的火灾危险源分析及设定火灾[J].火灾科学,2004,13(2):111-115.
[37]HJ/T 169—2004,建设项目环境风险评价技术导则[S].
[38]VINCOLI J W.Basic guide to system safety[M].2nd ed.Hoboken,New Jersy:John Wiley&Sons,Inc.,2006.
[39]李凤英,毕军,曲常胜,等.环境风险全过程评估与管理模式研究及应用[J].中国环境科学,2010,30(6):858-864.
[40]孙晓东,毕明树.加油站定量和定性系统安全评价[J].中国安全科学学报,2007,17(11):163-166.
[41]杨占军,程志明,吴育俭.我国铁路危险货物办理站安全分析与对策[J].中国安全科学学报,2000,10(4):19-23.
[42]LERCHE I,GLAESSER W.Environmental risk assessment[M].Beilin,German:Springer,2006.
[43]国家安全生产管理监督局.安全评价(修订版)[M].北京:煤炭工业出版社,2003.
[44]陈长春.化学品突发性爆炸事故的环境风险分析方法与计算程序[J].环境污染与防治,1998,20(1):33-35.
[45]王洪涛.多孔介质污染物迁移动力学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2008.
[46]曾光明,钟政林,曾北危.环境风险评价中的不确定性问题[J].中国环境科学,1998,18(3):61-64.