面向城市高密度街区舒适风环境的设计策略研究——以北京三条商业街的实地数据分析为例
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摘要
城市建筑布局与城市外部风资源的相互作用决定了城市建成环境内部风环境的特征,对城市热岛效应、建筑能耗、建筑室内外的热舒适、空气质量以及居民健康都具有一定的影响作用。本研究试图避免复杂且高成本的计算机模拟,而基于常年大量现场测试的物理环境指标,采用数据统计分析的方法,通过相对简单的城市建成环境的形态参数和外部城市风环境获取步行街区行人高度下的微环境风速,而同时又保证风环境关键信息的可接受精度和准确性。研究数据的获取主要基于北京王府井步行街、前门大街、大栅栏商业街三处街区环境,并同步采集了城市外部的风向与风速数据。提出并建立的城市行人尺度下的风环境模型能够更加有效地应用于高密度城市区域规划与设计实践的初步设计阶段。
The interaction between urban building layout and urban external wind resources determines the characteristics of internal wind environment in the urban built environment,which has a certain influence on urban heat island effect,building energy consumption,indoor and outdoor thermal comfort,air quality and residents' health. This study attempts to exploit the method of data statistical analysis,rather than using the complex and costly computer simulations. By the relatively simple form parameters of the urban built environment and external urban wind environment to obtained the micro-environment wind speed of pedestrian height in pedestrian streets,while ensuring the acceptable accuracy and accuracy of the key information of wind environment. The research data are mainly based on the street environment of Beijing Wangfujing Pedestrian Street,Qianmen Street and Dashilan Commercial Street,winds and wind speed outside the city are collected synchronously. The model of wind environment in urban pedestrian scale proposed and established can be applied to the preliminary design stage of the regional planning and design practice of high-density cities.
The interaction between urban building layout and urban external wind resources determines the characteristics of internal wind environment in the urban built environment,which has a certain influence on urban heat island effect,building energy consumption,indoor and outdoor thermal comfort,air quality and residents' health. This study attempts to exploit the method of data statistical analysis,rather than using the complex and costly computer simulations. By the relatively simple form parameters of the urban built environment and external urban wind environment to obtained the micro-environment wind speed of pedestrian height in pedestrian streets,while ensuring the acceptable accuracy and accuracy of the key information of wind environment. The research data are mainly based on the street environment of Beijing Wangfujing Pedestrian Street,Qianmen Street and Dashilan Commercial Street,winds and wind speed outside the city are collected synchronously. The model of wind environment in urban pedestrian scale proposed and established can be applied to the preliminary design stage of the regional planning and design practice of high-density cities.
引文
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[25]R.W.Mac Donald,R.F.Griffiths,D.J.Hall.An improved method for the estimation of surface roughness of obstacle arrays[J].Atmospheric Environment,1998,32(11):1857-1864.
[26]O.Coceal,S.E.Belcher.Mean winds through an inhomogeneous urban canopy[J].Boundary-Layer M eteorology,2005,115(1):47-68.
[2]Memon R A,Leung D Y C.Impacts of environmental factors on urban heating[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2010,22(12):1903-1909.
[3]Priyadarsini R,Hien W N,David C K W.Microclimatic modeling of the urban thermal environment of Singapore to mitigate urban heat island[J].Solar Energy,2008,(8):727-745.
[4]Kolokotroni M,Giannitsaris I,Watkins R.The effect of the London urban heat island on building summer cooling demand and night ventilation strategies[J].Solar Energy,2006,(4):383-392.
[5]Fung W Y,Lam K S,Hung W T,et al.Impact of urban temperature on energy consumption of Hong Kong[J].Energy,2006,31:2623-2637.
[6]Vaughan S,Paul G,David M,Craig W.The relationships between indoor and outdoor respirable particulate matter:meteorology,chemistry and personal exposure[J].Indoor and Built Environment,2002,11(5):266-274.
[7]Branis M,Hovorka J,Rezacova P,et al.Effect of indoor and outdoor sources on particulate matter concentration in a naturally ventilated flat(URBAN-AEROSOL Project Prague)[J].Indoor and Built Environment,2005,14(3-4):307-312.
[8]Kato Shinsuke,Huang Hong.Ventilation efficiency of void space surrounded by buildings w ith w ind blow ing overbuit-up urban area[J].Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics,2009,97(7-8):358-367.
[9]Patz J A,Campbell-Lendrum D,Holloway T,et al.Impact of regional climate change on human health[J].London:Nature,2005,438:310-317.
[10]Oke T R.Boundary layer climates[J].Earth Science Reviews,1978,27(3):265.
[11]Ok V,9zsoy A,Atll V,et al.An analysis of the effect of design parameters on w ind speed and flow type in an urban open space[J].Istanbul:TUBITAK(Turkish Scientific and Technical Research Council)INTAG-214,1996.
[12]R.E.Britter,S.R.Hanna.Flow and dispersion in urban areas[J].Annu.rev.fluid M ech,2003,35(1):469-496.
[13]A.Mochida,S.Murakami,T.Ojima,et al.CFD analysis of mesoscale climate in the Greater Tokyo area[J].Wind Eng.Ind.Aerodyn,1997,67-68(97):459-477.
[14]S.Murakami.Indoor/outdoor climate design by CFD based on the softw are platform[J].International Journal of Heat&Fluid Flow,2004,25(5):849-863.
[15]B.Blocken,W.D.Janssen,T.van Hooff.CFD simulation for pedestrian w ind comfort and w ind safety in urban areas:general decision framew ork and case study for the Eindhoven University campus[J].Environmental M odelling and Softw are,2012,30(1):15-34.
[16]M.O.Letzel,M.Krane,S.Raasch.High resolution urban large-eddy simulation studies from street canyon to neighbourhood scale[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(38):8770-8784.
[17]S.Murakami.Environmental design of outdoor climate based on CFD[J].Fluid Dynamics Research,2006,38(2-3):108-126.
[18]C.Yuan,E.Ng.Practical application of CFD on environmentally sensitive architectural design at high density cities:a case study in Hong Kong[J].Urban Climate,2014,(8):57-77.
[19]C.S.B.Grimmond,T.R.Oke.Aerodynamic properties of urban areas derived from analysis of surface form[J].Journal of Applied M eteorology,1999,38(38):1262-1292.
[20]T.Kubota,M.Miura,Y.Tominaga,et al.Wind tunnel tests on the relationship betw een building density and pedestrian-level w ind velocity:development of guidelines for realizing acceptable w ind environment in residential neighborhoods[J].Building and Environment,2008,43(10):1699-1708.
[21]S.H.L.Yim,J.C.H.Fung,A.K.H.Lau,et al.Air ventilation impacts of the“w all effect”resulting from the alignment of high-rise buildings[J].Atmospheric Environment,2009,43:4982-4994.
[22]C.Yuan,C.Ren,E.Ng.GIS-based surface roughness evaluation in the urban planning system to improve the w ind environmental study in Wuhan,China[J].Urban Climate,2014,(10):585-593.
[23]T.Bentham,R.Britter.Spatially averaged flow within obstacle arrays[J].Atmospheric Environment,2003,37(15):2037-2043.
[24]H.Cheng,I.P.Castro.Near wall flow over urban-like roughness[J].Boundary-Layer Meteorol,2002,104:229-259.
[25]R.W.Mac Donald,R.F.Griffiths,D.J.Hall.An improved method for the estimation of surface roughness of obstacle arrays[J].Atmospheric Environment,1998,32(11):1857-1864.
[26]O.Coceal,S.E.Belcher.Mean winds through an inhomogeneous urban canopy[J].Boundary-Layer M eteorology,2005,115(1):47-68.