放牧对不同径级胡杨根际土壤真菌群落代谢特征的影响
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摘要
放牧是干旱区主要的人类干扰活动,对土壤微生物的结构和组成具有重要影响。分析放牧对干旱区胡杨绿洲土壤真菌群落功能性质的影响对认识干旱区元素循环和生态系统维持与稳定具有重要意义。在额济纳胡杨林绿洲,依据胡杨林放牧差异(牲畜的数量、放牧频率)选取3个放牧强度样地:重度放牧(heavy grazing,HG)、中度放牧(moderate grazing,MG)和轻度放牧(light grazing,LG);设置A(胸径:0～10 cm)、B(胸径:10～20 cm)、C(胸径:20～30 cm)、D(胸径:30～40 cm)和E(胸径:>40 cm) 5个胡杨径级,采用Biolog-FF微平板方法分析真菌群落代谢特征。结果表明:胡杨径级对其根际真菌群落代谢活性具有显著影响,解释率为7.8%;根际真菌群落代谢活性随放牧强度的增加而减弱(AWCD_(LG)>AWCD_(MG)>AWCD_(HG));轻度放牧情况下,胡杨径级对真菌群落代谢活性不具有显著影响,而在中度和重度放牧下,不同径级胡杨根际真菌群落代谢活性之间具有显著性差异,说明放牧对不同径级胡杨具有不同影响,从而导致其根际真菌群落代谢活性的差异性响应;放牧和胡杨径级对胡杨根际真菌群落的总碳源利用率和各分类碳源利用率均不具有交互作用,但对功能多样性指数具有交互影响,表明各径级下,不同放牧强度没有改变真菌的整体代谢强度,但改变了真菌群落的组成结构;此外,放牧强度和径级大小主要是通过改变利用小分子碳源的真菌而影响真菌群落代谢特征的。
Grazing is one of the most important anthropogenic activities in drylands,which could influence the structure and components of soil microbial community. It is critical to understand the effects of grazing on metabolic characteristics of fungi community that is closely related with nutrient cycling and ecosystem stability in drylands. We selected three levels of grazing intensity:heavy grazing( HG),moderate grazing( MG) and light grazing( LG). We set five diameter classes of trees [A( 0-10 cm),B( 10-20 cm),C( 20-30 cm),D( 30-40 cm) and E( >40 cm) ]with each grazing level in Ejina Oasis to explore metabolic characteristics and diversity of rhizospheric fungi community in Populus euphratica Oliv. forest by Biolog-FF micro-plate. The results showed that diameter class size had significant effect on fungi community metabolism,accounting for 7. 8% of variance. The fungi community metabolic activities gradually decreased along with increasing grazing intensity( AWCDLG> AWCDMG> AWCDHG). There was no obvious difference under different diameter classes in LG site while significant differences were observed in MG and HG site. This result indicated that the effects of grazing intensity on P. euphratica were dependent on tree diameters,thus leading to diverse responses of fungi community. While there was no interactive effect between grazing intensity and diameter on metabolic activities of fungi community but they interacted to affect diversity,indicating that grazing intensity didn't change the metabolic intensity of fungi community but changed the community structure. In addition,the effects of grazing intensity and diameter class of trees on fungi community metabolic characteristics were mainly due to alteration of fungi principally using the small molecular carbon sources.
Grazing is one of the most important anthropogenic activities in drylands,which could influence the structure and components of soil microbial community. It is critical to understand the effects of grazing on metabolic characteristics of fungi community that is closely related with nutrient cycling and ecosystem stability in drylands. We selected three levels of grazing intensity:heavy grazing( HG),moderate grazing( MG) and light grazing( LG). We set five diameter classes of trees [A( 0-10 cm),B( 10-20 cm),C( 20-30 cm),D( 30-40 cm) and E( >40 cm) ]with each grazing level in Ejina Oasis to explore metabolic characteristics and diversity of rhizospheric fungi community in Populus euphratica Oliv. forest by Biolog-FF micro-plate. The results showed that diameter class size had significant effect on fungi community metabolism,accounting for 7. 8% of variance. The fungi community metabolic activities gradually decreased along with increasing grazing intensity( AWCDLG> AWCDMG> AWCDHG). There was no obvious difference under different diameter classes in LG site while significant differences were observed in MG and HG site. This result indicated that the effects of grazing intensity on P. euphratica were dependent on tree diameters,thus leading to diverse responses of fungi community. While there was no interactive effect between grazing intensity and diameter on metabolic activities of fungi community but they interacted to affect diversity,indicating that grazing intensity didn't change the metabolic intensity of fungi community but changed the community structure. In addition,the effects of grazing intensity and diameter class of trees on fungi community metabolic characteristics were mainly due to alteration of fungi principally using the small molecular carbon sources.
引文
董全民,赵新全,李世雄,等.2014.草地放牧系统中土壤-植被系统各因子对放牧响应的研究进展.生态学杂志,33(8):2255-2265.
苟燕妮,南志标.2015.放牧对草地土壤微生物的影响.草业学报,24(10):194-205.
贾艳红,赵传燕,南忠仁.2007.西北干旱区黑河下游植被覆盖变化研究综述.地理科学进展,26(4):64-74.
李娇,蒋先敏,尹华军,等.2014.不同林龄云杉人工林的根系分泌物与土壤微生物.应用生态学报,25(2):325-332.
刘丽,徐明恺,汪思龙,等.2013.杉木人工林土壤质量演变过程中土壤微生物群落结构变化.生态学报,33(15):4692-4706.
谭红妍,闫瑞瑞,闫玉春,等.2015.不同放牧强度下温性草甸草原土壤微生物群落结构PLFAs分析.草业学报,24(3):115-121.
王芳,图力古尔.2014.土壤真菌多样性研究进展.菌物研究,12(3):178-186.
王淼,曲来叶,马克明,等.2013.罕山不同林型下土壤微生物群落特性.中国科学:生命科学,43(6):499-508.
王文娟,李景文,王中斌,等.2017.胡杨根际土壤真菌群落代谢特征及其土壤影响因子研究.西北植物学报,37(7):1429-1437.
吴林坤,林向民,林文雄.2014.根系分泌物介导下植物-土壤-微生物互作关系研究进展与展望.植物生态学报,38(3):298-310.
赵文智,常学礼,李秋艳.2005.人工调水对额济纳胡杨荒漠河岸林繁殖的影响.生态学报,25(8):1987-1993.
郑华,欧阳志云,方治国,等.2004.BIOLOG在土壤微生物群落功能多样性研究中的应用.土壤学报,41(3):456-461.
Baath E,Soderstrom B.1979.Fungal biomass and fungal immobilization of plant nutrients in Swedish coniferous forest soils.Revue D Ecologie Et De Biologie Du Sol,16:477-489.
Cao DC,Li JW,Huang ZY,et al.2012.Reproductive characteristics of a Populus euphratica population and prospects for its restoration in China.PLo S ONE,7:e39121.
Chen FL,Zheng H,Zhang K,et al.2013.Non-linear impacts of Eucalyptus plantation stand age on soil microbial metabolic diversity.Journal of Soil and Sediments,13:887-894.
Chen J,Xie HJ,Zhuang XL,et al.2008.Substrate-induced changes in microbial community-level physiological profiles and their application to discriminate soil microbial communities.Journal of Environmental Sciences,20:725-731.
Fernandez DP,Neff JC,Reynolds RL.2008.Biogeochemical and ecological impacts of livestock grazing in semi-arid southeastern Utah,USA.Journal of Arid Environments,725:777-791.
Gomiero T,Pimentel D,Paoletti MG.2011.Environmental impact of different agricultural management practices:Conventional vs.organic agriculture.Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences,30:95-124.
Gonzalez-Polo M,Austin AT.2009.Spatial heterogeneity provides organic matter refuges for soil microbial activity in the Patagonian steppe,Argentina.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,41:1348-1351.
Gou YN,Nan ZB,Hou FJ.2015.Diversity and structure of a bacterial community in grassland soils disturbed by sheep grazing,in the Loess Plateau of northwestern China.Genetics and Molecular Research,14:16987-16999.
Konopka A,Dliver L,Tucro JRF.1998.The use of carbon substrate utilization patterns in environmental and ecological microbiology.Microbial Ecology,35:103-115.
Krummelbein J,Wang ZY,Zhao Y,et al.2006.Influence of various grazing intensities on soil stability,soil structure and water balance of grassland soils in Inner Mongolia,P.R.China.Chemical Vapor Deposition,8:11-15.
Mcguire KL,Bent E,Borneman J,et al.2010.Functional diversity in resource use by fungi.Ecology,91:2324-2332.
Olivera NL,Prieto L,Bertiller MB,et al.2016.Sheep grazing and soil bacterial diversity in shrublands of the Patagonian Monte,Argentina.Journal of Arid Environments,125:16-20.
Patten DT.1998.Riparian ecosystems of semi-arid north America:Diversity and human impacts.Wetlands,4:498-512.
Pawlik A,Januse G,Debska I,et al.2015.Genetic and metabolic intraspecific biodiversity of Ganoderma lucidum.Biomed Research International,2015:1-13.
Pointing SB,Belnap J.2012.Microbial colonization and controls in dryland systems.Nature Reviews Microbiology,10:551-562.
Preston MJ,Boddy L,Randerson PF.2002.Analysis of microbial community functional diversity using sole-carbonsource utilization profiles-A critique.FEMS Microbiology Ecology,42:1-14.
Saumel I,Ziche D,Yu R,et al.2011.Grazing as a driver for Populus euphratica woodland degradation in the semi-arid Aibi Hu region,northwestern China.Journal of Arid Environments,75:265-269.
Sebastien K,Fontaine S,Attard E,et al.2009.Grazing triggers soil carbon loss by altering plant roots and their control on soil microbial community.Journal of Ecology,97:876-885.
Six J,Frey SD,Thiet R,et al.2006.Bacterial and fungal contributions to carbon sequestration in agroecosystems.Soil Science Society of America Journal,70:555-569.
Sorensen LI,Mikola J,Olofsson J.2009.Trampling and spatial heterogeneity explain decomposer abundances in a sub-arctic grassland subjected to simulated reindeer grazing.Ecosystems,12:830-842.
Ushio M,Wagai R,Balser TC,et al.2008.Variations in the soil microbial community composition of a tropical montane forest ecosystem:Does tree species matter?Soil Biology and Biochemistry,40:2699-2702.
Wardle DA,Bardgett RD,Klironomos JN,et al.2004.Ecological linkages between aboveground and belowground biota.Science,304:1629-1633.
Whright CJ,Coleman DC.2002.Responses of soil microbial biomass,nematode trophic groups N-mineralization and litter decomposition to disturbance events in the southern Appalachians.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,34:13-25.
Xu YX,Wang GH,Jin J,et al.2009.Bacterial communities in soybean rhizosphere in response to soil type,soybean genotype,and their growth stage.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,41:919-925.
Yang YF,Wu LW,Lin QY,et al.2013.Responses of the functional structure of soil microbial community to livestock grazing in the Tibetan alpine grassland.Global Change Biology,19:637-648.
Zhao WZ,Chang WL,He ZB,et al.2007.Study on vegetation ecological water requirement in Ejina Oasis.Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,50:121-129.
苟燕妮,南志标.2015.放牧对草地土壤微生物的影响.草业学报,24(10):194-205.
贾艳红,赵传燕,南忠仁.2007.西北干旱区黑河下游植被覆盖变化研究综述.地理科学进展,26(4):64-74.
李娇,蒋先敏,尹华军,等.2014.不同林龄云杉人工林的根系分泌物与土壤微生物.应用生态学报,25(2):325-332.
刘丽,徐明恺,汪思龙,等.2013.杉木人工林土壤质量演变过程中土壤微生物群落结构变化.生态学报,33(15):4692-4706.
谭红妍,闫瑞瑞,闫玉春,等.2015.不同放牧强度下温性草甸草原土壤微生物群落结构PLFAs分析.草业学报,24(3):115-121.
王芳,图力古尔.2014.土壤真菌多样性研究进展.菌物研究,12(3):178-186.
王淼,曲来叶,马克明,等.2013.罕山不同林型下土壤微生物群落特性.中国科学:生命科学,43(6):499-508.
王文娟,李景文,王中斌,等.2017.胡杨根际土壤真菌群落代谢特征及其土壤影响因子研究.西北植物学报,37(7):1429-1437.
吴林坤,林向民,林文雄.2014.根系分泌物介导下植物-土壤-微生物互作关系研究进展与展望.植物生态学报,38(3):298-310.
赵文智,常学礼,李秋艳.2005.人工调水对额济纳胡杨荒漠河岸林繁殖的影响.生态学报,25(8):1987-1993.
郑华,欧阳志云,方治国,等.2004.BIOLOG在土壤微生物群落功能多样性研究中的应用.土壤学报,41(3):456-461.
Baath E,Soderstrom B.1979.Fungal biomass and fungal immobilization of plant nutrients in Swedish coniferous forest soils.Revue D Ecologie Et De Biologie Du Sol,16:477-489.
Cao DC,Li JW,Huang ZY,et al.2012.Reproductive characteristics of a Populus euphratica population and prospects for its restoration in China.PLo S ONE,7:e39121.
Chen FL,Zheng H,Zhang K,et al.2013.Non-linear impacts of Eucalyptus plantation stand age on soil microbial metabolic diversity.Journal of Soil and Sediments,13:887-894.
Chen J,Xie HJ,Zhuang XL,et al.2008.Substrate-induced changes in microbial community-level physiological profiles and their application to discriminate soil microbial communities.Journal of Environmental Sciences,20:725-731.
Fernandez DP,Neff JC,Reynolds RL.2008.Biogeochemical and ecological impacts of livestock grazing in semi-arid southeastern Utah,USA.Journal of Arid Environments,725:777-791.
Gomiero T,Pimentel D,Paoletti MG.2011.Environmental impact of different agricultural management practices:Conventional vs.organic agriculture.Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences,30:95-124.
Gonzalez-Polo M,Austin AT.2009.Spatial heterogeneity provides organic matter refuges for soil microbial activity in the Patagonian steppe,Argentina.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,41:1348-1351.
Gou YN,Nan ZB,Hou FJ.2015.Diversity and structure of a bacterial community in grassland soils disturbed by sheep grazing,in the Loess Plateau of northwestern China.Genetics and Molecular Research,14:16987-16999.
Konopka A,Dliver L,Tucro JRF.1998.The use of carbon substrate utilization patterns in environmental and ecological microbiology.Microbial Ecology,35:103-115.
Krummelbein J,Wang ZY,Zhao Y,et al.2006.Influence of various grazing intensities on soil stability,soil structure and water balance of grassland soils in Inner Mongolia,P.R.China.Chemical Vapor Deposition,8:11-15.
Mcguire KL,Bent E,Borneman J,et al.2010.Functional diversity in resource use by fungi.Ecology,91:2324-2332.
Olivera NL,Prieto L,Bertiller MB,et al.2016.Sheep grazing and soil bacterial diversity in shrublands of the Patagonian Monte,Argentina.Journal of Arid Environments,125:16-20.
Patten DT.1998.Riparian ecosystems of semi-arid north America:Diversity and human impacts.Wetlands,4:498-512.
Pawlik A,Januse G,Debska I,et al.2015.Genetic and metabolic intraspecific biodiversity of Ganoderma lucidum.Biomed Research International,2015:1-13.
Pointing SB,Belnap J.2012.Microbial colonization and controls in dryland systems.Nature Reviews Microbiology,10:551-562.
Preston MJ,Boddy L,Randerson PF.2002.Analysis of microbial community functional diversity using sole-carbonsource utilization profiles-A critique.FEMS Microbiology Ecology,42:1-14.
Saumel I,Ziche D,Yu R,et al.2011.Grazing as a driver for Populus euphratica woodland degradation in the semi-arid Aibi Hu region,northwestern China.Journal of Arid Environments,75:265-269.
Sebastien K,Fontaine S,Attard E,et al.2009.Grazing triggers soil carbon loss by altering plant roots and their control on soil microbial community.Journal of Ecology,97:876-885.
Six J,Frey SD,Thiet R,et al.2006.Bacterial and fungal contributions to carbon sequestration in agroecosystems.Soil Science Society of America Journal,70:555-569.
Sorensen LI,Mikola J,Olofsson J.2009.Trampling and spatial heterogeneity explain decomposer abundances in a sub-arctic grassland subjected to simulated reindeer grazing.Ecosystems,12:830-842.
Ushio M,Wagai R,Balser TC,et al.2008.Variations in the soil microbial community composition of a tropical montane forest ecosystem:Does tree species matter?Soil Biology and Biochemistry,40:2699-2702.
Wardle DA,Bardgett RD,Klironomos JN,et al.2004.Ecological linkages between aboveground and belowground biota.Science,304:1629-1633.
Whright CJ,Coleman DC.2002.Responses of soil microbial biomass,nematode trophic groups N-mineralization and litter decomposition to disturbance events in the southern Appalachians.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,34:13-25.
Xu YX,Wang GH,Jin J,et al.2009.Bacterial communities in soybean rhizosphere in response to soil type,soybean genotype,and their growth stage.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,41:919-925.
Yang YF,Wu LW,Lin QY,et al.2013.Responses of the functional structure of soil microbial community to livestock grazing in the Tibetan alpine grassland.Global Change Biology,19:637-648.
Zhao WZ,Chang WL,He ZB,et al.2007.Study on vegetation ecological water requirement in Ejina Oasis.Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,50:121-129.