城市景观复写——从空间分析到设计途径
|
摘要
当代景观设计中价值取向的转变,包括设计行为从创造画面转向塑造场所,从创造新事物转向重现场地本质与原貌。依据景观设计中的空间特征和规划设计应用价值,将文本视角下的当代景观空间特征"复写"(palimpsest)定义为场地中各历史层次与当代层次的结合与共同显现。复写空间利用场地的潜力,实现了景观意义的传达,具有二元性、互文性及透明性的特点。复写既可以作为分析工具,也可以作为设计手段,其核心价值在于:多层空间结构得以平等呈现;历史信息积累而显现场地特质;设计创造诱发新的发展空间与场地产生关联。结合案例论述,研究与复写相关的分析方法与设计路径:呈现自治或在场地介入过程中建立互设关系,相关设计思想可回溯到埃森曼"人工开挖"(artificial excavation)的设计理念,以及文化景观及遗产保护中的"踪迹"(trace)概念。以场地空间特征出发,选择合适的设计方法,进而提出复写空间的多层建构是设计过程的关键部分。
The value orientation of contemporary landscape design has changed from creating scenes to shaping sites, and from creating new objects to revealing hidden site information. This paper defines "palimpsest" as "the coexistence of historical and contemporary layers of sites" based on the spatial characteristics of contemporary landscape and design practice in the perspective of text. Palimpsest realizes the capability of the site and conveys the landscape meaning. The spatial characteristics of palimpsestuous landscape are "duality", "transparency" and"intertextuality". Palimpsest can be used as a tool of analysis and a means of design. Equal presentation of multispatial structures, place identity revealed from multi-layer accumulation, and new developed space triggered by design practice are the core values. This paper illustrates palimpsest both as an analytical tool and a design approach:presenting autonomy or establishing inter-connected relationships in the design process. The corresponding design concepts are shown in "artificial excavation" and "trace". Summarizing the relevant design methods oriented from spatial characteristics and putting forward the form of palimpsest space are the keys of design process.
The value orientation of contemporary landscape design has changed from creating scenes to shaping sites, and from creating new objects to revealing hidden site information. This paper defines "palimpsest" as "the coexistence of historical and contemporary layers of sites" based on the spatial characteristics of contemporary landscape and design practice in the perspective of text. Palimpsest realizes the capability of the site and conveys the landscape meaning. The spatial characteristics of palimpsestuous landscape are "duality", "transparency" and"intertextuality". Palimpsest can be used as a tool of analysis and a means of design. Equal presentation of multispatial structures, place identity revealed from multi-layer accumulation, and new developed space triggered by design practice are the core values. This paper illustrates palimpsest both as an analytical tool and a design approach:presenting autonomy or establishing inter-connected relationships in the design process. The corresponding design concepts are shown in "artificial excavation" and "trace". Summarizing the relevant design methods oriented from spatial characteristics and putting forward the form of palimpsest space are the keys of design process.
引文
[1] GOOCH A A, TUMBLIN J. Visualizing Pentimenti:Revealing the Hidden History of Paintings[J]. Journal of Mathematics and the Arts, 2007, 1(2):133-142.
[2]DANIELSS.Landscape,Image,Text[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1988.
[3]PENDLEBURYJ,SHORTM,WHILEA.UrbanWorld HeritageSitesandtheProblemofAuthenticity[J].Cities,2009, 26(6):349-358.
[4] DUNCAN J.S. The City as Text:the Politics of Landscape InterpretationintheKandyanKingdom[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1990:17.
[5]黄维,梁璐,李凡.文本、冲突与展演视角下的西方记忆地理研究评述[J].人文地理,2016,31(4):17-25.
[6] FERNANDEZ, TOMAS B. Traces of Time:Urban Palimpsest and Transformations[D]. Syracuse NY:Syracuse University, 2001.
[7]BAILEYG.TimePerspectives,Palimpsestsandthe Archaeology of Time[J]. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology,2007, 26(2):198-223.
[8] BJUR H, FRIZELL B S. Via Tiburtina:Space, Movement and Artefacts in the Urban Landscape[M]. Rome:Swedish Institute in Rome, 2009.
[9] CARMONAM,HEATHT,OCT,etal.PublicplacesUrban spaces[M]. London:Routledge, 2012.
[10]BLOOMAL.TeachingaboutRelict,No-analog Landscapes[J]. Geomorphology, 2002, 47(2):303-311.
[11] BERIATOS E, GOSPODINI A.“Glocalising” Urban Landscapes:Athens and the Olympics[J]. Cities, 2004, 21(3):187-202.
[12]COSGROVED,DANIELSS.TheIconographyof Landscape:Essays on the Symbolic Representation, Design and Use of Past Environments[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1988.
[13]徐青,韩锋.西方文化景观理论谱系研究[J].中国园林,2016,32(12):68-75.
[14]吴霄,凯瑟琳.物质遗留:美国伊萨卡瀑布与伊萨卡枪械棕地考古学设计应用[J].景观设计学,2014,12(6):76-83.
[15] POTTER JR P B. The Archaeological Site as an Interpretive Environment[C]//PresentingArchaeologytothePublic:Diggingfortruths.Lanham:AltaMiraPress,1999:35-44.
[16] BARNES T J., DUNCAN J S. Writing Worlds:Discourse,Text and Metaphor in the Representation of Landscape[M].London:Routledge, 1992.
[17]VANASCHEEK,TEAMP?UP.LayeredEncounters:Performing Multiculturalism and the Urban Palimpsest at the“Gateway of Europe”[J]. The Anthropology of East Europe Review, 2009, 27(1):7-19.
[18]SCHAMAS.LandscapeandMemory[M].NewYork:A.A. Knopf, 1995.
[19] BUCHER A. Landscape Theories in Transition:Shifting RealitiesandMulti-perspectivePerception[C]//Topology:Topical Thoughts on the Contemporary Landscape. Berlin:Jovis Verlag GmbH, 2013.
[20]朱育帆.文化传承与“三置论”:尊重传统面向未来的风景园林设计方法论[J].中国园林,2007,23(11):33-40.
[21]KHIRFANL.TracesonthePalimpsest:Heritageand the Urban Forms of Athens and Alexandria[J]. Cities, 2010,27(5):315-325.
[22] MURZYN-KUPISZ M, GWOSDZ K. The Changing Identity of the Central European City:the Case of Katowice[J]. Journal of Historical Geography, 2011, 37(1):113-126.
[23] STILGOE J. Outside Lies Magic:Regaining History and Awareness in Everyday Places[M]. New York:Walker and Co, 1999.
[24] STEPHENS J R. Commemorative Landscapes to the Missing:TheHMASSydneyIIMemorial[J].Landscape Research, 2014, 39(5):523-541.
[25]罗,斯拉茨基.透明性[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008.
[26] KJERRGREN L. Layers of land[D]. Sweden:Slu Dept of Urban&Rural Development, 2011.
[27]ANDREASH.PresentPasts:UrbanPalimpsestsand the Politics of Memory[M]. Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press, 2003, 51-52.
[28]ROSSI A, EISENMAN P. The Architecture of the City[M].Cambridge, MA:MIT press, 1982.
[29]ROYMANSN,GERRITSENF,CORVDH,etal.Landscape Biography as Research Strategy:The Case of theSouthNetherlandsProject[J].LandscapeResearch,2009, 34(3):337-359.
[30] JOKILEHTO J. Reflection on Historic Urban Landscapes as a Tool for Conservation[C]//OERS R V, HARAGUCHI S.Managing Historic Cities, World Heritage Papers Series No.27.Paris:UNESCO World Heritage Center, 2010:53-63.
[31]BERVERNAGE B. History, Memory and State-Sponsored Violence[M]. Time and Justice. New York:Taylor and Francis Groups, Routledge, 2012.
[32] CHEVALLIER R. Le Paysage Palimpseste de l’Histoire:Pour une Archéologie du Paysage[J]. Melanges de la Casa de Velazquez, 1976, 12:503-510.
[33] ALDRED, O. Time for Fluent Landscapes[C]//Karl B,Katrin A L. Conversations with Landscape. Farnham:Ashgate,2010.
[34] KRINKE R. Overview:Design Practice and Manufactured Sites[M]//Kirkwood N. Manufactured Sites:Rethinking the Post Industrial Landscape. London:Spon Press, 2001.
[35]BRESLERL.EmbeddedBoundaries[D].Waterloo:University of Waterloo, 2010.
[36]CARAGONNEA.TheTexasRangers:Notesfroman Architectural Underground[M]. Cambridge:The MIT Press, 1995.
[37]HERRINGTONS.LandscapeTheoryinDesign[M].London:Routledge, 2016.
[38] KIRKWOOD N G. Manufactured sites:rethinking the postindustrial landscape[M]. Abingdon:Taylor&Francis, 2005.
[39]BALFOURA.Citiesofartificialexcavation:Thework ofPeterEisenman,1978—1988[M].NewYork:Rizzoli International Publications, 1994.
[40]埃森曼.彼得·埃森曼:图解日志[M].陈欣欣,何捷,译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005.
[41]CONAN M.Environmentalism in landscape architecture[M].WashingtonD.C.:DumbartonOaks Research Library and Collection, 2000.
[42]ILIESCUS.ThegardenasCollage:Ruptureand Continuity in the Landscape Projects of Peter and Anneliese Latz[J].StudiesintheHistoryofGardensandDesigned Landscapes, 2007, 27(2):149-181.
[43] WEILACHER U. Syntax of Landscape:the Landscape ArchitectureofPeterLatzandPartners[M].Berlin:Birkhauser, 2008.
[44] LASSUS B. The landscape approach[M]. Pennsylvania:University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998.
[45] WEILACHER U. Between Landscape Architecture and Landscape Art[M]. Berlin:Birkhauser, 1996.
[46]DESCOMBESG.ShiftingSites:TheSwissWay[C]//CORNER J. Recovering Landscapes. New York:Princeton Architectural Press, 1999:79-85.
[47]汉萨纳,吴焕,钱丽源.巴塞罗那城市防空炮台基地修复[J].城市环境设计,2016(3):369-375.
[48]朱育帆.走向“潜质空间”[J].城市环境设计,2016(2):123-126.
(1)牛津词典定义pentimento(Pentimenti)为“A visible trace of earlier painting beneath a layer or layers of paint on a canvas”。这从绘画视角显示了图片中被涂抹的隐含层,利用可见层与隐含层的对比关系,揭示了画家的绘画过程以及画家的思路变化。
(2)相关学者利用X光对毕加索的绘画作品“裸女的半身像”进行技术处理与分析。
[2]DANIELSS.Landscape,Image,Text[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1988.
[3]PENDLEBURYJ,SHORTM,WHILEA.UrbanWorld HeritageSitesandtheProblemofAuthenticity[J].Cities,2009, 26(6):349-358.
[4] DUNCAN J.S. The City as Text:the Politics of Landscape InterpretationintheKandyanKingdom[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1990:17.
[5]黄维,梁璐,李凡.文本、冲突与展演视角下的西方记忆地理研究评述[J].人文地理,2016,31(4):17-25.
[6] FERNANDEZ, TOMAS B. Traces of Time:Urban Palimpsest and Transformations[D]. Syracuse NY:Syracuse University, 2001.
[7]BAILEYG.TimePerspectives,Palimpsestsandthe Archaeology of Time[J]. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology,2007, 26(2):198-223.
[8] BJUR H, FRIZELL B S. Via Tiburtina:Space, Movement and Artefacts in the Urban Landscape[M]. Rome:Swedish Institute in Rome, 2009.
[9] CARMONAM,HEATHT,OCT,etal.PublicplacesUrban spaces[M]. London:Routledge, 2012.
[10]BLOOMAL.TeachingaboutRelict,No-analog Landscapes[J]. Geomorphology, 2002, 47(2):303-311.
[11] BERIATOS E, GOSPODINI A.“Glocalising” Urban Landscapes:Athens and the Olympics[J]. Cities, 2004, 21(3):187-202.
[12]COSGROVED,DANIELSS.TheIconographyof Landscape:Essays on the Symbolic Representation, Design and Use of Past Environments[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1988.
[13]徐青,韩锋.西方文化景观理论谱系研究[J].中国园林,2016,32(12):68-75.
[14]吴霄,凯瑟琳.物质遗留:美国伊萨卡瀑布与伊萨卡枪械棕地考古学设计应用[J].景观设计学,2014,12(6):76-83.
[15] POTTER JR P B. The Archaeological Site as an Interpretive Environment[C]//PresentingArchaeologytothePublic:Diggingfortruths.Lanham:AltaMiraPress,1999:35-44.
[16] BARNES T J., DUNCAN J S. Writing Worlds:Discourse,Text and Metaphor in the Representation of Landscape[M].London:Routledge, 1992.
[17]VANASCHEEK,TEAMP?UP.LayeredEncounters:Performing Multiculturalism and the Urban Palimpsest at the“Gateway of Europe”[J]. The Anthropology of East Europe Review, 2009, 27(1):7-19.
[18]SCHAMAS.LandscapeandMemory[M].NewYork:A.A. Knopf, 1995.
[19] BUCHER A. Landscape Theories in Transition:Shifting RealitiesandMulti-perspectivePerception[C]//Topology:Topical Thoughts on the Contemporary Landscape. Berlin:Jovis Verlag GmbH, 2013.
[20]朱育帆.文化传承与“三置论”:尊重传统面向未来的风景园林设计方法论[J].中国园林,2007,23(11):33-40.
[21]KHIRFANL.TracesonthePalimpsest:Heritageand the Urban Forms of Athens and Alexandria[J]. Cities, 2010,27(5):315-325.
[22] MURZYN-KUPISZ M, GWOSDZ K. The Changing Identity of the Central European City:the Case of Katowice[J]. Journal of Historical Geography, 2011, 37(1):113-126.
[23] STILGOE J. Outside Lies Magic:Regaining History and Awareness in Everyday Places[M]. New York:Walker and Co, 1999.
[24] STEPHENS J R. Commemorative Landscapes to the Missing:TheHMASSydneyIIMemorial[J].Landscape Research, 2014, 39(5):523-541.
[25]罗,斯拉茨基.透明性[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2008.
[26] KJERRGREN L. Layers of land[D]. Sweden:Slu Dept of Urban&Rural Development, 2011.
[27]ANDREASH.PresentPasts:UrbanPalimpsestsand the Politics of Memory[M]. Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press, 2003, 51-52.
[28]ROSSI A, EISENMAN P. The Architecture of the City[M].Cambridge, MA:MIT press, 1982.
[29]ROYMANSN,GERRITSENF,CORVDH,etal.Landscape Biography as Research Strategy:The Case of theSouthNetherlandsProject[J].LandscapeResearch,2009, 34(3):337-359.
[30] JOKILEHTO J. Reflection on Historic Urban Landscapes as a Tool for Conservation[C]//OERS R V, HARAGUCHI S.Managing Historic Cities, World Heritage Papers Series No.27.Paris:UNESCO World Heritage Center, 2010:53-63.
[31]BERVERNAGE B. History, Memory and State-Sponsored Violence[M]. Time and Justice. New York:Taylor and Francis Groups, Routledge, 2012.
[32] CHEVALLIER R. Le Paysage Palimpseste de l’Histoire:Pour une Archéologie du Paysage[J]. Melanges de la Casa de Velazquez, 1976, 12:503-510.
[33] ALDRED, O. Time for Fluent Landscapes[C]//Karl B,Katrin A L. Conversations with Landscape. Farnham:Ashgate,2010.
[34] KRINKE R. Overview:Design Practice and Manufactured Sites[M]//Kirkwood N. Manufactured Sites:Rethinking the Post Industrial Landscape. London:Spon Press, 2001.
[35]BRESLERL.EmbeddedBoundaries[D].Waterloo:University of Waterloo, 2010.
[36]CARAGONNEA.TheTexasRangers:Notesfroman Architectural Underground[M]. Cambridge:The MIT Press, 1995.
[37]HERRINGTONS.LandscapeTheoryinDesign[M].London:Routledge, 2016.
[38] KIRKWOOD N G. Manufactured sites:rethinking the postindustrial landscape[M]. Abingdon:Taylor&Francis, 2005.
[39]BALFOURA.Citiesofartificialexcavation:Thework ofPeterEisenman,1978—1988[M].NewYork:Rizzoli International Publications, 1994.
[40]埃森曼.彼得·埃森曼:图解日志[M].陈欣欣,何捷,译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005.
[41]CONAN M.Environmentalism in landscape architecture[M].WashingtonD.C.:DumbartonOaks Research Library and Collection, 2000.
[42]ILIESCUS.ThegardenasCollage:Ruptureand Continuity in the Landscape Projects of Peter and Anneliese Latz[J].StudiesintheHistoryofGardensandDesigned Landscapes, 2007, 27(2):149-181.
[43] WEILACHER U. Syntax of Landscape:the Landscape ArchitectureofPeterLatzandPartners[M].Berlin:Birkhauser, 2008.
[44] LASSUS B. The landscape approach[M]. Pennsylvania:University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998.
[45] WEILACHER U. Between Landscape Architecture and Landscape Art[M]. Berlin:Birkhauser, 1996.
[46]DESCOMBESG.ShiftingSites:TheSwissWay[C]//CORNER J. Recovering Landscapes. New York:Princeton Architectural Press, 1999:79-85.
[47]汉萨纳,吴焕,钱丽源.巴塞罗那城市防空炮台基地修复[J].城市环境设计,2016(3):369-375.
[48]朱育帆.走向“潜质空间”[J].城市环境设计,2016(2):123-126.
(1)牛津词典定义pentimento(Pentimenti)为“A visible trace of earlier painting beneath a layer or layers of paint on a canvas”。这从绘画视角显示了图片中被涂抹的隐含层,利用可见层与隐含层的对比关系,揭示了画家的绘画过程以及画家的思路变化。
(2)相关学者利用X光对毕加索的绘画作品“裸女的半身像”进行技术处理与分析。