氮肥基追施比例对芝麻产量和氮素吸收、分配的影响
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摘要
[目的]研究实现芝麻高产、提高氮肥利用效率、减少氮肥残留的氮肥最佳基追比例。[方法]采用盆栽试验,供试芝麻品种为'郑太芝1号',设置4个氮肥基追比例处理,氮肥底施与初花期追施比例分别为1:0(N_(1:0))、2:1(N_(2:1))、1:2(N_(1:2))、0:1(N_(0:1))。利用~(15)N示踪技术,每盆施含有~(15)N标记的总氮0.9g,分析各处理芝麻产量及氮素的吸收、分配特征。[结果]不同处理相比,N_(2:1)处理单株产量最高,N_(1:2)处理次之,N_(2:1)与N_(1:0)、N_(0:1)处理差异达显著水平。在初花期,N_(2:1)处理,芝麻单株生物量和植株总吸氮量均最高,不施基肥的N_(0:1)处理最低;各处理植株对肥料氮的吸收表现为N_(1:0)>N_(2:1),对土壤氮的吸收以N_(2:1)最高;肥料氮和土壤氮在各器官中的分配均为叶>茎>根。在成熟期,N_(2:1)处理的单株总生物量最大,单株籽粒吸氮量和总吸氮量也最高,N_(1:0)处理最低,两者差异达显著水平;植株对肥料氮和土壤氮的吸收比例为23.7%～29.1%和70.9%～76.3%;对肥料氮和土壤氮的吸收均为籽粒>叶片>茎>蒴皮>根,籽粒吸氮量明显高于其它器官,籽粒占总吸氮量的33.0%～44.3%。N_(2:1)处理氮肥利用率最高,为32.5%,N_(2:1)、N_(1:2)、N_(0:1)处理间差异不显著,但均与N_(1:0)(17.8%)差异达显著水平。不同处理芝麻收获后土壤~(15)N回收率以N_(2:1)处理的最低(16.2%),N_(0:1)处理的最高(31.3%)。[结论]在本试验条件下,氮肥底施与初花期追施比例为2:1时,芝麻产量和生物量以及氮肥利用率最高,氮肥土壤残留量最少,是最佳氮肥基追施比例。
[Objectives]The study aimed to ascertain the appropriate application ratio of nitrogen in basal and topdressing to achieve high sesame yield and quality, high fertilizer use efficiency, and low soil N residue.[Methods ]A pot experiment using the ~(15)N-tracer technique was conducted with white sesame cultivar of'Zhengtaizhi 1' as tested material. At the base of same N application rate of 0.9 g ~(15)N-labeled urea per pot, the N was applied in ratio of basal to topdressing(at the initial flowering stage) of 1 : 0(N_(1:0)), 2 : 1(N_(2 :1)), 1 : 2(N_(1 : 2)),and 0 : 1(N_(0:1)), The N uptake, distribution and yield of sesame were examined.[Results ]Among the four treatments, N_(2 :1) had the highest single plant yield, followed by N_(1 : 2), and the yield difference with both N_(1 : 0) and N_(0 :1) reached a significant level. The total uptake of nitrogen per plant at the initial flowering stage decreased with the decrease of ratio of basal fertilizer, the uptake of N per plant was the highest in N_(2 : 1) treatment and the lowest in N_(0:1) treatment. The N uptake from fertilizer by sesame at the initial flowering period was in order of N_(1 : 0) >N_(2 : 1) > N_(1 : 2), and that from soil was the highest in N_(2:1) treatment. The distribution of N both from soil and fertilizer was in order of leaves > stems > root at the initial flowering period. At maturity, the largest single plant biomass,the highest seed N uptake and total plant N uptake were obtained in N_(2 :1) treatment, while the lowest in N_(1 :0)treatment, with a significant difference in the items between N_(1: 0) and N_(2:1) treatments. The proportion of fertilizer N uptake by plant was 23.7%-29.1%, that of soil N was 70.9%-76.3%. The N uptake from both fertilizer and soil was in order of seeds > leaves > stems > capsule > root, and the seed N uptake was significantly higher than others and accounting for 33.0%-44.3% of total plant N uptake. The fertilizer N utilization rate of the four treatments was in range of 17.8%-32.5%. The fertilizer N utilization rate in N_(2:1) treatment was significantly higher than that in N_(1:0), and the difference among the N_(2 :1),N_(1:2), and N_(0:1) was not significant. The recovery rate of ~(15)N in different treatments varied significantly from 16.2% in N_(2:1) to 31.3% in No:, at harvest.[Conclusions ]Under the experimental condition, applying nitrogen fertilizer in ratio of basal to topdressing of 2 : 1 could produce the highest sesame yield and fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency, and leave less in soil, so is thought to be optimal nitrogen application strategy.
[Objectives]The study aimed to ascertain the appropriate application ratio of nitrogen in basal and topdressing to achieve high sesame yield and quality, high fertilizer use efficiency, and low soil N residue.[Methods ]A pot experiment using the ~(15)N-tracer technique was conducted with white sesame cultivar of'Zhengtaizhi 1' as tested material. At the base of same N application rate of 0.9 g ~(15)N-labeled urea per pot, the N was applied in ratio of basal to topdressing(at the initial flowering stage) of 1 : 0(N_(1:0)), 2 : 1(N_(2 :1)), 1 : 2(N_(1 : 2)),and 0 : 1(N_(0:1)), The N uptake, distribution and yield of sesame were examined.[Results ]Among the four treatments, N_(2 :1) had the highest single plant yield, followed by N_(1 : 2), and the yield difference with both N_(1 : 0) and N_(0 :1) reached a significant level. The total uptake of nitrogen per plant at the initial flowering stage decreased with the decrease of ratio of basal fertilizer, the uptake of N per plant was the highest in N_(2 : 1) treatment and the lowest in N_(0:1) treatment. The N uptake from fertilizer by sesame at the initial flowering period was in order of N_(1 : 0) >N_(2 : 1) > N_(1 : 2), and that from soil was the highest in N_(2:1) treatment. The distribution of N both from soil and fertilizer was in order of leaves > stems > root at the initial flowering period. At maturity, the largest single plant biomass,the highest seed N uptake and total plant N uptake were obtained in N_(2 :1) treatment, while the lowest in N_(1 :0)treatment, with a significant difference in the items between N_(1: 0) and N_(2:1) treatments. The proportion of fertilizer N uptake by plant was 23.7%-29.1%, that of soil N was 70.9%-76.3%. The N uptake from both fertilizer and soil was in order of seeds > leaves > stems > capsule > root, and the seed N uptake was significantly higher than others and accounting for 33.0%-44.3% of total plant N uptake. The fertilizer N utilization rate of the four treatments was in range of 17.8%-32.5%. The fertilizer N utilization rate in N_(2:1) treatment was significantly higher than that in N_(1:0), and the difference among the N_(2 :1),N_(1:2), and N_(0:1) was not significant. The recovery rate of ~(15)N in different treatments varied significantly from 16.2% in N_(2:1) to 31.3% in No:, at harvest.[Conclusions ]Under the experimental condition, applying nitrogen fertilizer in ratio of basal to topdressing of 2 : 1 could produce the highest sesame yield and fertilizer nitrogen use efficiency, and leave less in soil, so is thought to be optimal nitrogen application strategy.
引文
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[16]范霞,张吉旺,任佰朝,等.不同株高夏玉米品种的氮素吸收与利用特性[J].作物学报,2014, 40(10):1830-1838.Fan X, Zhang J W, Ren B C, et al. Nitrogen uptake and utilization of summer maize hybrids with different plant heights[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica,2014, 40(10):1830-1838.
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[2]汪瑞清,肖运萍,吕丰娟,等.氮肥与密度互作对红壤旱地秋芝麻的影响[J].中国油料作物学报,2017,39(4):502-508.Wang R Q, Xiao Y P, Lii F J, et al. Effect of nitrogen and density interaction in autumn sesame grown in upland red soil[J]. Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences, 2017, 39(4):502-508.
[3] Attia K K. Effect of farmyard manure and phosphorus fertilization ongrowth, yield and N, P and Ca content of sesame grown on a sandy calcareous soil[J]. Assiut Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2001,32(4):141-151.
[4]汪瑞清,罗涛,胡立勇,等.氮肥施用比例对油菜芝麻复种模式产量和品质的影响[J].中国油料作物学报,2018, 40(1):94-100.Wang R Q, Luo T, Hu L Y, et al. Effects of nitrogen application ratio on yield and quality of rapeseed-sesame multiple cropping pattern[J].Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences, 2018, 40(1):94-100.
[5]余常兵,谢立华,李银冰,等.氮钾肥施用技术对芝麻养分积累、产量和品质的影响[J].湖北农业科学,2012, 51(3):469-472.Yu C B, Xie L H, Li Y B, et al. Effect of N and K fertilizer application on yield and quality of sesame[J]. Hubei Agricultural Sciences, 2012, 51(3):469-472.
[6]徐子先,秦璐,李银水,等.铵硝配比对不同芝麻品种苗期生长及养分吸收的影响[J].中国油料作物学报,2017, 39(2):204-212.Xu Z X, Qin L, Li Y S, et al. Effects of different nitrogen form and ratio on growth and nutrient of different sesame cultivars[J]. Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences, 2017, 39(2):204-212.
[7] Zhang W L, Tian Z X, Zhan N, et al. Nitrate pollution of groundwater in northern China[J]. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 1996,(59):223-231.
[8]赵广才,何中虎,田奇卓,等.应用15N研究施氮比例对小麦氮素利用的效应[J].作物学报,2004, 30(2):159-162.Zhao G C, He Z H, Tian Q Z, et al. Effect of application rate of nitrogen on its utilization in wheat by using 15N tracer technique[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2004, 30(2):159-162.
[9]冯金凤,赵广才,张保军,等.氮肥追施比例对冬小麦产量和蛋白质组分及生理指标的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013, 19(4):824-831.Feng J F, Zhao G C, Zhang B J, et al. Effect of topdressing nitrogen ratio on yield, protein components and physiological characteristics of winter wheat[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2013,19(4):824-831.
[10]徐明杰,张琳,汪新颖,等.不同管理方式对夏玉米氮素吸收、分配及去向的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015, 21(1):36-45.Xu M J, Zhang L, Wang X Y, et al. Effects of different management patterns on uptake, distribution and fate of nitrogen in summer maize[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2015, 21(1):36-45.
[11]李鹏程,董合林,刘爱忠,等.应用15N研究氮肥运筹对棉花氮素吸收利用及产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015, 21(3):590-599.Li P C, Dong H L, Liu A Z, et al. Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application strategy on N uptake, utilization and yield of cotton using15N trace technique[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2015,21(3):590-599.
[12]谷海红,刘宏斌,王树会,等.应用15N示踪研究不同来源氮素在烤烟体内的累积和分配[J].中国农业科学,2008, 41(9):2693-2702.Gu H H, Liu H B, Wang S H, et al. Study on accumulation and distribution of different sources of nitrogen in flue-cured tobacco plant by15N tracer[J]. Scienica Agricultura Sinica, 2008, 41(9):2693-2702.
[13]马兴华,梁晓芳,刘光亮,等.氮肥用量及其基追施比例对烤烟氮素利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016, 22(6):1655-1664.Ma X H, Liang X F, Liu G L, et al. Effect of nitrogen application rate and base and topdressing ratio on nitrogen utilization of flue-cured tobacco[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2016, 22(6):1655-1664.
[14]李洪娜,许海港,任饴华,等.不同施氮水平对矮化富士苹果幼树生长、氮素利用及内源激素含量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(5):1304-1311.Li H N, Xu H G, Ren Y H, et al. Effect of different N application rates on plant growth, 15N-urea utilization and hormone content of dwarf apple trees[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2015,21(5):1304-1311.
[15]徐明杰,董娴娴,刘会玲,等.不同管理方式对小麦氮素吸收、分配及去向的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014, 20(5):1084-1093.Xu M J, Dong X X, Liu H L, et al. Effect of different management patterns on uptake, distribution and fate of nitrogen in wheat[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2014, 20(5):1084-1093.
[16]范霞,张吉旺,任佰朝,等.不同株高夏玉米品种的氮素吸收与利用特性[J].作物学报,2014, 40(10):1830-1838.Fan X, Zhang J W, Ren B C, et al. Nitrogen uptake and utilization of summer maize hybrids with different plant heights[J]. Acta Agronomica Sinica,2014, 40(10):1830-1838.
[17]王小琳,顾正清,邱春霞.氮肥分配和种植方式对秋芝麻开花进程的影响[J].湖北农学院学报,2001,21(3):199-201.Wang X L, Gu Z Q, Qiu C X. Nitrogen fertilizer distribution and planting way for autumn influence the flowering process of sesame[J]. Journal of Hubei Agricultural College, 2001, 21(3):199-201.
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