“一带一路”实践下独立保函若干法律问题阐释——兼评《关于审理独立保函纠纷案件若干问题的规定》
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摘要
独立保函作为新型担保制度在国际经贸往来中发挥着重要作用,尤其是随着我国"一带一路"实践的推进,独立保函纠纷案件更是成为涉外司法审判中的热点问题。在此背景下,《关于审理独立保函纠纷案件若干问题的规定》(2016年实施)应运而生。在该司法解释中,独立保函的识别、独立保函的欺诈和救济措施、独立保函纠纷的管辖权和法律适用尤为重要。对这三个问题的认识需要对比《联合国独立保函与备用信用证公约》,同时结合我国司法实践中的典型案例。对该司法解释应在以下几方面进行完善和改进:细化独立保函开立人资格,明确独立保函认定标准,加入对独立保函有效期的规定、完善独立保函欺诈的规定。
As a new type of guarantee system, the independent guarantee system plays an important role in international economic and trade exchanges. Especially with the advancement of China's "The Belt and Road" initiative, independent guarantee disputes have become a hot issue in foreign-related judicial trials. In view of this, the Provisions of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues Concerning the Trial of Independent Guarantee Dispute Cases came into force. According to the judicial interpretation, issues like the identification of independent guarantees, fraud and remedies for independent guarantees and jurisdiction and legal application of independent guarantees are particularly important. To understand these three issues, we need to compare relevant issues with the United Nations Convention on Independent Guarantees and Standby Letters of Credit, and take into account some typical cases in China's judicial practice. We believe that the judicial interpretation should be modified in the following aspects: refining the qualifications of independent guarantees, clarifying the criteria for the identification of independent guarantees, adding provisions on the validity period of independent guarantees, and improving the provisions on fraud of independent guarantees.
As a new type of guarantee system, the independent guarantee system plays an important role in international economic and trade exchanges. Especially with the advancement of China's "The Belt and Road" initiative, independent guarantee disputes have become a hot issue in foreign-related judicial trials. In view of this, the Provisions of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues Concerning the Trial of Independent Guarantee Dispute Cases came into force. According to the judicial interpretation, issues like the identification of independent guarantees, fraud and remedies for independent guarantees and jurisdiction and legal application of independent guarantees are particularly important. To understand these three issues, we need to compare relevant issues with the United Nations Convention on Independent Guarantees and Standby Letters of Credit, and take into account some typical cases in China's judicial practice. We believe that the judicial interpretation should be modified in the following aspects: refining the qualifications of independent guarantees, clarifying the criteria for the identification of independent guarantees, adding provisions on the validity period of independent guarantees, and improving the provisions on fraud of independent guarantees.
引文
[ 1 ] 金赛波.50+案件数据透视独立保函司法实践[EB/OL].(2018-09-24)[2018-09-24].ht-tp://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_540752bd0102xx5o.html.
[ 2 ] 王志华.对独立担保国内效力的承认和法律完善[J].法律适用,2003(11):42-43.
[ 3 ] 高祥.独立担保法律问题研究[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2015:121-123.
[ 4 ] 北京市第二中级人民法院.(2016)京02民终530号判决[EB/OL].(2016-04-08)[2018-09-24].http://wenshu.court.gov.cn/content/content?DocID=A08A55EC-1B71-4DFE-9C8C-DF6E334767EE&KeyWord=.
[ 5 ] 广州市中级人民法院.(2007)穗中法民四初字第7号判决[EB/OL].(2007-06-25)[2018-09-24].https://www.itslaw.com/detail?judgementId=a530c189-7443-474c-ae5d-9101 dbb133d0&area=1&index=1&sortType=1&count=1&conditions=searchWord%2B.
[ 6 ] 北京市平谷区人民法院.(2009)平民初字第00912号判决[EB/OL].(2009-03-12)[2018-9-24].https://www.itslaw.com/detail?judgementId=a7352207-d53d-409e-b25c- 9e3ba0df35d6&area=1&index=1&sortType=1&count=2&conditions=searchWord%2B.
[ 7 ] 侯丽艳.经济法概论[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2012:36.
[ 8 ] 周辉斌.银行保函与备用信用证法律实务[M].北京:中信出版社,2003:254.
[ 9 ] Bertrams R F.Bank Guarantees in International Trade [M].Amsterdam:Kluwer Law International,2004:336.
[10] 武汉海事法院.(2014)武海法商字第00823号判决.[EB/OL](2017-09-07)[2018-9-24].https://www.itslaw.com/detail?judgementId=7033b2e4-f3f1-4bb3-931e-ce7ea33bb5 d9&area=1&index=1&sortType=1&count=1&conditions=searchWord%2B.
[11] Roy Goode.Guide to the ICC Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantees [J].International Chamber of Commerce,1992(5):18-19.
[12] Michel Vasseur.Ten Years of French Case Law Relative To Independent Guarantees[J].International Business Law Journal,1990(3):357-358.
[13] Geraldine Mary Andrews,Richard Millett.Law of Guarantees [M].UK:Sweet & Maxwell Press,2005:111.
[14] 刘斌.独立担保欺诈例外的类型化——兼评我国独立保函司法解释征求意见稿[J].比较法研究,2014(5):122-135.
[15] 刘斌.独立担保的单据机制研究[J].北方法学,2015(5):79-88.
[16] 孙雪峰.见索即付保函法律制度研究[D].北京:对外经济贸易大学,2004:11.
[17] Lyfd.Bank Guarantees in International Trade[M].Amsterdam:Kluwer Law Press,2004.
[18] 徐捷.独立保函交易的单据化刍论[J].中国政法大学学报,2011(3):104-115.
[19] James E Byrn.New Rules for Standby Letters of Credit[J].Uniform Commercial Code Law Journal,1999(2):149-181.
[20] Jason Chuah.Law of International Trade[M].UK:Seer & Maxwell,2009:15.
[21] 费安玲.论保证人抗辩权[J].政法论坛,2000(1):15-22.
[22] 赵蓓.独立担保中“欺诈例外”规则比较研究[J].中国外资,2012(12):220-222.
[23] 王涵.独立担保欺诈例外原则的司法适用问题研究[J].天津商业大学学报,2018(2):61-66.
[24] [美]ALI(美国法学会),NCCUSL(美国统一州法委员会).美国《统一商法典》及其正式评述:第二卷[M].李昊,刘云龙,戴科,等,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005.
[25] 最高人民法院.(2017)最高法民再134号判决[EB/OL].(2017-12-14)[2018-09-24].https://www.itslaw.com/detail?judgementId=f2b964c0-a771-4802-bdf1-88372a1633 c1 & area=1&index=2&sortType=1&count=1255&conditions=searchWord%2B.
[26] 宋汉鲲.一则涉外独立保函案例的法律分析及启示[J].中国城市金融,2017(10):59-61.
[27] 张勇健.关于审理独立保函纠纷案件若干问题的规定的理解和适用[J].人民司法,2017(1):23-29.
[28] 蒋琪.保函纠纷审慎适用欺诈例外规则[J].资本与法治,2017(2):55-58.
①连带责任保证是指:当事人在保证合同中约定债务人在主合同规定履行期间没有履行债务,债权人可要求债务人履行债务,也可以要求保证人在其保证范围内承担担保责任,保证人没有先诉抗辩权的保证。
②从属性条款通常出现在从属性保证中,给予从属保证人某些权利和抗辩的条款。
[ 2 ] 王志华.对独立担保国内效力的承认和法律完善[J].法律适用,2003(11):42-43.
[ 3 ] 高祥.独立担保法律问题研究[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2015:121-123.
[ 4 ] 北京市第二中级人民法院.(2016)京02民终530号判决[EB/OL].(2016-04-08)[2018-09-24].http://wenshu.court.gov.cn/content/content?DocID=A08A55EC-1B71-4DFE-9C8C-DF6E334767EE&KeyWord=.
[ 5 ] 广州市中级人民法院.(2007)穗中法民四初字第7号判决[EB/OL].(2007-06-25)[2018-09-24].https://www.itslaw.com/detail?judgementId=a530c189-7443-474c-ae5d-9101 dbb133d0&area=1&index=1&sortType=1&count=1&conditions=searchWord%2B.
[ 6 ] 北京市平谷区人民法院.(2009)平民初字第00912号判决[EB/OL].(2009-03-12)[2018-9-24].https://www.itslaw.com/detail?judgementId=a7352207-d53d-409e-b25c- 9e3ba0df35d6&area=1&index=1&sortType=1&count=2&conditions=searchWord%2B.
[ 7 ] 侯丽艳.经济法概论[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2012:36.
[ 8 ] 周辉斌.银行保函与备用信用证法律实务[M].北京:中信出版社,2003:254.
[ 9 ] Bertrams R F.Bank Guarantees in International Trade [M].Amsterdam:Kluwer Law International,2004:336.
[10] 武汉海事法院.(2014)武海法商字第00823号判决.[EB/OL](2017-09-07)[2018-9-24].https://www.itslaw.com/detail?judgementId=7033b2e4-f3f1-4bb3-931e-ce7ea33bb5 d9&area=1&index=1&sortType=1&count=1&conditions=searchWord%2B.
[11] Roy Goode.Guide to the ICC Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantees [J].International Chamber of Commerce,1992(5):18-19.
[12] Michel Vasseur.Ten Years of French Case Law Relative To Independent Guarantees[J].International Business Law Journal,1990(3):357-358.
[13] Geraldine Mary Andrews,Richard Millett.Law of Guarantees [M].UK:Sweet & Maxwell Press,2005:111.
[14] 刘斌.独立担保欺诈例外的类型化——兼评我国独立保函司法解释征求意见稿[J].比较法研究,2014(5):122-135.
[15] 刘斌.独立担保的单据机制研究[J].北方法学,2015(5):79-88.
[16] 孙雪峰.见索即付保函法律制度研究[D].北京:对外经济贸易大学,2004:11.
[17] Lyfd.Bank Guarantees in International Trade[M].Amsterdam:Kluwer Law Press,2004.
[18] 徐捷.独立保函交易的单据化刍论[J].中国政法大学学报,2011(3):104-115.
[19] James E Byrn.New Rules for Standby Letters of Credit[J].Uniform Commercial Code Law Journal,1999(2):149-181.
[20] Jason Chuah.Law of International Trade[M].UK:Seer & Maxwell,2009:15.
[21] 费安玲.论保证人抗辩权[J].政法论坛,2000(1):15-22.
[22] 赵蓓.独立担保中“欺诈例外”规则比较研究[J].中国外资,2012(12):220-222.
[23] 王涵.独立担保欺诈例外原则的司法适用问题研究[J].天津商业大学学报,2018(2):61-66.
[24] [美]ALI(美国法学会),NCCUSL(美国统一州法委员会).美国《统一商法典》及其正式评述:第二卷[M].李昊,刘云龙,戴科,等,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2005.
[25] 最高人民法院.(2017)最高法民再134号判决[EB/OL].(2017-12-14)[2018-09-24].https://www.itslaw.com/detail?judgementId=f2b964c0-a771-4802-bdf1-88372a1633 c1 & area=1&index=2&sortType=1&count=1255&conditions=searchWord%2B.
[26] 宋汉鲲.一则涉外独立保函案例的法律分析及启示[J].中国城市金融,2017(10):59-61.
[27] 张勇健.关于审理独立保函纠纷案件若干问题的规定的理解和适用[J].人民司法,2017(1):23-29.
[28] 蒋琪.保函纠纷审慎适用欺诈例外规则[J].资本与法治,2017(2):55-58.
①连带责任保证是指:当事人在保证合同中约定债务人在主合同规定履行期间没有履行债务,债权人可要求债务人履行债务,也可以要求保证人在其保证范围内承担担保责任,保证人没有先诉抗辩权的保证。
②从属性条款通常出现在从属性保证中,给予从属保证人某些权利和抗辩的条款。