利用康奈尔净碳水化合物-蛋白质体系与聚类分析技术评价油菜秸秆营养价值
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摘要
本试验旨在利用康奈尔净碳水化合物-蛋白质体系(CNCPS)与聚类分析技术对油菜秸秆营养价值进行评定与分类,并探究各类油菜秸秆在瘤胃中的降解规律。试验于甘肃省、青海省、宁夏回族自治区3省18县(区)采集油菜秸秆样品125份,对其进行营养成分测定,用CNCPS 6.5计算样品中碳水化合物和蛋白质各组分的含量,以中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、粗蛋白质(CP)含量为分类指标对油菜秸秆进行聚类分析,将125份油菜秸秆分为3类(第1类:NDF含量平均值为55.75%、CP含量平均值为12.33%;第2类:NDF含量平均值为62.06%、CP含量平均值为5.60%;第3类:NDF含量平均值为72.72%、CP含量平均值为4.59%),并将这3类油菜秸秆进行原位降解试验。结果显示:1)油菜秸秆常规营养成分含量变化范围为干物质(DM)91.20%～96. 39%、CP 2. 06%～15. 92%、粗灰分(Ash) 4. 12%～12. 46%、粗脂肪(EE) 0. 27%～9.84%、NDF 50. 51%～82. 12%、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF) 39. 76%～65. 38%、碳水化合物(CHO)69.16%～92.07%、中性洗涤不溶性蛋白质(NDIP) 0. 50%～2. 10%、酸性洗涤不溶性蛋白质(ADIP) 0.19%～1.70%。2) CNCPS中油菜秸秆碳水化合物各组分含量变化范围为不可利用纤维(CC) 16.16%～63.66%、可利用纤维(CB2) 11.23%～58.62%、非结构性碳水化合物(CNSC) 12.03%～43.00%、糖类(CA) 12.03%～43.00%。3) CNCPS中油菜秸秆蛋白质各组分含量变化范围为非蛋白氮(PA) 0.01%～6.04%、溶于缓冲液中的真蛋白质(PB1) 0.01%～4.31%、中性洗涤可溶性蛋白质(PB2) 0.07%～5.18%、酸性洗涤可溶性蛋白质(PB3) 0.01%～1.26%、不可利用氮(PC) 0.19%～1.70%。4)原位降解试验结果显示,3类油菜秸秆DM 24 h降解率和有效降解率分别为36.8%和31.8%、24.5%和21.9%、19.1%和20.6%。由上可知,油菜秸秆中含有较多的不可利用的碳水化合物和蛋白质,需进一步通过饲料添加剂来提高反刍动物的消化利用。
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the nutritional value of rape straw using Cornell net carbohydrate-protein system( CNCPS) and cluster analysis technique,and further to explore the degradation law of various kinds of rape straws in the rumen. A total of 125 rape straw samples were collected from 18 counties or regions in Gansu province,Qinghai province and Ningxia Hui autonomous region,and their conventional nutritive components were analyzed. Then the carbohydrate( CHO) and protein components were calculated by CNCPS 6.5.The 125 rape straw samples were divided into 3 categories according to the contents of neutral detergent fiber( NDF) and crude protein( CP) of rape straw as classification indicators using cluster analysis technique( classification 1: NDF average content was 60% and CP average content was 12.3%; classification 2: NDF average content was 60% and CP average content was 5.3%; classification 3: NDF average content was 73% and CP average content was 4.6%),and the three classifications of rape straw were tested for in situ degradation. The results showed as follows: 1) the conventional nutritive component content variation ranges of rape straw were dry matter( DM) 91.20% to 96.39%,CP 2.06% to 15.92%,ash 4.12% to 12.46%,ether extract( EE) 0.27% to 9.84%,NDF 50.51% to 82.12%,acid detergent fiber( ADF) 39.76% to 65.38%,CHO 69.16% to 92.07%,neutral detergent insoluble protein( NDIP) 0.50% to 2.10%,acid detergent insoluble protein( ADIP) 0.19% to 1.70%,respectively.2) The content variation ranges of rape straw CHO components in CNCPS were unavailable fiber( CC) 16.16% to63.66%,available fiber( CB2) 11. 23% to 58. 62%,non-structure carbohydrate( CNSC) 12. 03% to 43. 00%,sugars( CA) 12.03% to 43.00%,respectively. 3) The content variation ranges of rape straw protein components in CNCPS were non-protein nitrogen( PA) 0.01% to 6.04%,true protein dissolved in buffer( PB1) 0. 01% to 4.31%,neutral detergent soluble protein( PB2) 0.07% to 5.18%,acid detergent soluble protein( PB3) 0.01% to1.26%,unavailable nitrogen( PC) 0.19% to 1.70%,respectively. 4) The in situ degradation test results showed that the DM degradation rate for 24 h and effective degradation rate of the three classifications of rape straw were36.8% and 31.8%,24.5% and 21.9%,19.1% and 20.6%,respectively. As can be seen form the above,rape straw contains more unusable carbohydrates and proteins,which can further improve the digestion and utilization of ruminants through feed additives.
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the nutritional value of rape straw using Cornell net carbohydrate-protein system( CNCPS) and cluster analysis technique,and further to explore the degradation law of various kinds of rape straws in the rumen. A total of 125 rape straw samples were collected from 18 counties or regions in Gansu province,Qinghai province and Ningxia Hui autonomous region,and their conventional nutritive components were analyzed. Then the carbohydrate( CHO) and protein components were calculated by CNCPS 6.5.The 125 rape straw samples were divided into 3 categories according to the contents of neutral detergent fiber( NDF) and crude protein( CP) of rape straw as classification indicators using cluster analysis technique( classification 1: NDF average content was 60% and CP average content was 12.3%; classification 2: NDF average content was 60% and CP average content was 5.3%; classification 3: NDF average content was 73% and CP average content was 4.6%),and the three classifications of rape straw were tested for in situ degradation. The results showed as follows: 1) the conventional nutritive component content variation ranges of rape straw were dry matter( DM) 91.20% to 96.39%,CP 2.06% to 15.92%,ash 4.12% to 12.46%,ether extract( EE) 0.27% to 9.84%,NDF 50.51% to 82.12%,acid detergent fiber( ADF) 39.76% to 65.38%,CHO 69.16% to 92.07%,neutral detergent insoluble protein( NDIP) 0.50% to 2.10%,acid detergent insoluble protein( ADIP) 0.19% to 1.70%,respectively.2) The content variation ranges of rape straw CHO components in CNCPS were unavailable fiber( CC) 16.16% to63.66%,available fiber( CB2) 11. 23% to 58. 62%,non-structure carbohydrate( CNSC) 12. 03% to 43. 00%,sugars( CA) 12.03% to 43.00%,respectively. 3) The content variation ranges of rape straw protein components in CNCPS were non-protein nitrogen( PA) 0.01% to 6.04%,true protein dissolved in buffer( PB1) 0. 01% to 4.31%,neutral detergent soluble protein( PB2) 0.07% to 5.18%,acid detergent soluble protein( PB3) 0.01% to1.26%,unavailable nitrogen( PC) 0.19% to 1.70%,respectively. 4) The in situ degradation test results showed that the DM degradation rate for 24 h and effective degradation rate of the three classifications of rape straw were36.8% and 31.8%,24.5% and 21.9%,19.1% and 20.6%,respectively. As can be seen form the above,rape straw contains more unusable carbohydrates and proteins,which can further improve the digestion and utilization of ruminants through feed additives.
引文
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[9]VAN AMBURGH M E,COLLAO-SAENZ E A,HIGGS RJ,et al.The Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system:updates to the model and evaluation of version 6.5[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2015,98(9):6361-6380.
[10]于震.CNCPS在奶牛日粮评价和生产预测上的应用[D].硕士学位论文.哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2007:3-8.
[11]陈京民.数据仓库与数据挖掘技术[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2002:78-108.
[12]刘婵娟.中国奶牛常用饲料原料数据库的建立[D].硕士学位论文.杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2013:1-7.
[13]张蓓蓓,马颖,耿维,等.中国油菜秸秆资源的生物质能源利用潜力评价[J].可再生能源,2017,35(1):126-134.
[14]NRC.Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle[S].Washington,D.C.:National Academy Press,2001.
[15]杨胜.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M].北京:北京农业大学出版社,1993:17-22.
[16]张丽英.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M].3版.北京:中国农业大学出版社,2007:50-52.
[17]FORTINA R,MALFATTO V,MIMOSI A,et al.The establishment of a database of Italian feeds for the Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system[J].Italian Journal of Animal Science,2003,2(3):171-179.
[18]RSKOV E R,MCDONALD I.The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage[J].The Journal of Agricultural Science,1979,92(2):499-503.
[19]黎力之,潘珂,袁安,等.几种油菜秸秆营养成分的测定[J].江西畜牧兽医杂志,2014(5):28-29.
[20]李岚捷,成述儒,刁其玉,等.日粮碳水化合物对幼龄反刍动物生长发育的影响[J].畜牧与兽医,2017,49(12):145-149.
[21]FOX D G,TEDESCHI L O,TYLUTKI T P,et al.The Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system model for evaluating herd nutrition and nutrient excretion.[J].Animal Feed Science&Technology,2004,112(1):29-78.
[22]付洋洋,王鼎,阿拉腾珠拉,等.利用CNCPS法评价川西北舍饲牦牛养殖区常见粗饲料的营养价值[J].畜牧与兽医,2018,50(3):39-47.
[23]张吉鹍.粗饲料分级指数参数的模型化及粗饲料科学搭配的组合效应研究[D].博士学位论文.呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2005:1-25.
[24]TYLUTKI T P,FOX D G,DURBAL V M,et al.Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system:a model for precision feeding of dairy cattle[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2008,143(1/2/3/4):174-202.
[25]张鹏,卜登攀,张养东,等.康奈尔净碳水化合物-净蛋白质体系(CNCPS)在反刍动物上的应用研究[J].中国奶牛,2014(5):7-10.
[26]MINSON D J.Forage in ruminant nutrition[M].San Diego:Academic Press,1990.
[27]SHEAFFER C C,MARTIN N P,LAMB J F S,et al.Leaf and stem properties of alfalfa entries[J].Agronomy Journal,2000,92(4):733-739.
[28]FOX D G,TEDESCHI L O,TYLUTKI T P,et al.The Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system model for evaluating herd nutrition and nutrient excretion[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2000,112(1/2/3/4):29-78.
[29]EMMANUEl R,MUTIMURA M.Comparison of nutrient composition and in vitro digestion characteristics of four forage legumes from two agro-ecological zones of Rwanda.[J].Agricultural Journal,2013,7(5):54-359.
[30]陈晓琳.肉羊常用粗饲料营养价值和瘤胃降解特性研究[D].硕士学位论文.青岛:青岛农业大学,2014:15-29.
[31]刁其玉,屠焰.奶牛常用饲料蛋白质在瘤胃的降解参数[J].乳业科学与技术,2005,27(2):70-74.
[2]VAN SOEST P J,ROBERTSON J B,LEWIS B A.Methods for dietary fiber,neutral detergent fiber,and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition[J].Journal of Dairy Science,1991,74(10):3583-3597.
[3]FOX D G,SNIFFEN C J,O’CONNOR J D,et al.A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets:Ⅲ.Cattle requirements and diet adequacy[J].Journal of Animal Science,1992,70(11):3578-3596.
[4]O’CONNOR J D,SNIFFEN C J,FOX D G,et al.A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets:Ⅳ.Predicting amino acid adequacy[J]Journal of Animal Science,1993,71(5):1298-1311.
[5]RUSSELL J B,O’CONNOR J D,FOX D G,et al.A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets:Ⅰ.Ruminal fermentation[J].Journal of Animal Science,1992,70(11):3551-3561.
[6]HIGGS R J.Nitrogen use efficiency and sustainable nitrogen mangement in high producing dairy farms[D].Ph.D.Thesis.New York:Cornell University,2009:1-18.
[7]TYLUTKI T P,FOX D G,DURBAL V M,et al.Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system:a model for precision feeding of dairy cattle[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2008,143(1/2/3/4):174-202.
[8]VAN AMBURGH M E,CHASE L E,OVERTON T R,et al.Updates to the Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system v6.1 and implications for ration formulation[C]//Proceedings of the 72nd Cornell Nutrition Conference For Feed Manufacturers.Syracuse,NY:Cornell University,2010:144-159.
[9]VAN AMBURGH M E,COLLAO-SAENZ E A,HIGGS RJ,et al.The Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system:updates to the model and evaluation of version 6.5[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2015,98(9):6361-6380.
[10]于震.CNCPS在奶牛日粮评价和生产预测上的应用[D].硕士学位论文.哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2007:3-8.
[11]陈京民.数据仓库与数据挖掘技术[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2002:78-108.
[12]刘婵娟.中国奶牛常用饲料原料数据库的建立[D].硕士学位论文.杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2013:1-7.
[13]张蓓蓓,马颖,耿维,等.中国油菜秸秆资源的生物质能源利用潜力评价[J].可再生能源,2017,35(1):126-134.
[14]NRC.Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle[S].Washington,D.C.:National Academy Press,2001.
[15]杨胜.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M].北京:北京农业大学出版社,1993:17-22.
[16]张丽英.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M].3版.北京:中国农业大学出版社,2007:50-52.
[17]FORTINA R,MALFATTO V,MIMOSI A,et al.The establishment of a database of Italian feeds for the Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system[J].Italian Journal of Animal Science,2003,2(3):171-179.
[18]RSKOV E R,MCDONALD I.The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage[J].The Journal of Agricultural Science,1979,92(2):499-503.
[19]黎力之,潘珂,袁安,等.几种油菜秸秆营养成分的测定[J].江西畜牧兽医杂志,2014(5):28-29.
[20]李岚捷,成述儒,刁其玉,等.日粮碳水化合物对幼龄反刍动物生长发育的影响[J].畜牧与兽医,2017,49(12):145-149.
[21]FOX D G,TEDESCHI L O,TYLUTKI T P,et al.The Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system model for evaluating herd nutrition and nutrient excretion.[J].Animal Feed Science&Technology,2004,112(1):29-78.
[22]付洋洋,王鼎,阿拉腾珠拉,等.利用CNCPS法评价川西北舍饲牦牛养殖区常见粗饲料的营养价值[J].畜牧与兽医,2018,50(3):39-47.
[23]张吉鹍.粗饲料分级指数参数的模型化及粗饲料科学搭配的组合效应研究[D].博士学位论文.呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2005:1-25.
[24]TYLUTKI T P,FOX D G,DURBAL V M,et al.Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system:a model for precision feeding of dairy cattle[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2008,143(1/2/3/4):174-202.
[25]张鹏,卜登攀,张养东,等.康奈尔净碳水化合物-净蛋白质体系(CNCPS)在反刍动物上的应用研究[J].中国奶牛,2014(5):7-10.
[26]MINSON D J.Forage in ruminant nutrition[M].San Diego:Academic Press,1990.
[27]SHEAFFER C C,MARTIN N P,LAMB J F S,et al.Leaf and stem properties of alfalfa entries[J].Agronomy Journal,2000,92(4):733-739.
[28]FOX D G,TEDESCHI L O,TYLUTKI T P,et al.The Cornell net carbohydrate and protein system model for evaluating herd nutrition and nutrient excretion[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2000,112(1/2/3/4):29-78.
[29]EMMANUEl R,MUTIMURA M.Comparison of nutrient composition and in vitro digestion characteristics of four forage legumes from two agro-ecological zones of Rwanda.[J].Agricultural Journal,2013,7(5):54-359.
[30]陈晓琳.肉羊常用粗饲料营养价值和瘤胃降解特性研究[D].硕士学位论文.青岛:青岛农业大学,2014:15-29.
[31]刁其玉,屠焰.奶牛常用饲料蛋白质在瘤胃的降解参数[J].乳业科学与技术,2005,27(2):70-74.