施氮对单作和套作小麦产量和氮素利用特征的影响
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摘要
小麦/玉米套作是四川主要的旱作模式,研究小麦的氮素吸收利用效率及套作玉米对小麦的影响有助于进一步提示套作小麦的增产优势、养分高效利用及了解玉米小麦间相互作用机理。本研究通过田间试验研究了不同氮水平下[0 kg(N)·hm-2、60 kg(N)·hm-2、120 kg(N)·hm-2和180 kg(N)·hm-2,分别记为N1、N2、N3和N4]小麦单作、小麦/空带和小麦/玉米套作3种模式中小麦的产量、氮素吸收利用特征和玉米对小麦的影响。结果表明:在不同的氮处理下,与单作小麦相比,小麦玉米套作的小麦始终表现出明显的产量优势,其生物量和籽粒产量比单作小麦平均增加15.7%和17.8%;套作小麦边行优势明显,其边行的地上部生物量、产量、吸氮量和氮肥偏生产力比单作行分别增加23.8%、27.3%、48.9%和19.1%,说明套作小麦比单作小麦对氮利用效率更高。不施氮(N1)和低氮(N2)处理小麦/玉米套作模式中小麦的生物量、产量比小麦/空带模式平均低6.5%和5.7%,但在中氮水平(N3)时小麦/玉米套作模式中小麦产量、地上部生物量、地上部吸氮量和氮肥偏生产力分别比小麦/空带模式高14.1%、5.0%、6.8%和4.5%。说明在小麦/玉米套作模式中套入玉米在施氮不足时小麦生长受到抑制,而在施氮充足时小麦生长得到促进。因此,套作小麦有边行优势和产量优势,小麦行间套作玉米时需要配施一定量的氮肥以消除小麦、玉米间的氮素竞争从而促进小麦的生长。
Wheat/maize relay-intercropping system is an important rainfed planting pattern in Sichuan Province,China.It is therefore important to investigate rational nitrogen management strategies to improve not only productivity and nutrient use efficiency,but also to explore the yield advantage mechanism of the interaction between intercropped wheat and maize.In this direction,a field experiment was conducted in 2014 involving four nitrogen application rates(0 kg·hm-2,60 kg·hm-2,120 kg·hm-2 and 180 kg·hm-2,denoted by N1,N2,N3 and N4,respectively) under three planting patterns.The planting patterns included wheat monoculture(W),wheat/maize strip relay-intercropping(W/M) and wheat/empty strip(W/E) at an experimental research base in Chongzhou,Sichuan.Grain yield,biomass,nitrogen uptake,nitrogen use efficiency and partial factor productivity of nitrogen(PFP-N) of wheat were calculated.The results showed that 1) intercropped wheat had yield advantage over monoculture wheat under all the nitrogen application rates.The aboveground biomass and grain yield of intercropped wheat in W/M and W/E treatments were on average 15.7% and 17.8% higher than that of monoculture wheat.2) Border row wheat had advantage in terms of productivity,nitrogen uptake and nutrient use efficiency.Aboveground biomass,yield,nitrogen uptake and PFP-N of the border row wheat were 23.8%,27.3%,48.9% and 19.1% higher than those of monoculture wheat,respectively.It suggested that intercropped wheat had higher nitrogen use efficiency with higher grain yield compared to monoculture wheat.3) Compared to W/E pattern,aboveground biomass and grain yield of wheat under W/M pattern dropped by 6.5% and 5.7% under the zero and 60 kg·hm-2 nitrogen application treatments,respectively.However,under the medium nitrogen application rate(N3,120 kg·hm-2) grain yield,aboveground biomass,shoot nitrogen uptake and PFP-N of wheat under W/M were 14.1%,5.0%,6.8% and 4.5% higher than those under W/E,respectively.These results indicated that intercropped wheat may be inhibited by intercropping maize under low nitrogen application rate(such as low than 60 kg·hm-2),in contrast wheat development in intercropping could be promoted by sufficient nitrogen application.Furthermore,intercropped wheat had advantages in grain yield and nutrient use efficiency,especially for border row plants.Although maize and wheat interaction enhanced this process,sufficient nitrogen fertilizer application in maize and wheat was critical for promoting growth of relay-intercropped wheat.
Wheat/maize relay-intercropping system is an important rainfed planting pattern in Sichuan Province,China.It is therefore important to investigate rational nitrogen management strategies to improve not only productivity and nutrient use efficiency,but also to explore the yield advantage mechanism of the interaction between intercropped wheat and maize.In this direction,a field experiment was conducted in 2014 involving four nitrogen application rates(0 kg·hm-2,60 kg·hm-2,120 kg·hm-2 and 180 kg·hm-2,denoted by N1,N2,N3 and N4,respectively) under three planting patterns.The planting patterns included wheat monoculture(W),wheat/maize strip relay-intercropping(W/M) and wheat/empty strip(W/E) at an experimental research base in Chongzhou,Sichuan.Grain yield,biomass,nitrogen uptake,nitrogen use efficiency and partial factor productivity of nitrogen(PFP-N) of wheat were calculated.The results showed that 1) intercropped wheat had yield advantage over monoculture wheat under all the nitrogen application rates.The aboveground biomass and grain yield of intercropped wheat in W/M and W/E treatments were on average 15.7% and 17.8% higher than that of monoculture wheat.2) Border row wheat had advantage in terms of productivity,nitrogen uptake and nutrient use efficiency.Aboveground biomass,yield,nitrogen uptake and PFP-N of the border row wheat were 23.8%,27.3%,48.9% and 19.1% higher than those of monoculture wheat,respectively.It suggested that intercropped wheat had higher nitrogen use efficiency with higher grain yield compared to monoculture wheat.3) Compared to W/E pattern,aboveground biomass and grain yield of wheat under W/M pattern dropped by 6.5% and 5.7% under the zero and 60 kg·hm-2 nitrogen application treatments,respectively.However,under the medium nitrogen application rate(N3,120 kg·hm-2) grain yield,aboveground biomass,shoot nitrogen uptake and PFP-N of wheat under W/M were 14.1%,5.0%,6.8% and 4.5% higher than those under W/E,respectively.These results indicated that intercropped wheat may be inhibited by intercropping maize under low nitrogen application rate(such as low than 60 kg·hm-2),in contrast wheat development in intercropping could be promoted by sufficient nitrogen application.Furthermore,intercropped wheat had advantages in grain yield and nutrient use efficiency,especially for border row plants.Although maize and wheat interaction enhanced this process,sufficient nitrogen fertilizer application in maize and wheat was critical for promoting growth of relay-intercropped wheat.
引文
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[2]Guo J H,Liu X J,Zhang Y,et al.Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands[J].Science,2010,327(5968):1008–1010
[3]孙占祥,邹晓锦,张鑫,等.施氮量对玉米产量和氮素利用效率及土壤硝态氮累积的影响[J].玉米科学,2011,19(5):119–123Sun Z X,Zou X J,Zhang X,et al.Effects of N application rate on maize yield,nitrogen use efficiency and the accumulation of soil nitrate nitrogen[J].Corn Science,2011,9(5):119–123
[4]朱兆良,金继运.保障我国粮食安全的肥料问题[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(2):259–273Zhu Z L,Jin J Y.Fertilizer problems of guaranteeing food security in our country[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2013,19(2):259–273
[5]巨晓棠,谷保静.我国农田氮肥施用现状、问题及趋势[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(4):783–795Ju X T,Gu B J.Nitrogen fertilization status,problems and trends in China farmland[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2014,20(4):783–795
[6]焦念元,宁堂原,赵春,等.施氮量和玉米-花生间作模式对氮磷吸收与利用的影响[J].作物学报,2008,34(4):706–712Jiao N Y,Ning T Y,Zhao C,et al.Effects of N application rate and corn-peanut intercropping system on the nitrogen and phosphorus uptake and utilization[J].Crop Science,2008,34(4):706–712
[7]Harris D,Natarajan M,Willey R W.Physiological basis for yield advantage in a sorghum/groundnut intercrop exposed to drought.1.Dry-matter production,yield,and light interception[J].Field Crops Research,1987,17(87):259–272
[8]郭智,周炜,陈留根,等.稻秸还田对稻麦两熟农田麦季养分径流流失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(4):17–20Guo Z,Zhou W,Chen L G,et al.Effect of rice straw return on surface runoff losses of soil nitrogen and phosphorus during wheat growing season in intensive rice-wheat rotation field[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,25(4):17–20
[9]陈远学,刘静,陈新平,等.四川几种轮套作体系的产量及小麦玉米磷素利用效率研究[J].土壤通报,2014,45(5):1175–1182Chen Y X,Liu J,Chen X P,et al.Studies on yields and phosphorus use efficiency of wheat and maize with different rotation and relay-intercropping systems in Sichuan[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2014,45(5):1175–1182
[10]陈远学,刘静,陈新平,等.四川轮套作体系的干物质积累、产量及氮素利用效率研究[J].中国农业大学学报,2013,18(6):68–79Chen Y X,Liu J,Chen X P,et al.Dry matter accumulation,yield and nitrogen use efficiency of crops rotation and intercropping systems in Sichuan[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2013,18(6):68–79
[11]叶优良,孙建好,李隆,等.小麦/玉米间作根系相互作用对氮素吸收和土壤硝态氮含量的影响[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(11):33–37Ye Y L,Sun J H,Li L,et al.Effect of wheat/maize intercropping root interaction on nitrogen uptake and soil nitrate nitrogen[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2005,21(11):33–37
[12]陈雨海,余松烈,于振文.小麦边际效应的研究[J].山东农业大学学报,1999,30(4):431–435Chen Y H,Yu S L,Yu Z W.Study on the edge effect in wheat[J].Journal of Shandong Agricultural University,1999,30(4):431–435
[13]齐万海,柴强.不同隔根方式下间作小麦玉米的竞争力及产量响应[J].中国生态农业学报,2010,18(1):31–34Qi W H,Chai Q.Yield response to wheat/maize competitiveness in wheat/maize intercropping system under different root partition patterns[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2010,18(1):31–34
[14]雍太文,杨文钰,任万军,等.两种三熟套作体系中的氮素转移及吸收利用[J].中国农业科学,2009,42(9):3170–3178Yong T W,Yang W Y,Ren W J,et al.Analysis of the nitrogen transfer,nitrogen uptake and utilization in the two relayplanting systems[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2009,42(9):3170–3178
[15]陈远学,李汉邯,周涛,等.施磷对间套作玉米叶面积指数、干物质积累分配及磷肥利用效率的影响[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(10):2799–2806Chen Y X,Li H H,Zhou T,et al.Effects of phosphorus fertilization on leaf area index,biomass accumulation and allocation,and phosphorus use efficiency of intercropped maize[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2013,24(10):2799–2806
[16]陈晓辉,徐开未,唐义琴,等.麦/玉/豆周年套作体系氮素积累分配及转运[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2014,5(5):1128–1139Chen X H,Xu K W,Tang Y Q,et al.Nitrogen accumulation,allocation and translocation in wheat/maize/soybean relay intercropping system[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2014,5(5):1128–1139
[17]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1987:191–203Bao S D.Analysis Methods for Soil Agrochemistry[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,1987:191–203
[18]肖焱波,李隆,张福锁.小麦/蚕豆间作体系中的种间相互作用及氮转移研究[J].中国农业科学,2005,38(5):965–973Xiao Y B,Li L,Zhang F S,et al.The interspecific nitrogen facilitation and the subsequent nitrogen transfer between the intercropped wheat and faba bean[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2005,38(5):965–973
[19]Li L,Sun J,Zhang F,et al.Wheat/maize or wheat/soybean strip intercropping:Ⅰ.Yield advantage and interspecific interactions on nutrients[J].Field Crops Research,2001,71(2):123–137
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