城市规划实施评价的基本类型及分析途径:西方代表性文献的评述及启示
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摘要
对城市规划的实施进行评价,是反思规划实践、检讨规划得失的重要手段,也是提升规划师专业素养和自我认知的重要途径。文章首先总结了基于"一致性"理念的效果评价和基于"绩效"理念的过程评价这两大城市规划实施评价基本类型,其次综述了西方城市规划实施评价领域内较有代表性的理论框架与分析途径,最后借助对两类评价理念的总结,进一步检视了我国城乡规划实施评价工作的现状与困境,并对未来的发展进行了展望。
Evaluation of planning implementation is an essential part of planning practice, also is an important way to explore the actual effect and influence of planning practice. Based on the two basic concepts of "conformance" and "performance", this paper reviews some representative analytical methods and theoretical frameworks of the planning evaluation studies in the west. Finally,this paper discusses the characteristics of these two basic concepts, examines the current situation and dilemmas of the evaluation practice in China, and expects the future of this practic.
Evaluation of planning implementation is an essential part of planning practice, also is an important way to explore the actual effect and influence of planning practice. Based on the two basic concepts of "conformance" and "performance", this paper reviews some representative analytical methods and theoretical frameworks of the planning evaluation studies in the west. Finally,this paper discusses the characteristics of these two basic concepts, examines the current situation and dilemmas of the evaluation practice in China, and expects the future of this practic.
引文
[1]Oliveira V, Pinho P.Evaluation in Urban Planning:Advances and Prospects[J]. Journal of Planning Literature, 2010(3):343-361.
[2]Carmona M, Sieh L.Performance Measurement Innovation in English Planning Authorities[J].Planning Theory&Practice, 2005(3):303-333.
[3]孙施文,周宇.城市规划实施评价的理论与方法[J].城市规划汇刊,2003(2):15-20.
[4]Alterman R, Hill M.Implementation of Urban Land Use Plans[J].Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 2007(3):274-285.
[5]Brody S,Highfield W.Does Planning Work? Testing the Implementation of Local Environment Planning in Florida[J].Journal of the American Planning Association, 2005(2):159-175.
[6]Laurian L,Day M,Berke P, et al. Evaluating Plan Implementation:A Conformance-based Methodology[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2004(4):471-480.
[7]Amati M, Yokohari M. Temporal Changes and Local Variations in the Functions of London’s Green Belt[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2006(75):125-142.
[8]Norton N. Local Commitment to State-Mandated Planning in Coastal North Carolina[J].Journal of Planning Education and Research, 2005(25):149-171.
[9]Brody S, Carrasco V, Highfield W. Measuring the Adoption of Local Sprawl:Reduction Planning Policies in Florida[J].Journal of Planning Education&Research, 2006(3):294-310.
[10]Calkins H W. The Planning Monitor:An Accountability Theory of Plan Evaluation[J].Environment and Planning A, 1979(11):745-758.
[11]Talen E.After the Plans:Methods to Evaluate the Implementation Success of Plans[J].Journal of Planning Education&Research, 1996(2):79-91.
[12]Morrison N, Pearce B.Developing Indicators for Evaluating the Effectiveness of the UK Land Use Planning System[J].Town Planning Review, 2000(2):191-211.
[13]Vedung E.Evaluation Models and the Welfare Sector[C]//Perspectives, Models and Method in Evaluating the Welfare Sector:A Nordic Approach, 2004.
[14]Mastop H,Faludi A.Evaluation of Strategic Plans:the Performance Principle[J].Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design, 1997(24):815-832.
[15]Mastop H, Needham B.Performance Studies in Spatial Planning:The State of the Art[J].Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design, 1997(6):881-888.
[16]Faludi A.The Performance of Spatial Planning[J].Planning Practice&Research, 2000(4):299–318.
[17]Alexander E R, Faludi A.Planning and Plan Implementation:Notes on Evaluation Criteria[J].Environment and Planning B:Planning&Design, 1989(2):127-140.
[18]Carmona M, Sieh L.Measuring Quality in Planning:Managing the Performance Process[M].New York:Spon Press, 2004.
[19]Carmona M, Sieh L.Performance Measurement in Planning-Towards a Holistic View[J].Environment and Planning C:Government&Policy, 2008(2):428-454.
[20]周国艳.城市规划评价及方法:欧洲理论家与中国学者的前沿性研究[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2013.
[21]Oliveira V, Pinho P.Evaluating Plans, Processes and Results[J].Planning Theory&Practice, 2009(1):35-63.
[22]OliveiraV,PinhoP.Measuring Success in Planning:Developing and Testing a Methodology for Planning Evaluation[J].Town Planning Review, 2010(81):307-332.
[23]迈克·希尔,彼特·休普.执行公共政策[M].黄建荣,等译.北京:商务印书馆, 2011.
[24]Van Meter D, Van Horn C.The Policy Implementation Process:A Conceptual Framework[J].Administration&Society, 1975(6):445-488.
[25]SabatierP,MazmanianD.The Implementation of Public Policy:a Framework of Analysis[J].Policy Studies Journal, 1980(4):538-560.
[26]马璇,郑德高,孙娟,等.规划改革背景下总规评估的认识与思考[J].城市规划学刊,2017(6):62-67.
[27]David H, Rosenbloom, Robert S Kravchuk.公共行政学:管理、政治和法律的途径(第五版)[M].张成福,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2002.
[28]陆柏,邵非.基于公共政策视角下城市规划评估模式与方法的思考[J].社会科学:全文版,2017(10):139.
[29]欧阳鹏.公共政策视角下城市规划评估模式与方法初探[J].城市规划,2008(12):22-28.
[2]Carmona M, Sieh L.Performance Measurement Innovation in English Planning Authorities[J].Planning Theory&Practice, 2005(3):303-333.
[3]孙施文,周宇.城市规划实施评价的理论与方法[J].城市规划汇刊,2003(2):15-20.
[4]Alterman R, Hill M.Implementation of Urban Land Use Plans[J].Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 2007(3):274-285.
[5]Brody S,Highfield W.Does Planning Work? Testing the Implementation of Local Environment Planning in Florida[J].Journal of the American Planning Association, 2005(2):159-175.
[6]Laurian L,Day M,Berke P, et al. Evaluating Plan Implementation:A Conformance-based Methodology[J]. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2004(4):471-480.
[7]Amati M, Yokohari M. Temporal Changes and Local Variations in the Functions of London’s Green Belt[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2006(75):125-142.
[8]Norton N. Local Commitment to State-Mandated Planning in Coastal North Carolina[J].Journal of Planning Education and Research, 2005(25):149-171.
[9]Brody S, Carrasco V, Highfield W. Measuring the Adoption of Local Sprawl:Reduction Planning Policies in Florida[J].Journal of Planning Education&Research, 2006(3):294-310.
[10]Calkins H W. The Planning Monitor:An Accountability Theory of Plan Evaluation[J].Environment and Planning A, 1979(11):745-758.
[11]Talen E.After the Plans:Methods to Evaluate the Implementation Success of Plans[J].Journal of Planning Education&Research, 1996(2):79-91.
[12]Morrison N, Pearce B.Developing Indicators for Evaluating the Effectiveness of the UK Land Use Planning System[J].Town Planning Review, 2000(2):191-211.
[13]Vedung E.Evaluation Models and the Welfare Sector[C]//Perspectives, Models and Method in Evaluating the Welfare Sector:A Nordic Approach, 2004.
[14]Mastop H,Faludi A.Evaluation of Strategic Plans:the Performance Principle[J].Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design, 1997(24):815-832.
[15]Mastop H, Needham B.Performance Studies in Spatial Planning:The State of the Art[J].Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design, 1997(6):881-888.
[16]Faludi A.The Performance of Spatial Planning[J].Planning Practice&Research, 2000(4):299–318.
[17]Alexander E R, Faludi A.Planning and Plan Implementation:Notes on Evaluation Criteria[J].Environment and Planning B:Planning&Design, 1989(2):127-140.
[18]Carmona M, Sieh L.Measuring Quality in Planning:Managing the Performance Process[M].New York:Spon Press, 2004.
[19]Carmona M, Sieh L.Performance Measurement in Planning-Towards a Holistic View[J].Environment and Planning C:Government&Policy, 2008(2):428-454.
[20]周国艳.城市规划评价及方法:欧洲理论家与中国学者的前沿性研究[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2013.
[21]Oliveira V, Pinho P.Evaluating Plans, Processes and Results[J].Planning Theory&Practice, 2009(1):35-63.
[22]OliveiraV,PinhoP.Measuring Success in Planning:Developing and Testing a Methodology for Planning Evaluation[J].Town Planning Review, 2010(81):307-332.
[23]迈克·希尔,彼特·休普.执行公共政策[M].黄建荣,等译.北京:商务印书馆, 2011.
[24]Van Meter D, Van Horn C.The Policy Implementation Process:A Conceptual Framework[J].Administration&Society, 1975(6):445-488.
[25]SabatierP,MazmanianD.The Implementation of Public Policy:a Framework of Analysis[J].Policy Studies Journal, 1980(4):538-560.
[26]马璇,郑德高,孙娟,等.规划改革背景下总规评估的认识与思考[J].城市规划学刊,2017(6):62-67.
[27]David H, Rosenbloom, Robert S Kravchuk.公共行政学:管理、政治和法律的途径(第五版)[M].张成福,译.北京:中国人民大学出版社,2002.
[28]陆柏,邵非.基于公共政策视角下城市规划评估模式与方法的思考[J].社会科学:全文版,2017(10):139.
[29]欧阳鹏.公共政策视角下城市规划评估模式与方法初探[J].城市规划,2008(12):22-28.