基层法院编制内法官助理制度的困境与对策
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摘要
本轮司法改革推行法官助理制度至今已近四年,但在实践操作中,法官助理制度运行遭遇阻滞,法官助理与法官、书记员职责不清,法官助理并未能如制度预期所愿有效减轻法官负担。同时,法官助理未来职业规划不明朗亦成为一大难题。借鉴域外经验,英美法系中审判辅助人员的职能定位多为限权法官,大陆法系中司法事务官独立于法官专司非诉事务之责。我国编制内法官助理承载二元功能:一为审判辅助功能,二为法官养成功能。虽不能简单移植国外经验,但可以法官助理二元功能为基础明确法官助理的职能定位,对法官助理采取分阶分级培养模式,前期主要由初中级法官助理承载审判辅助功能,后期由高级法官助理承载限权法官功能。
Four years have passed since the judge assistant system was introduced during this round of judicial reformation. However,the judge assistant system has been retarded in practice. There is no clear line of duty between the judge assistant and the judge,nor between that and the court clerk. The judge assistant failed to effectively reduce the judge 's burden as was expected from the top-level design.Meanwhile,ambiguous career planning expectation of the judge assistants is also a difficult problem to tackle. According to the West experience,the function orientation of assistant personnel for judicial work is mainly the limited-right judge under common law system; and under civil law system,the justice officer is especially responsible for non-litigation affairs,independent of the judge. Whereas our national judge assistants undertake binary responsibilities: one is for giving assistance to judge,another is for growing to future judges. Although we cannot simply imitate the West practice,we can define the function orientation of judge assistants explicitly by adopting the rank-classification training pattern for judge assistants,based on the binary responsibilities of judge assistants. The beginning and intermediate judge assistants will assist the judicial work at the early stage. And high-ranking judge assistants will function as limited-right judges at the later stage.
Four years have passed since the judge assistant system was introduced during this round of judicial reformation. However,the judge assistant system has been retarded in practice. There is no clear line of duty between the judge assistant and the judge,nor between that and the court clerk. The judge assistant failed to effectively reduce the judge 's burden as was expected from the top-level design.Meanwhile,ambiguous career planning expectation of the judge assistants is also a difficult problem to tackle. According to the West experience,the function orientation of assistant personnel for judicial work is mainly the limited-right judge under common law system; and under civil law system,the justice officer is especially responsible for non-litigation affairs,independent of the judge. Whereas our national judge assistants undertake binary responsibilities: one is for giving assistance to judge,another is for growing to future judges. Although we cannot simply imitate the West practice,we can define the function orientation of judge assistants explicitly by adopting the rank-classification training pattern for judge assistants,based on the binary responsibilities of judge assistants. The beginning and intermediate judge assistants will assist the judicial work at the early stage. And high-ranking judge assistants will function as limited-right judges at the later stage.
引文
[1]最高人民法院司法改革领导小组办公室.最高人民法院关于完善人民法院司法责任制的若干意见[M].北京:人民法院出版社,2015:153.
[2]王禄生.法院人员分类管理体制与机制转型研究[J].比较法研究,2016(1):65.
[3]波斯纳.波斯纳法官反思录[M].苏力,译.北京:北京大学出版社,2014:41.
[4]刘斌.从法官“离职”现象看法官员额制改革的制度逻辑[J].法学,2015(10):54.
[5]柯艳雪.双重模式法官助理制度的构建[J].内蒙古电大学刊,2013(1):15.
[6]张太洲.法官助理,应是个什么角色[N].人民法院报,2015-05-10.
[7]陈瑞华.法院改革的中国经验[J].政法论坛,2016(4):122.
[8]傅郁林.以职能权责界定为基础的审判人员分类改革[J].现代法学,2015(4):20.
[9]陈光中,龙宗智.关于深化司法改革若干问题的思考[J].中国法学,2013(4):7.
[10]陈金钊.司法改革需要让裁判者负责论证之责[J].江汉学术,2015(3):36.
[11]梁慧星.裁判的方法[M].北京:法律出版社,2003:164.
[12]张太洲.现行与展望:我国法官助理制度完善机制研究[J].海峡法学,2016(2):107.
[13]江振春.美国联邦最高法院与法官助理制度[J].南京大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2010(2):37-40.
[14]乔钢良.现在开庭:我为美国联邦法官做助理[M].北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1999:23.
[15]姜世明.法院组织法[M].台北:新学林出版股份有限公司,2010:329-330.
[16]詹建红.法官编制的确定与司法辅助人员的设置———以基层法院的改革为中心[J].法商研究,2006(1):68.
[17]王静,李学尧,夏志阳.如何编制法官员额———基于民事案件工作量的分类与测量[J].法制与社会发展,2015(2):30.
[18]夏锦文,徐英荣.法官助理制度改革需求与法治人才培养创新[J].法学,2017(12):34.
[19]刘练军.法官助理制度的法理分析[J].法律科学(西北政法大学学报),2017(4):19.
(1)关于1999年启动的法官助理制度改革的介绍,参见:佛法研.法官助理与法官员额问题研究[J].人民司法,2002(8);苏力.法官遴选制度考察[J].法学,2004(3);许一新,江涛.法官助理制度的再思考[J].上海政法学院学报,2009(9);吴思远.法官助理制度---经验教训与难题突破[J].法律适用,2016(9);刘练军.法官助理制度的法理分析[J].法律科学(西北政法大学学报),2017(4).
(1)书记员履行以下职责:(一)办理庭前准备过程中的事务性工作;(二)检查开庭时诉讼参与人的出庭情况,宣布法庭纪律;(三)担任案件审理过程中的记录工作;(四)整理、装订、归档案卷材料;(五)完成法官交办的其他事务性工作。
(1)参见:重庆市领导干部考试中心.关于调整2017年公开招录法官助理招录岗位、招录计划的公告[EB/OL].[2018-06-30].http://www.cqleaders.com/tzgg/2017/06/23/192735497517.html.
(1)参见:非诉法务官法资料汇编[M].梁松雄,译.台北:台湾地区“司法院”印行,1991:91-105.
(2)参见:十八届四中全会.中共中央关于全面推进依法治国若干重大问题的决定,转引自崔永东,葛天博.司法改革范式与司法学研究[J].现代法学,2018(5):50.
[2]王禄生.法院人员分类管理体制与机制转型研究[J].比较法研究,2016(1):65.
[3]波斯纳.波斯纳法官反思录[M].苏力,译.北京:北京大学出版社,2014:41.
[4]刘斌.从法官“离职”现象看法官员额制改革的制度逻辑[J].法学,2015(10):54.
[5]柯艳雪.双重模式法官助理制度的构建[J].内蒙古电大学刊,2013(1):15.
[6]张太洲.法官助理,应是个什么角色[N].人民法院报,2015-05-10.
[7]陈瑞华.法院改革的中国经验[J].政法论坛,2016(4):122.
[8]傅郁林.以职能权责界定为基础的审判人员分类改革[J].现代法学,2015(4):20.
[9]陈光中,龙宗智.关于深化司法改革若干问题的思考[J].中国法学,2013(4):7.
[10]陈金钊.司法改革需要让裁判者负责论证之责[J].江汉学术,2015(3):36.
[11]梁慧星.裁判的方法[M].北京:法律出版社,2003:164.
[12]张太洲.现行与展望:我国法官助理制度完善机制研究[J].海峡法学,2016(2):107.
[13]江振春.美国联邦最高法院与法官助理制度[J].南京大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2010(2):37-40.
[14]乔钢良.现在开庭:我为美国联邦法官做助理[M].北京:生活·读书·新知三联书店,1999:23.
[15]姜世明.法院组织法[M].台北:新学林出版股份有限公司,2010:329-330.
[16]詹建红.法官编制的确定与司法辅助人员的设置———以基层法院的改革为中心[J].法商研究,2006(1):68.
[17]王静,李学尧,夏志阳.如何编制法官员额———基于民事案件工作量的分类与测量[J].法制与社会发展,2015(2):30.
[18]夏锦文,徐英荣.法官助理制度改革需求与法治人才培养创新[J].法学,2017(12):34.
[19]刘练军.法官助理制度的法理分析[J].法律科学(西北政法大学学报),2017(4):19.
(1)关于1999年启动的法官助理制度改革的介绍,参见:佛法研.法官助理与法官员额问题研究[J].人民司法,2002(8);苏力.法官遴选制度考察[J].法学,2004(3);许一新,江涛.法官助理制度的再思考[J].上海政法学院学报,2009(9);吴思远.法官助理制度---经验教训与难题突破[J].法律适用,2016(9);刘练军.法官助理制度的法理分析[J].法律科学(西北政法大学学报),2017(4).
(1)书记员履行以下职责:(一)办理庭前准备过程中的事务性工作;(二)检查开庭时诉讼参与人的出庭情况,宣布法庭纪律;(三)担任案件审理过程中的记录工作;(四)整理、装订、归档案卷材料;(五)完成法官交办的其他事务性工作。
(1)参见:重庆市领导干部考试中心.关于调整2017年公开招录法官助理招录岗位、招录计划的公告[EB/OL].[2018-06-30].http://www.cqleaders.com/tzgg/2017/06/23/192735497517.html.
(1)参见:非诉法务官法资料汇编[M].梁松雄,译.台北:台湾地区“司法院”印行,1991:91-105.
(2)参见:十八届四中全会.中共中央关于全面推进依法治国若干重大问题的决定,转引自崔永东,葛天博.司法改革范式与司法学研究[J].现代法学,2018(5):50.