闽三角城市群自然资本损失评估
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摘要
在快速城镇化进程中,城市群发展在促进区域经济竞争与合作的同时,也在一定程度上造成人地关系矛盾的加剧,生态系统服务水平下降。为了量化城镇化对自然资本产生的变动,揭示人类资源消耗过程对区域生态系统服务的影响机制,以快速城镇化的典型区域——闽三角城市群为例,运用能值分析方法与GIS技术,分析了2000-2015年闽三角城市群可更新资源时空演变特征,城镇化进程中生态环境价值演变规律以及土地转化过程中的自然资本损失。研究结果表明:(1)闽三角城市群可更新资源在时间上呈波动减小趋势,空间上自沿海区域向内陆区域逐渐升高;(2)高环境质量等级中城镇用地面积占比呈显著增加趋势,由0增加到10.63%,人类活动导致区域生态环境价值的损失逐渐上升;(3)城镇化过程中由于城市空间扩张,使部分自然用地与农业用地转化为城镇用地,转化过程造成的自然资本损失总量为1.27×1022seJ,货币价值超过6.30×109元。研究有助于完善城镇化影响下的生态环境效应研究,为城市群或区域生态环境管理与修复提供决策参考。
In the process of rapid urbanization, urban agglomeration development was promoting regional economic competition and cooperation, but also causing the intensification of contradictions between human and land, decline of ecosystem services level to a certain extent. In order to quantify the impact of urbanization on natural capital and reveal the influence mechanism of ecosystem service in human resource consumption process. In this study, Southern Fujian Urban Agglomeration(SFUA) is taken as an example, which is the typical rapidly urbanized area, emergy analysis method and GIS technology are used to analyze the spatial and temporal evolutions of renewable resources in the SFUA from 2000 to 2015, the evolution of eco-environment value and natural capital loss in the process of urbanization and land conversion. The results show that:(1) The renewable resources of SFUA presented a fluctuant decreasing trend in time, and gradually increasing trend in space;(2) The area proportion of urban land presented a significant increase trend in high environmental quality level, increased from 0 to 10.63%, the loss of regional eco-environment value caused by human activities was gradually rising;(3) Due to urbanization in the process of urban expansion, part of the natural land and agricultural land was converted to urban land, the total loss of natural capital caused by the conversion was 1.27E+22 seJ, and the currency value was more than 6.3billion yuan. This study can help improve the research of eco-environmental effects due to urbanization, and provide decision-making reference for the urban agglomeration or regional eco-environment management and restoration.
In the process of rapid urbanization, urban agglomeration development was promoting regional economic competition and cooperation, but also causing the intensification of contradictions between human and land, decline of ecosystem services level to a certain extent. In order to quantify the impact of urbanization on natural capital and reveal the influence mechanism of ecosystem service in human resource consumption process. In this study, Southern Fujian Urban Agglomeration(SFUA) is taken as an example, which is the typical rapidly urbanized area, emergy analysis method and GIS technology are used to analyze the spatial and temporal evolutions of renewable resources in the SFUA from 2000 to 2015, the evolution of eco-environment value and natural capital loss in the process of urbanization and land conversion. The results show that:(1) The renewable resources of SFUA presented a fluctuant decreasing trend in time, and gradually increasing trend in space;(2) The area proportion of urban land presented a significant increase trend in high environmental quality level, increased from 0 to 10.63%, the loss of regional eco-environment value caused by human activities was gradually rising;(3) Due to urbanization in the process of urban expansion, part of the natural land and agricultural land was converted to urban land, the total loss of natural capital caused by the conversion was 1.27E+22 seJ, and the currency value was more than 6.3billion yuan. This study can help improve the research of eco-environmental effects due to urbanization, and provide decision-making reference for the urban agglomeration or regional eco-environment management and restoration.
引文
[1]方创琳,周成虎,顾朝林,等.特大城市群地区城镇化与生态环境交互耦合效应解析的理论框架及技术路径.地理学报, 2016, 71(4):531-550.[FANG C L, ZHOU C H, GU C L, et al. Theoretical analysis of interactive coupled effects between urbanization and eco-environment in mega-urban agglomerations. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(4):531-550.]
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[3] FRENKEL A, ASHKENAZI M. Measuring urban sprawl:How can we deal with it?. Environment&Planning B Planning&Design, 2008, 35(1):56-79.
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[9] BRADLEY C A, ALTIZER S. Urbanization and the ecology of wildlife diseases. Trends in Ecology&Evolution, 2007,22(2):95-102.
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[14]窦睿音,刘学敏,张昱.基于能值分析的陕西省榆林市绿色GDP动态研究.自然资源学报, 2016, 31(6):994-1003.[DOU R Y, LIU X M, ZHANG Y. Study on the green GDP of chinese resource based cities:A case study of Yulin city in Shaanxi province. Journal of Natural Resources, 2016, 31(6):994-1003.
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[16] MELLINO S, RIPA M, ZUCARO A, et al. An emergy-GIS approach to the evaluation of renewable resource flows:A case study of Campania Region, Italy. Ecological Modelling, 2014, 271(3):103-112.
[17] BROWN M T, ULGIATI S. Updated evaluation of exergy and emergy driving the geobiosphere:A review and refinement of the emergy baseline. Ecological Modelling, 2010, 221(20):2501-2508.
[18]汪集蜴,黄少鹏.中国大陆地区大地热流数据汇编(第二版).地震地质, 1990, 12(4):351-366.[WANG J Y, HUANG S P. Compilation of heat flow data in the China continental area(The 2nd edition). Seismology and Geology, 1990, 12(4):351-366.]
[19]胡圣标,何丽娟,汪集旸.中国大陆地区大地热流数据汇编(第三版).地球物理学报, 2001, 44(5):611-626.[HU S B,HE L J, WANG J Y. Compilation of heat flow data in the China continental area(The 3rd edition). Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2001, 44(5):611-626.]
[20]姜光政,高堋,饶松,等.中国大陆地区大地热流数据汇编(第四版).地球物理学报, 2016, 59(8):2892-2910.[JIANG G Z, GAO B, RAO S, et al. Compilation of heat flow data in the China continental area(The 4th edition). Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2016, 59(8):2892-2910.]
[21] ODUM H T. Environment, Power, and Society for the Twenty-First Century:The Hierarchy of Energy. Columbia University Press, 2007:12-14.
[22] CAMPBELL D E. Emergy analysis of human carrying capacity and regional sustainability:An example using the state of maine. Environmental Monitoring&Assessment, 1998, 51(1):531-569.
[23]杨志英.福建潮汐能资源开发利用研究.水利科技, 2002,(4):1-3.[YANG Z Y. Study on development and utilization of tidal energy resources in Fujian province. Water Conservancy Technology, 2002,(4):1-3.]
[24]国家海洋信息中心.潮汐表2, 2007.济南:山东省地图出版社, 2006:43-46.[National Oceanographic Information Center. Tide Table 2 in 2007. Jinan:Shandong Province Map Press, 2006:43-46.
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[26]佚名. 2016潮汐表.第3册,台湾海峡至北部湾.北京:海洋出版社, 2015:23-25.[YI M. Tide Table in 2016. Volume3, Taiwan Strait to North Bay. Beijing:China Ocean Press, 2015:23-25.]
[27] NEMANI R R, KEELING C D, HASHIMOTO H, et al. Climate-driven increases in global terrestrial net primary production from 1982 to 1999. Science, 2003, 300(5625):1560-1563.
[28] ALLRED B W, SMITH W K, TWIDWELL D, et al. Sustainability. Ecosystem services lost to oil and gas in North America. Science, 2015, 348(6233):401-402.
[29] COSTANZA R, FISHER B, MULDER K, et al. Biodiversity and ecosystem services:A multi-scale empirical study of the relationship between species richness and net primary production. Ecological Economics, 2007, 61(2):478-491.
[30]朱文泉,潘耀忠,张锦水.中国陆地植被净初级生产力遥感估算.植物生态学报, 2007, 31(3):413-424.[ZHU W Q,PAN Y Z, ZHANG J S. Estimation of net primary productivity of Chinese terrestrial vegetation based on remote sensing. Journal of Plant Ecology, 2007, 31(3):413-424.]
[31] HATT B E, FLETCHER T D, WALSH C J, et al. The influence of urban density and drainage infrastructure on the concentrations and loads of pollutants in Small Streams. Environmental Management, 2004, 34(1):112-124.
[32] MELLINO S, ULGIATI S. Mapping the evolution of impervious surfaces to investigate landscape metabolism:An emergy-GIS monitoring application. Ecological Informatics, 2015, 26:50-59.
[33]方恺,吴次芳,董亮.城市化进程中的土地自然资本利用动态分析.自然资源学报, 2018, 33(1):1-13.[FANG K, WU C F, DONG L. The use of land natural capital in the context of urbanization. Journal of Natural Resources, 2018, 33(1):1-13.]
[34]胡晓辉,黄民生.基于能值分析的福州与厦门城市生态系统比较研究.生态科学, 2007, 26(6):553-558.[HU X H,HUANG M S. A comparative study of Fuzhou and Xiamen urban ecosystem based on emergy analysis. Ecological Science, 2007, 26(6):553-558.
[35] IPCC. Guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories, agriculture, forestry and other land use, 4. 4; 2006. http://www.ipcc-nggip.Iges.Or.jp/public/2006gl/vol4.html.(Accessed on 06 March 2016).
[36] JIANG M M, CHEN B, ZHOU J B, et al. Emergy account for biomass resource exploitation by agriculture in China. Energy Policy, 2007, 35(9):4704-4719.
[37] MOHAN M, PATHAN S K, NARENDRAREDDY K, et al. Dynamics of urbanization and its impact on land-use/landcover:A case study of Mega city Delhi. Journal of Environmental Protection, 2011, 2(9):1274-1283.
[38] CLEMENT M T, CHI G, HO H C. Urbanization and land-use change:A human ecology of deforestation across the United States, 2001-2006. Sociological Inquiry, 2015, 85(4):628-653.
[39]余兆武,郭青海,曾瑜皙,等.城镇化过程土地利用变化及效应研究进展.生态科学, 2015, 34(6):193-200.[YU Z W,GUO Q H, ZENG Y X, et al. Research progress on urban land use/cover change and its eco-environmental effects in urbanization process. Ecological Science, 2015, 34(6):193-200.]
[40]王士君,王雪微,范大龙,等.吉林中部城市群域城镇化的生态效应评估.人文地理, 2017, 32(1):90-98.[WANG S J,WANG X W, FAN D L, et al. Ecological effects assessment of urbanization in Jilin central urban agglomeration area.Human Geography, 2017, 32(1):90-98.]
[41] MACDONALD K, RUDEL T K. Sprawl and forest cover:What is the relationship?. Applied Geography, 2005, 25(1):67-79.
[42]张虹,黄民生,胡晓辉.基于能值分析的福建省绿色GDP核算.地理学报, 2010, 65(11):1421-1428.[ZHANG H,HUANG M S, HU X H. Green GDP calculation of Fujian province based on energy analysis. Acta Geographica Sinica,2010, 65(11):1421-1428.]
[43]龚任华.能值分析方法视角下的福建省绿色GDP核算的研究.福州:福建农林大学, 2011.[GONG R H. Green GDP Accounting research in Fujian province under angle of view with the emergy analysis method. Fuzhou:Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 2011.
[2] FANG C L, BAO C, QIAO B, et al. The Process of Urbanization and Ecological Environment Effect. Beijing:Science Press, 2008:57-66.
[3] FRENKEL A, ASHKENAZI M. Measuring urban sprawl:How can we deal with it?. Environment&Planning B Planning&Design, 2008, 35(1):56-79.
[4] ORGANIZATION W H. The hospital in rural and urban districts. Report of a WHO study group on the functions of hospitals at the first referral level. World Health Organization technical report series, 1992:38-46.
[5] GARSCHAGEN M, ROMERO-LANKAO P. Exploring the relationships between urbanization trends and climate change vulnerability. Climatic Change, 2015, 133(1):37-52.
[6] MELO P C, GRAHAM D J, NOLAND R B. A meta-analysis of estimates of urban agglomeration economies. Regional Science&Urban Economics, 2009, 39(3):332-342.
[7] KUMAR A, PANDEY A C, HODA N, et al. Evaluating the long-term urban expansion of ranchi urban agglomeration, India using geospatial technology. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 2011, 39(2):213-224.
[8] FANG C L, BAO C, HUANG J C. Management implications to water resources constraint force on socio-economic system in rapid urbanization:A case study of the Hexi Corridor, NW China. Water Resources Management, 2007, 21(9):1613-1633.
[9] BRADLEY C A, ALTIZER S. Urbanization and the ecology of wildlife diseases. Trends in Ecology&Evolution, 2007,22(2):95-102.
[10] COLES J F, MCMAHON G, BELL A H, et al. Effects of urban development on stream ecosystems in nine metropolitan study areas across the United States. Center for Integrated Data Analytics Wisconsin Science Center, 2012:46-49.
[11] MARSHALL, E P, SHORTLE, J S. Urban development impacts on ecosystems. Chapter 7. Land use problems and conflicts:Causes, consequences and solutions. Routledge Publishing(Taylor&Francis Group), New York, 2005:61-72.
[12] ZHANG H, UWASU M, HARA K, et al. Sustainable urban development and land use change:A case study of the Yangtze River Delta in China. Sustainability, 2011, 3(7):1074-1089.
[13] EIGENBROD F, BELL V A, DAVIES H N, et al. The impact of projected increases in urbanization on ecosystem services. Proceedings Biological Sciences, 2011, 278(1722):3201-3208.
[14]窦睿音,刘学敏,张昱.基于能值分析的陕西省榆林市绿色GDP动态研究.自然资源学报, 2016, 31(6):994-1003.[DOU R Y, LIU X M, ZHANG Y. Study on the green GDP of chinese resource based cities:A case study of Yulin city in Shaanxi province. Journal of Natural Resources, 2016, 31(6):994-1003.
[15] BROWN M T, CAMPBELL D E, VILBISS C D, et al. The geobiosphere emergy baseline:A synthesis. Ecological Modelling, 2016, 339:92-95.
[16] MELLINO S, RIPA M, ZUCARO A, et al. An emergy-GIS approach to the evaluation of renewable resource flows:A case study of Campania Region, Italy. Ecological Modelling, 2014, 271(3):103-112.
[17] BROWN M T, ULGIATI S. Updated evaluation of exergy and emergy driving the geobiosphere:A review and refinement of the emergy baseline. Ecological Modelling, 2010, 221(20):2501-2508.
[18]汪集蜴,黄少鹏.中国大陆地区大地热流数据汇编(第二版).地震地质, 1990, 12(4):351-366.[WANG J Y, HUANG S P. Compilation of heat flow data in the China continental area(The 2nd edition). Seismology and Geology, 1990, 12(4):351-366.]
[19]胡圣标,何丽娟,汪集旸.中国大陆地区大地热流数据汇编(第三版).地球物理学报, 2001, 44(5):611-626.[HU S B,HE L J, WANG J Y. Compilation of heat flow data in the China continental area(The 3rd edition). Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2001, 44(5):611-626.]
[20]姜光政,高堋,饶松,等.中国大陆地区大地热流数据汇编(第四版).地球物理学报, 2016, 59(8):2892-2910.[JIANG G Z, GAO B, RAO S, et al. Compilation of heat flow data in the China continental area(The 4th edition). Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2016, 59(8):2892-2910.]
[21] ODUM H T. Environment, Power, and Society for the Twenty-First Century:The Hierarchy of Energy. Columbia University Press, 2007:12-14.
[22] CAMPBELL D E. Emergy analysis of human carrying capacity and regional sustainability:An example using the state of maine. Environmental Monitoring&Assessment, 1998, 51(1):531-569.
[23]杨志英.福建潮汐能资源开发利用研究.水利科技, 2002,(4):1-3.[YANG Z Y. Study on development and utilization of tidal energy resources in Fujian province. Water Conservancy Technology, 2002,(4):1-3.]
[24]国家海洋信息中心.潮汐表2, 2007.济南:山东省地图出版社, 2006:43-46.[National Oceanographic Information Center. Tide Table 2 in 2007. Jinan:Shandong Province Map Press, 2006:43-46.
[25]国家海洋信息中心. 2011潮汐表.海洋出版社, 2010:58-60.[National Oceanographic Information Center. Tade table in 2011. Ocean Press, 2010:58-60.]
[26]佚名. 2016潮汐表.第3册,台湾海峡至北部湾.北京:海洋出版社, 2015:23-25.[YI M. Tide Table in 2016. Volume3, Taiwan Strait to North Bay. Beijing:China Ocean Press, 2015:23-25.]
[27] NEMANI R R, KEELING C D, HASHIMOTO H, et al. Climate-driven increases in global terrestrial net primary production from 1982 to 1999. Science, 2003, 300(5625):1560-1563.
[28] ALLRED B W, SMITH W K, TWIDWELL D, et al. Sustainability. Ecosystem services lost to oil and gas in North America. Science, 2015, 348(6233):401-402.
[29] COSTANZA R, FISHER B, MULDER K, et al. Biodiversity and ecosystem services:A multi-scale empirical study of the relationship between species richness and net primary production. Ecological Economics, 2007, 61(2):478-491.
[30]朱文泉,潘耀忠,张锦水.中国陆地植被净初级生产力遥感估算.植物生态学报, 2007, 31(3):413-424.[ZHU W Q,PAN Y Z, ZHANG J S. Estimation of net primary productivity of Chinese terrestrial vegetation based on remote sensing. Journal of Plant Ecology, 2007, 31(3):413-424.]
[31] HATT B E, FLETCHER T D, WALSH C J, et al. The influence of urban density and drainage infrastructure on the concentrations and loads of pollutants in Small Streams. Environmental Management, 2004, 34(1):112-124.
[32] MELLINO S, ULGIATI S. Mapping the evolution of impervious surfaces to investigate landscape metabolism:An emergy-GIS monitoring application. Ecological Informatics, 2015, 26:50-59.
[33]方恺,吴次芳,董亮.城市化进程中的土地自然资本利用动态分析.自然资源学报, 2018, 33(1):1-13.[FANG K, WU C F, DONG L. The use of land natural capital in the context of urbanization. Journal of Natural Resources, 2018, 33(1):1-13.]
[34]胡晓辉,黄民生.基于能值分析的福州与厦门城市生态系统比较研究.生态科学, 2007, 26(6):553-558.[HU X H,HUANG M S. A comparative study of Fuzhou and Xiamen urban ecosystem based on emergy analysis. Ecological Science, 2007, 26(6):553-558.
[35] IPCC. Guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories, agriculture, forestry and other land use, 4. 4; 2006. http://www.ipcc-nggip.Iges.Or.jp/public/2006gl/vol4.html.(Accessed on 06 March 2016).
[36] JIANG M M, CHEN B, ZHOU J B, et al. Emergy account for biomass resource exploitation by agriculture in China. Energy Policy, 2007, 35(9):4704-4719.
[37] MOHAN M, PATHAN S K, NARENDRAREDDY K, et al. Dynamics of urbanization and its impact on land-use/landcover:A case study of Mega city Delhi. Journal of Environmental Protection, 2011, 2(9):1274-1283.
[38] CLEMENT M T, CHI G, HO H C. Urbanization and land-use change:A human ecology of deforestation across the United States, 2001-2006. Sociological Inquiry, 2015, 85(4):628-653.
[39]余兆武,郭青海,曾瑜皙,等.城镇化过程土地利用变化及效应研究进展.生态科学, 2015, 34(6):193-200.[YU Z W,GUO Q H, ZENG Y X, et al. Research progress on urban land use/cover change and its eco-environmental effects in urbanization process. Ecological Science, 2015, 34(6):193-200.]
[40]王士君,王雪微,范大龙,等.吉林中部城市群域城镇化的生态效应评估.人文地理, 2017, 32(1):90-98.[WANG S J,WANG X W, FAN D L, et al. Ecological effects assessment of urbanization in Jilin central urban agglomeration area.Human Geography, 2017, 32(1):90-98.]
[41] MACDONALD K, RUDEL T K. Sprawl and forest cover:What is the relationship?. Applied Geography, 2005, 25(1):67-79.
[42]张虹,黄民生,胡晓辉.基于能值分析的福建省绿色GDP核算.地理学报, 2010, 65(11):1421-1428.[ZHANG H,HUANG M S, HU X H. Green GDP calculation of Fujian province based on energy analysis. Acta Geographica Sinica,2010, 65(11):1421-1428.]
[43]龚任华.能值分析方法视角下的福建省绿色GDP核算的研究.福州:福建农林大学, 2011.[GONG R H. Green GDP Accounting research in Fujian province under angle of view with the emergy analysis method. Fuzhou:Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 2011.