奶牛子宫内膜炎诊疗学研究进展
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摘要
子宫内膜炎是奶牛产后普遍发生的一种生殖疾病,可导致奶牛产犊间期延长、产奶量降低、淘汰率增加、治疗期间奶源废弃、管理及治疗成本增加,也是导致奶牛不孕症的重要原因之一。目前国内外防治奶牛子宫内膜炎的诊断技术和治疗方法众多,主要有阴道镜检查、Metricheck装置评估、子宫细胞学检查、抗生素疗法、中药疗法、中西医结合疗法、激素疗法、臭氧新型疗法等诊疗技术。阴道镜检查是一种可视化检查方法,利用内窥镜直观评估奶牛阴道内分泌物性状确定子宫内膜炎严重程度;Metricheck装置是根据阴道内分泌物含量和性状,设置不同评分值评估产后奶牛子宫内膜炎和繁殖性能;子宫细胞学检查通过子宫细胞刷、灌洗或活检技术确定子宫内膜细胞和中性粒细胞(PMN)的比例,设定奶牛产后不同时期PMN最佳阈值诊断子宫内膜炎;抗生素疗法通过宫内灌注、皮下注射、静脉注射抗生素等途径治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎,治疗成本低,见效快,是目前治疗奶牛临床子宫内膜炎最常用的疗法;中药疗法筛选不同组分的中药复方制剂,通过调节奶牛机体免疫系统,改善子宫内血液循环,抑制致病菌繁殖,促进子宫恢复正常生理机能;中西医结合疗法兼具中药辩证治疗的优点和西药见效快的特点,临床治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎具有广泛应用价值;激素疗法中前列腺素通过诱导黄体溶解,消除黄体酮产生和免疫抑制,刺激子宫复旧,降低产后奶牛长期子宫感染和炎症的风险;臭氧新型疗法是将臭氧制作成泡沫制剂、油制剂等产品通过宫内灌注杀灭病原菌。这些诊疗技术在治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎的过程中均取得了不同程度的效果,对评估产后奶牛繁殖性能和生产性能具有良好的指导作用。文章通过介绍这些诊疗技术在奶牛子宫内膜炎中应用的研究进展,以期为该病的防治提供参考。
Endometritis is a widespread postpartum reproductive disease in dairy cows,it can lead to prolongation of calving interval,decrease of milk production,increase of elimination rate,abandonment of milk source during treatment,increase of management and treatment cost,and is also one of the important reasons leading to infertility of dairy cows.At present,there are many diagnostic techniques and treatment methods for preventing and treating cow endometritis at home and abroad,including colposcopy,Metricheck device evaluation,uterine cytology examination,antibiotic therapy,traditional Chinese medicine therapy,integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine therapy,hormone therapy,ozone new therapy and so on.Colposcopy is a visual examination method,which can directly evaluate the vaginal endocrine characteristics of dairy cows to determine the severity of endometritis.The Metricheck device is designed to evaluate the endometritis and reproductive performance of postpartum dairy cows according to the content and characteristics of vaginal endocrine products.In cytological examination of uterus,the ratio of endometrial cells to neutrophils(PMN) was determined by uterine cell brushing,lavage or biopsy,and the optimal threshold of PMN was set for diagnosis of endometritis in dairy cows at different postpartum stages.Antibiotic therapy can treat cow endometritis through intrauterine infusion,subcutaneous injection and intravenous injection of antibiotics,the treatment cost is low and the effect is quick and it is the most commonly used treatment for cow clinical endometritis at present.Chinese medicine therapy screens different components of Chinese medicine compound preparation,through regulating the body immune system of dairy cows,improves blood circulation in uterus,inhibits the reproduction of pathogenic bacteria,and promotes the recovery of normal physiological function of uterus.The combination of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine has the advantages of dialectical treatment of traditional Chinese medicine and the characteristics of quick effect of Western medicine,it has wide application value in clinical treatment of dairy cow endometritis.In hormone therapy,prostaglandin can induce luteal lysis,eliminate progesterone production and immunosuppression,stimulate uterine involution,and reduce the risk of long-term uterine infection and inflammation in postpartum dairy cows.Ozone new therapy is to make ozone into foam preparations,oil products and other products through intrauterine perfusion to kill pathogens.These diagnostic and therapeutic techniques have achieved different results in the treatment of endometritis in dairy cows,and have a good guiding role in evaluating reproductive performance and production performance of postpartum dairy cows.This article introduced the research progress of the application of these diagnostic and therapeutic techniques in dairy cow endometritis,so as to provide reference for the prevention and treatment of the disease.
Endometritis is a widespread postpartum reproductive disease in dairy cows,it can lead to prolongation of calving interval,decrease of milk production,increase of elimination rate,abandonment of milk source during treatment,increase of management and treatment cost,and is also one of the important reasons leading to infertility of dairy cows.At present,there are many diagnostic techniques and treatment methods for preventing and treating cow endometritis at home and abroad,including colposcopy,Metricheck device evaluation,uterine cytology examination,antibiotic therapy,traditional Chinese medicine therapy,integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine therapy,hormone therapy,ozone new therapy and so on.Colposcopy is a visual examination method,which can directly evaluate the vaginal endocrine characteristics of dairy cows to determine the severity of endometritis.The Metricheck device is designed to evaluate the endometritis and reproductive performance of postpartum dairy cows according to the content and characteristics of vaginal endocrine products.In cytological examination of uterus,the ratio of endometrial cells to neutrophils(PMN) was determined by uterine cell brushing,lavage or biopsy,and the optimal threshold of PMN was set for diagnosis of endometritis in dairy cows at different postpartum stages.Antibiotic therapy can treat cow endometritis through intrauterine infusion,subcutaneous injection and intravenous injection of antibiotics,the treatment cost is low and the effect is quick and it is the most commonly used treatment for cow clinical endometritis at present.Chinese medicine therapy screens different components of Chinese medicine compound preparation,through regulating the body immune system of dairy cows,improves blood circulation in uterus,inhibits the reproduction of pathogenic bacteria,and promotes the recovery of normal physiological function of uterus.The combination of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine has the advantages of dialectical treatment of traditional Chinese medicine and the characteristics of quick effect of Western medicine,it has wide application value in clinical treatment of dairy cow endometritis.In hormone therapy,prostaglandin can induce luteal lysis,eliminate progesterone production and immunosuppression,stimulate uterine involution,and reduce the risk of long-term uterine infection and inflammation in postpartum dairy cows.Ozone new therapy is to make ozone into foam preparations,oil products and other products through intrauterine perfusion to kill pathogens.These diagnostic and therapeutic techniques have achieved different results in the treatment of endometritis in dairy cows,and have a good guiding role in evaluating reproductive performance and production performance of postpartum dairy cows.This article introduced the research progress of the application of these diagnostic and therapeutic techniques in dairy cow endometritis,so as to provide reference for the prevention and treatment of the disease.
引文
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[2]MELCHER Y,PRUNNER I,DRILLICH M.Degree of variation and reproducibility of different methods for the diagnosis of subclinical endometritis[J].Theriogenology,2014,82(1):57-63.
[3]王孝武,王旭荣,杨志强,等.奶牛子宫内膜炎研究进展[J].动物医学进展,2014,35(7):98-102.WANG X W,WANG X R,YANG Z Q,et al.Progress on endometritis of dairy cows[J].Progress in Veterinary Medicine,2014,35(7):98-102.(in Chinese)
[4]GAUTAM G,NAKAO T,YUSUF M,et al.Prevalence of endometritis during the postpartum period and its impact on subsequent reproductive performance in two Japanese dairy herds[J].Animal Reproduction Science,2009,116(3):175-187.
[5]RUNCIMAN D J,ANDERSON G A,MALMO J,et al.Use of postpartum vaginoscopic(visual vaginal)examination of dairy cows for the diagnosis of endometritis and the association of endrometritis with reduced reproductive performance[J].Australian Veterinary Journal,2008,86(6):205-213.
[6]LEUTERT C,VON KRUEGER X,PLNTZKE J,et al.Evaluation of vaginoscopy for the diagnosis of clinical endometritis in dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2012,95(1):206-212.
[7]MCDOUGALL S,MACAULAY R,COMPTON C.Association between endometritis diagnosis using a novel intravaginal device and reproductive performance in dairy cattle[J].Animal Reproduction Science,2007,99(1):9-23.
[8]GREINER M,GARDINER I A.Epidemiologic issues in the validation of veterinary diagnostic tests[J].Preventive Veterinary Medicine,2000,45(1):3-22.
[9]PLETICHA S,DRILLICH M,HEUWIESER W.Evaluation of the Metricheck device and the gloved hand for the diagnosis of clinical endometritis in dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2009,92(11):5429-5435.
[10]HEUWIESER W,TENHAGEN B A,TISCHER M,et al.Effect of three programmes for the treatment of endometritis on the reproductive performance of a dairy herd[J].Veterinary Record,2000,146(12):338-341.
[11]HERATH S,WILLIAMS E J,LILLY S T,et al.Ovarian follicular cells have innate immune capabilities that modulate their endocrine function[J].Reproduction,2007,134(5):683-693.
[12]DUBUC J,DUFFIELD T F,LESLIE K E,et al.Definitions and diagnosis of postpartum endometritis in dairy cows[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2010,93(11):5225-5233.
[13]LEE S C,JEONG J K,CHOI I S,et al.Cytological endometritis in dairy cows:Diagnostic threshold,risk factors,and impact on reproductive performance[J].Journal of Veterinary Science,2018,19(2):301-308.
[14]KASIMANICKAM R,DUFFIELD T F,FOSTER R A,et al.Endometrial cytology and ultrasonography for the detection of subclinical endometritis in postpartum dairy cows[J].Theriogenology,2004,62(1):9-23.
[15]BARLUND C S,CARRUTHERS T D,WALDNER C L,et al.A comparison of diagnostic techniques for postpartum endometritis in dairy cattle[J].Theriogenology,2008,69(6):714-723.
[16]BARAN'SKI W,PODHALICZ-DZIE‘GIELEWSKA M,ZDUN'CZYK S,et al.The diagnosis and prevalence of subclinical endometritis in cows evaluated by different cytologic thresholds[J].Theriogenology,2012,78(9):1939-1947.
[17]DE RENSIS F,LOPEZ-GATIUS F,GARCA-ISPIERTO I,et al.Causes of declining fertility in dairy cows during the warm season[J].Theriogenology,2017,91:145-153.
[18]GHASEMI F,GONZALEZ-CANO P,GRIEBEL P J,et al.Proinflammatory cytokine gene expression in endometrial cytobrush samples harvested from cows with and without subclinical endometritis[J].Theriogenology,2012,78(7):1538-1547.
[19]MCDOUGALL S,DE BOER M,COMPTON C,et al.Clinical trial of treatment programs for purulent vaginal discharge in lactating dairy cattle in New Zealand[J].Theriogenology,2013,79(8):1139-1145.
[20]BRICK T A,SCHUENEMANN G M,BAS S,et al.Effect of intrauterine dextrose or antibiotic therapy on reproductive performance of lactating dairy cows diagnosed with clinical endometritis[J].Journal of Dairy Science,2012,95(4):1894-1905.
[21]TISON N,BOUCHARD E,DESCTEAUX L,et al.Effectiveness of intrauterine treatment with cephapirin in dairy cows with purulent vaginal discharge[J].Theriogenology,2017,89:305-317.
[22]PICCARDI M,ROMERO G,VENERANDA G,et al.Effect of puerperal metritis on reproductive and productive performance in dairy cows in Argentina[J].Theriogenology,2012,85(5):887-893.
[23]何光中,刘镜,杨红文.复方中草药防治奶牛子宫内膜炎的效果[J].安徽农业科学,2011,39(25):15387-15389.HE G Z,LIU J,YANG H W.Efficacy of Chinese herbal medicine against cow endometritis[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2011,39(25):15387-15389.(in Chinese)
[24]严作廷,王东升,李世宏,等.清宫助孕液治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎临床试验[J].中国奶牛,2012,4:26-28.YAN Z T,WANG D S,LI S H,et al.A clinical trial of prevention of endometritis in postpartum dairy cows by Qinggongzhuyun[J].China Dairy,2012,4:26-28.(in Chinese)
[25]徐志辉,李俊,周山山.纯中药灌注剂治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎的疗效观察[J].黑龙江动物繁殖,2013,21(3):34-35.XU Z H,LI J,ZHOU S S.Observation on the effect of pure Chinese medicine infusion on endometritis in dairy cows[J].Heilongjiang Journal of Animal Reproduction,2013,21(3):34-35.(in Chinese)
[26]冯伟.中药复方灌注液治疗奶牛急性子宫内膜炎临床疗效观察[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2014.FENG W.Treatment effect of compound Chinese medicine perfusate on endometritis in dariy cows[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2014.(in Chinese)
[27]那立冬,王东升,李世宏,等.产复康预防产后奶牛子宫内膜炎的临床试验[J].动物医学进展,2017,38(8):131-134.NA L D,WANG D S,LI S H,et al.A clinical trial of prevention of endometritis in postpartum dairy cows by Chanfukang[J].Progress in Veterinary Medicine,2017,38(8):131-134.(in Chinese)
[28]莫慧诚.不同配方药物治疗奶牛产后子宫内膜炎效果研究[J].现代农业科技,2013,8:251-252.MO H C.Effect of different formula drugs on postpartum endometritis in dairy cows[J].Modern Agricultural Science and Technology,2013,8:251-252.(in Chinese)
[29]淡新刚,韩元,史远刚.产后早期子宫投药对奶牛子宫内膜炎及繁殖性能的影响[J].湖北农业科学,2015,54(9):2163-2165.DAN X G,HAN Y,SHI Y G.Effect of intrauterine application at early postpartum on endometritis and reproductive performance of cows[J].Hubei Agricultural Sciences,2015,54(9):2163-2165.(in Chinese)
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