江苏盐城斗龙港养殖塘中的越冬水鸟群落特征及影响因素
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摘要
2014年12月至2015年2月期间,在江苏盐城湿地珍禽国家级自然保护区南缓冲区内的斗龙港的面积为2万亩的养殖塘中,设置了总长度为17.3 km、涵盖70个养殖塘的7条样线,每个月完成一次全部样线的调查,研究在养殖塘中越冬的水鸟群落特征。研究结果显示,在养殖塘中,有36种越冬水鸟栖息,这些水鸟隶属8目12科,其中,优势种有小??(Tachybaptus ruficollis)、斑嘴鸭(Anas poecilorhyncha)和织女银鸥(Larus vegae)等;各月的水鸟种类和密度差异显著;双变量相关性分析显示,在影响水鸟种类与数量的生态因素中,平均水深和明水面所占比例与水鸟种类和数量显著负相关(p<0.01);养殖塘面积与水鸟种类和数量显著正相关(p<0.05);一侧为天然湿地、另一侧为养殖塘的生境比两侧都为养殖塘的生境能吸引更多种类和数量的越冬水鸟停留。从水鸟栖息地管理的角度看,在养殖塘适当的进行水位控制,对越冬水鸟栖息至关重要,在养殖塘周围保留一些天然湿地或改建一些自然沟渠,有利于提高越冬水鸟群落的多样性。
From December 2014 to February 2015, the characteristics and influencing factors of the waterbird community in the south buffer zone of Jiangsu Yancheng Wetland National Nature Reserve, Rare Birds have been studied, seven lines, with a total length of 17.3 kilometers, which encompass 70 breeding ponds, were sampled each month. The results indicated that there were 36 species belonging to 8 orders and 12 families present in the ponds. Tachybaptus ruficollis, Anas poecilorhyncha and Larus vegae were the dominant species.There were significant differences found between the species and density of waterbirds in three months. The most important ecological factors that affected the species and quantity of waterbirds were the average water depth and the proportion of open water area, with a significant negative correlation; there was a significant positive correlation between size of ponds and species. The habitats(one side was a nature wetland, the other side was a pond) attracted more waterbirds compared to when both sides were the natural ponds. From the perspective of habitat management for waterbirds, proper water level control in the production activities of aquaculture ponds was crucial to the use of waterbirds. Therefore it is beneficial to preserve some natural wetlands or some natural ditches around the ponds to improve the diversity of waterbirds.
From December 2014 to February 2015, the characteristics and influencing factors of the waterbird community in the south buffer zone of Jiangsu Yancheng Wetland National Nature Reserve, Rare Birds have been studied, seven lines, with a total length of 17.3 kilometers, which encompass 70 breeding ponds, were sampled each month. The results indicated that there were 36 species belonging to 8 orders and 12 families present in the ponds. Tachybaptus ruficollis, Anas poecilorhyncha and Larus vegae were the dominant species.There were significant differences found between the species and density of waterbirds in three months. The most important ecological factors that affected the species and quantity of waterbirds were the average water depth and the proportion of open water area, with a significant negative correlation; there was a significant positive correlation between size of ponds and species. The habitats(one side was a nature wetland, the other side was a pond) attracted more waterbirds compared to when both sides were the natural ponds. From the perspective of habitat management for waterbirds, proper water level control in the production activities of aquaculture ponds was crucial to the use of waterbirds. Therefore it is beneficial to preserve some natural wetlands or some natural ditches around the ponds to improve the diversity of waterbirds.
引文
[1]曾向武,高晓翠,高常军.广东海丰鸟类省级自然保护区水鸟多样性[J].湿地科学, 2016, 1414(5):611-618.
[2]张燕,孙勇,鲁长虎,等.盐城国家级珍禽自然保护区互花米草入侵后三种生境中越冬鸟类群落格局[J].湿地科学, 2017, 15(3):433-441.
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[4]颜凤,李宁,杨文,等.围填海对湿地水鸟种群、行为和栖息地的影响[J].生态学杂志, 2017, 3636(7):2045-2051.
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[7]金欣,任晓彤,彭鹤博,等.崇明东滩鸟类栖息地优化区越冬水鸟的栖息地利用及影响因子[J].动物学杂志, 2013, 4848(5):686-692.
[8]赵锦霞,刘昊,张利权.崇明东滩越冬鸟类在养殖塘的空间分布[J].动物学研究, 2008, 2929(2):212-218.
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[10]金杰锋,刘伯锋,余希,等.福建省兴化湾滨海养殖塘冬季水鸟的栖息地利用[J].动物学杂志, 2008, 4343(6):17-24.
[11]Tafta O W, Haiga S M. Landscape context mediates influence of local food abundance on wetland use by wintering shorebirds in an agricultural valley[J]. Biological Conservation, 2006, 128128(3):298-307.
[12]Goss C J D, Stillman R A, West A D, et al. Carrying capacity in overwintering migratory birds[J]. Biological Conservation, 2002,105105(1):27-41.
[13]Caruso B S, Effectiveness of braided, gravel-bed river restoration in the upper Waitaki basin, New Zealand[J]. River Research and Applications, 2006, 2222(8):905-922.
[14]Armitage A R, Jensen S M, Yoon J E, et al. Wintering shorebird assemblages and behavior in restored tidal wetlands in southern California[J]. Restoration Ecology, 2007, 155(1):139-148.
[15]Middleton B A. Nonequilibrium dynamics of sedge meadows grazed by cattle in southern Wisconsin[J]. Plant Ecology, 2002,161161(1):89-110.
[16]Wright J P, Flecker A S, Jones C G. Local vs landscape controls on plant species richness in beaver meadows[J]. Ecology, 2003,8484(12):3162-3173.
[17]Colwell M A, Taft O W. Waterbird communities in managed wetlands of varying water depth[J]. Waterbirds, 2000, 2323(1):45-55.
[18]Kloskowski J, Green A J, Polak M, et al. Complementary use of natural and artificial wetlands by waterbirds wintering in Donana, south-west Spain[J]. Aquatic Conservation:Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 2009, 199(7):815-826.
[19]Isola C R, Colwell M A, Taft O W, et al. Interspecific differences in habitat use of shorebirds and waterfowl foraging in managed wetlands of California’s San Joaquin Valley[J]. Waterbirds,2000, 2323(2):196-203.
[20]Ma Z J, Cai Y T, Li B, et al. Managing wetland habitats for waterbirds:An international perspective[J]. Wetlands, 2010, 30(1):15-27.
[21]牛俊英,衡楠楠,张斌,等.上海市南汇东滩围垦后海岸带湿地冬春季水鸟生境选择[J].动物学研究, 2011, 3232(6):624-630.
[22]裴恩乐,袁晓,汤臣栋,等.上海地区水鸟群落结构和动态分布特征[J].生态学杂志, 2012, 3131(10):2599-2605.
[23]Elphick C S, Oring L W. Winter management of Californian rice fields for waterbirds[J]. Journal of Applied Ecology, 1998, 3535(1):95-108.
[24]Taft O W, Colwell M A, Isola C R, et al. Waterbird responses to experimental drawdown:implications for the multispecies management of wetland mosaics[J]. Journal of Applied Ecology,2002, 3939(6):987-1001.
[2]张燕,孙勇,鲁长虎,等.盐城国家级珍禽自然保护区互花米草入侵后三种生境中越冬鸟类群落格局[J].湿地科学, 2017, 15(3):433-441.
[3]谷东起,付军,闫文文,等.盐城滨海湿地退化评估及分区诊断[J].湿地科学, 2012, 1010(1):1-7.
[4]颜凤,李宁,杨文,等.围填海对湿地水鸟种群、行为和栖息地的影响[J].生态学杂志, 2017, 3636(7):2045-2051.
[5]Ma Z J, Li B, Zhao B, et al. Are artificial wetlands good alternatives to natural wetlands for waterbirds?—A case study on Chongming Island, China[J]. Biodiversity and Conservation,2004, 1313(2):333-350.
[6]华宁,马志军,马强,等.冬季水鸟对崇明东滩水产养殖塘的利用[J].生态学报, 2009, 2929(12):6342-6350.
[7]金欣,任晓彤,彭鹤博,等.崇明东滩鸟类栖息地优化区越冬水鸟的栖息地利用及影响因子[J].动物学杂志, 2013, 4848(5):686-692.
[8]赵锦霞,刘昊,张利权.崇明东滩越冬鸟类在养殖塘的空间分布[J].动物学研究, 2008, 2929(2):212-218.
[9]Howes J, Bakewell D. Shorebird Studies Manual[J]. Kuala Lumpur:Asian Wetland Bureau Publication, 1989:143-147.
[10]金杰锋,刘伯锋,余希,等.福建省兴化湾滨海养殖塘冬季水鸟的栖息地利用[J].动物学杂志, 2008, 4343(6):17-24.
[11]Tafta O W, Haiga S M. Landscape context mediates influence of local food abundance on wetland use by wintering shorebirds in an agricultural valley[J]. Biological Conservation, 2006, 128128(3):298-307.
[12]Goss C J D, Stillman R A, West A D, et al. Carrying capacity in overwintering migratory birds[J]. Biological Conservation, 2002,105105(1):27-41.
[13]Caruso B S, Effectiveness of braided, gravel-bed river restoration in the upper Waitaki basin, New Zealand[J]. River Research and Applications, 2006, 2222(8):905-922.
[14]Armitage A R, Jensen S M, Yoon J E, et al. Wintering shorebird assemblages and behavior in restored tidal wetlands in southern California[J]. Restoration Ecology, 2007, 155(1):139-148.
[15]Middleton B A. Nonequilibrium dynamics of sedge meadows grazed by cattle in southern Wisconsin[J]. Plant Ecology, 2002,161161(1):89-110.
[16]Wright J P, Flecker A S, Jones C G. Local vs landscape controls on plant species richness in beaver meadows[J]. Ecology, 2003,8484(12):3162-3173.
[17]Colwell M A, Taft O W. Waterbird communities in managed wetlands of varying water depth[J]. Waterbirds, 2000, 2323(1):45-55.
[18]Kloskowski J, Green A J, Polak M, et al. Complementary use of natural and artificial wetlands by waterbirds wintering in Donana, south-west Spain[J]. Aquatic Conservation:Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 2009, 199(7):815-826.
[19]Isola C R, Colwell M A, Taft O W, et al. Interspecific differences in habitat use of shorebirds and waterfowl foraging in managed wetlands of California’s San Joaquin Valley[J]. Waterbirds,2000, 2323(2):196-203.
[20]Ma Z J, Cai Y T, Li B, et al. Managing wetland habitats for waterbirds:An international perspective[J]. Wetlands, 2010, 30(1):15-27.
[21]牛俊英,衡楠楠,张斌,等.上海市南汇东滩围垦后海岸带湿地冬春季水鸟生境选择[J].动物学研究, 2011, 3232(6):624-630.
[22]裴恩乐,袁晓,汤臣栋,等.上海地区水鸟群落结构和动态分布特征[J].生态学杂志, 2012, 3131(10):2599-2605.
[23]Elphick C S, Oring L W. Winter management of Californian rice fields for waterbirds[J]. Journal of Applied Ecology, 1998, 3535(1):95-108.
[24]Taft O W, Colwell M A, Isola C R, et al. Waterbird responses to experimental drawdown:implications for the multispecies management of wetland mosaics[J]. Journal of Applied Ecology,2002, 3939(6):987-1001.