宁夏哈巴湖国家级自然保护区湿地植物群落特征与生态需水量
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摘要
为了探究干旱半干旱区湿地的植物群落特征以及生态需水量,在宁夏哈巴湖国家级自然保护区内,以4个主要湿地(哈巴湖、花马湖、八子洼和南海子湿地)为研究对象,调查湿地内的植物种类、数量、生物量等指标,计算植物群落的物种多样性指数.同时,计算4个湿地的植物需水量、栖息地需水量和补给地下水需水量,得到湿地的总生态需水量.结果表明,不同湿地的植物种类组成差异较大,哈巴湖湿地的优势植物为苜蓿、沙打旺和芦苇,花马湖湿地的优势植物为芦苇、赖草和披针叶黄华,八子洼和南海子湿地的优势植物为细枝盐爪爪.调查样地距湖边距离不同,植物组成也不相同,越靠近湖边,植物优势种的优势度越大,越呈集群分布. 4个湿地的植物多样性相对贫乏,从湖边趋远,物种多样性不断增大.在湿地的生态需水量中,4个湿地的植物需水量所占比例较大,而栖息地需水量和补给地下水需水量所占比例较小. 4个湿地的总生态需水量的最小值为1 205.3×10~4 m~3,这是维持宁夏哈巴湖自然保护区生态系统功能的最小需水量;总生态需水量的最大值为4 772.1×10~4 m~3,这是维持湿地最佳状态的需水量.
To explore the plant community features and ecological water demands of wetland in arid and semi-arid areas,four wetlands(Habahu,Huamahu,Baziwa and Nanhaizi) of the Ningxia Habahu National Nature Reserve were adopted as the research objects,the plant species,quantity,biomass,etc in wetland were investigated,and the species diversity of plant community was calculated. Meanwhile,the plant water demands,water demands for habitats and water demands for recharge groundwater of four wetlands were calculated to obtain the total water demands for ecological environment. The results of plant community investigation showed that there were obvious differences in plant species among the four wetlands. In Habahu wetland,the dominant species were Medicago sativa,Astragalus adsurgens and Phragmites communis;In Huamahu wetland,the dominant species were Aneurolepidium dasystachys,Phragmites communis and Thermopsis lanceolate;In Baziwa and Nanhaizi wetlands,the dominant species was Kalidium gracile. The plant compositions were different with the different distance from the edge of the lake,the nearer the distance is from the lake,the more advantage the dominant species has, and the more clumped distribution is. The plant species diversities were in relative shortage,and the species diversities increased gradually with the increase of distance from the edge of the lake. In total ecological water demands of the four wetlands,the percentage of plant water demands was the largest,and the percentages of water demands for habitats as well as the water demands for recharge groundwater were relatively lower. The minimum total ecological water demand of four wetlands is 1 205.3×10~4 m~3,which is the minimum water demands to maintain the ecosystem function of the Ningxia Habahu National Nature Reserve. The maximum total ecological water demand is 4 772.1 ×10~4 m~3,which is the water demand to maintain the optimal condition of the Reserve.
To explore the plant community features and ecological water demands of wetland in arid and semi-arid areas,four wetlands(Habahu,Huamahu,Baziwa and Nanhaizi) of the Ningxia Habahu National Nature Reserve were adopted as the research objects,the plant species,quantity,biomass,etc in wetland were investigated,and the species diversity of plant community was calculated. Meanwhile,the plant water demands,water demands for habitats and water demands for recharge groundwater of four wetlands were calculated to obtain the total water demands for ecological environment. The results of plant community investigation showed that there were obvious differences in plant species among the four wetlands. In Habahu wetland,the dominant species were Medicago sativa,Astragalus adsurgens and Phragmites communis;In Huamahu wetland,the dominant species were Aneurolepidium dasystachys,Phragmites communis and Thermopsis lanceolate;In Baziwa and Nanhaizi wetlands,the dominant species was Kalidium gracile. The plant compositions were different with the different distance from the edge of the lake,the nearer the distance is from the lake,the more advantage the dominant species has, and the more clumped distribution is. The plant species diversities were in relative shortage,and the species diversities increased gradually with the increase of distance from the edge of the lake. In total ecological water demands of the four wetlands,the percentage of plant water demands was the largest,and the percentages of water demands for habitats as well as the water demands for recharge groundwater were relatively lower. The minimum total ecological water demand of four wetlands is 1 205.3×10~4 m~3,which is the minimum water demands to maintain the ecosystem function of the Ningxia Habahu National Nature Reserve. The maximum total ecological water demand is 4 772.1 ×10~4 m~3,which is the water demand to maintain the optimal condition of the Reserve.
引文
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[9]吴燕锋,章光新.湿地生态水文模型研究综述[J].生态学报,2018,38(7):2588-2598.WU Y F,ZHANG G X. Review of development,frontiers and prospects of wetlands eco-hydrological models[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,38(7):2588-2598(in Chinese).
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[11]王浩,严登华,贾仰文,等.现代水文水资源学科体系及研究前沿和热点问题[J].水科学进展,2010,21(4):479-489.WANG H,YAN D H,JIA Y W,et al. Subject system of modern hydrology and water resources and research frontier and hot issues[J]. Advances in Water Science,2010,21(4):479-489(in Chinese).
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[13]张丽,李丽娟,梁丽乔,等.流域生态需水的理论及计算研究进展[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(7):307-312.ZHANG L,LI L J,LIANG L Q,et al. Progress on the research of theory and calculation method of ecological water requirement[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2008,24(7):307-312(in Chinese).
[14]韩宇平,赵若,王富强.宁夏引黄灌区湖泊湿地生态需水量计算[J].灌溉排水学报,2010,29(4):67-71.HAN Y P, ZHAO R,WANG F Q. Estimation of suitable ecological water requirement of lakes and wetlands for yellow river irrigation area in Ningxia Autonomous Region[J]. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2010,29(4):67-71(in Chinese).
[15]齐拓野,米文宝,邱开阳,等.干旱区湿地生态需水量研究——以银川市阅海湿地为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2012,26(3):76-82.QI T Y,MI W B,QIU K Y,et al. The quantities of ecological water requirement for wetland in the arid region—Illustrated by the case of Yuehai wetland in Yinchuan city[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2012,26(3):76-82(in Chinese).
[16]李梓豪,曹欢,高润宏,等.正蓝旗上都河国家湿地公园生态需水量核算[J].内蒙古农业大学学报(自然科学版),2015,36(5):63-68.LI Z H,CAO H,GAO R H,et al. Ecological water requirement evaluation of Zhenglan Banner Xanadu Rive National Wetland Park[J]. Journal of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University(Natural Science Edition),2015,36(5):63-68(in Chinese).
[17]赵晓瑜,杨培岭,任树梅,等.内蒙古河套灌区湖泊湿地生态环境需水量研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2014,33(2):126-129.ZHAO X Y,YANG P L,REN S M,et al. Research on eco-environmental water demands of Hetao irrigation district in Inner Mongolia[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2014,33(2):126-129(in Chinese).
[18]赵晓瑜,杨培岭,任树梅,等.基于生态水位差比法的高海拔湿地生态环境需水量研究——以乌梁素海湿地为例[J].灌溉排水学报,2018,37(5):59-65.ZHAO X Y,YANG P L,REN S M,et al. Calculating ecological demand of upland wetlands for water using the ecological-water-level difference method:Taking Wuliangsuhai Wetland as an example[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2018,37(5):59-65(in Chinese).
[19]孙栋元,金彦兆,王启优,等.疏勒河中游绿洲生态环境需水时空变化特征研究[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(7):2664-2676.SUN D Y,JIN Y Z,WANG Q Y,et al. Study on temporal and spatial variation characteristics of eco-environmental water requirement in the middle reaches oasis of Shulehe River Basin[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(7):2664-2676(in Chinese).
[20]张学凤,罗越浩.疏勒河流域湖泊湿地生态需水量估算[J].甘肃水利水电技术,2009,45(7):14-18.ZHANG X F,LUO Y H. Ecological water requirement evaluation of lakes of Shulehe River Basin[J]. Gansu Water Conservancy and Hydropower Technology,2009,45(7):14-18(in Chinese).
[21]何兴东,尤万学,余殿.生态恢复理论与宁夏盐池植被恢复技术[M].天津:南开大学出版社,2016.HE X D,YOU W X,YU D. Ecological Restoration Theory and Reconstruction Technique in Yanchi County of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region[M]. Tianjin:Nankai University Press,2016(in Chinese).
[22]尤万学,何兴东,张维军,等.宁夏哈巴湖国家级自然保护区综合科学考察报告[M].天津:南开大学出版社,2016.YOU W X,HE X D,ZHANG W J,et al. Comprehensive Scientific Survey of Ningxia Habahu National Nature Reserve[M]. Tianjin:Nankai University Press,2016(in Chinese).
[23]任莉丽,李立.黄旗海湿地生态环境需水量[J].内蒙古水利,2016(11):31-32.REN L L,LI L. Ecological environmental water demand in Huangqihai Wetland[J]. Inner Mongolia Water Resources,2016(11):31-32(in Chinese).
[24]张琬抒,周林飞,成遣.辽河河口湿地生态环境需水量研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2017,36(11):101-106(in Chinese).ZHANG W S,ZHOU L F,CHENG Q. Eco-environmental demand for water in wetlands at Liaohe estuary[J]. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2017,36(11):101-106(in Chinese).
[2]马丽伟,李洪影.扎龙湿地生物多样性保护及其生态补偿机制研究[J].黑龙江科学,2018,9(19):162-164.MA L W,LI H Y. Study on biodiversity conservation and ecological compensation mechanism of Zhalong Wetland Reserve[J]. Heilongjiang Science,2018,9(19):162-164(in Chinese).
[3]杨丽萍,陈清,马成仓,等.天津地区盐分与氮素对芦苇生长初期的影响[J].天津师范大学学报(自然科学版),2018,38(2):51-56.YANG L P,CHEN Q,MA C C,et al. Effect of salt and nitrogen on the early growth of Phragmites australias Trin. in Tianjin area[J]. Journal of Tianjin Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2018,38(2):51-56(in Chinese).
[4]王宁,高珊,尚成海,等.天津北大港湿地东方白鹳和白琵鹭迁徙停歇期的种群动态[J].天津师范大学学报(自然科学版),2018,38(4):50-54.WANG N,GAO S,SHANG C H,et al. Population dynamics of Ciconia boyciana and Platalea leucorodia during migratory stopover periods in Tianjin Beidagang Wetland Nature Reserve[J]. Journal of Tianjin Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2018,38(4):50-54(in Chinese).
[5]侯迎迎,王祖伟,苗钰婷,等.于桥水库水源地水体重金属潜在生态风险评价[J].天津师范大学学报(自然科学版),2018,38(5):52-57.HOU Y Y,WANG Z W,MIAO Y T,et al. Ecological risks evaluation of heavy metals in source water of Yuqiao Reservoir[J]. Journal of Tianjin Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2018,38(5):52-57(in Chinese).
[6]姜明,邹元春,章光新,等.中国湿地科学研究进展与展望[J].湿地科学,2018,16(3):279-287.JIANG M,ZOU Y C,ZHANG G X,et al. Progress and prospects of wetland science in China[J]. Wetland Science,2018,16(3):279-287(in Chinese).
[7]王国平,刘景双.湿地生物地球化学研究概述[J].水土保持学报,2002,16(4):144-148.WANG G P,LIU J S. Overview on wetlands biogeochemistry[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2002,16(4):144-148(in Chinese).
[8]章光新,张蕾,冯夏清,等.湿地生态水文与水资源管理[M].北京:科学出版社,2014.ZHANG G X,ZHANG L,FENG X Q,et al. Wetland Ecohydrology and Water Resource Management[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2014(in Chinese).
[9]吴燕锋,章光新.湿地生态水文模型研究综述[J].生态学报,2018,38(7):2588-2598.WU Y F,ZHANG G X. Review of development,frontiers and prospects of wetlands eco-hydrological models[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,38(7):2588-2598(in Chinese).
[10]董李勤,章光新.全球气候变化对湿地生态水文的影响研究综述[J].水科学进展,2011,22(3):429-436.DONG L Q,ZHANG G X. Review of the impacts of climate change on wetland ecohydrology[J]. Advances in Water Science,2011,22(3):429-436(in Chinese).
[11]王浩,严登华,贾仰文,等.现代水文水资源学科体系及研究前沿和热点问题[J].水科学进展,2010,21(4):479-489.WANG H,YAN D H,JIA Y W,et al. Subject system of modern hydrology and water resources and research frontier and hot issues[J]. Advances in Water Science,2010,21(4):479-489(in Chinese).
[12]杨志峰,崔保山,孙涛.湿地生态需水机理、模型和配置[M].北京:科学出版社,2012.YANG Z F,CUI B S,SUN T. Mechanism,Model and Configuration of Wetland Ecological Water Demand[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2012(in Chinese).
[13]张丽,李丽娟,梁丽乔,等.流域生态需水的理论及计算研究进展[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(7):307-312.ZHANG L,LI L J,LIANG L Q,et al. Progress on the research of theory and calculation method of ecological water requirement[J]. Transactions of the CSAE,2008,24(7):307-312(in Chinese).
[14]韩宇平,赵若,王富强.宁夏引黄灌区湖泊湿地生态需水量计算[J].灌溉排水学报,2010,29(4):67-71.HAN Y P, ZHAO R,WANG F Q. Estimation of suitable ecological water requirement of lakes and wetlands for yellow river irrigation area in Ningxia Autonomous Region[J]. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2010,29(4):67-71(in Chinese).
[15]齐拓野,米文宝,邱开阳,等.干旱区湿地生态需水量研究——以银川市阅海湿地为例[J].干旱区资源与环境,2012,26(3):76-82.QI T Y,MI W B,QIU K Y,et al. The quantities of ecological water requirement for wetland in the arid region—Illustrated by the case of Yuehai wetland in Yinchuan city[J]. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2012,26(3):76-82(in Chinese).
[16]李梓豪,曹欢,高润宏,等.正蓝旗上都河国家湿地公园生态需水量核算[J].内蒙古农业大学学报(自然科学版),2015,36(5):63-68.LI Z H,CAO H,GAO R H,et al. Ecological water requirement evaluation of Zhenglan Banner Xanadu Rive National Wetland Park[J]. Journal of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University(Natural Science Edition),2015,36(5):63-68(in Chinese).
[17]赵晓瑜,杨培岭,任树梅,等.内蒙古河套灌区湖泊湿地生态环境需水量研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2014,33(2):126-129.ZHAO X Y,YANG P L,REN S M,et al. Research on eco-environmental water demands of Hetao irrigation district in Inner Mongolia[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2014,33(2):126-129(in Chinese).
[18]赵晓瑜,杨培岭,任树梅,等.基于生态水位差比法的高海拔湿地生态环境需水量研究——以乌梁素海湿地为例[J].灌溉排水学报,2018,37(5):59-65.ZHAO X Y,YANG P L,REN S M,et al. Calculating ecological demand of upland wetlands for water using the ecological-water-level difference method:Taking Wuliangsuhai Wetland as an example[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2018,37(5):59-65(in Chinese).
[19]孙栋元,金彦兆,王启优,等.疏勒河中游绿洲生态环境需水时空变化特征研究[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(7):2664-2676.SUN D Y,JIN Y Z,WANG Q Y,et al. Study on temporal and spatial variation characteristics of eco-environmental water requirement in the middle reaches oasis of Shulehe River Basin[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(7):2664-2676(in Chinese).
[20]张学凤,罗越浩.疏勒河流域湖泊湿地生态需水量估算[J].甘肃水利水电技术,2009,45(7):14-18.ZHANG X F,LUO Y H. Ecological water requirement evaluation of lakes of Shulehe River Basin[J]. Gansu Water Conservancy and Hydropower Technology,2009,45(7):14-18(in Chinese).
[21]何兴东,尤万学,余殿.生态恢复理论与宁夏盐池植被恢复技术[M].天津:南开大学出版社,2016.HE X D,YOU W X,YU D. Ecological Restoration Theory and Reconstruction Technique in Yanchi County of the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region[M]. Tianjin:Nankai University Press,2016(in Chinese).
[22]尤万学,何兴东,张维军,等.宁夏哈巴湖国家级自然保护区综合科学考察报告[M].天津:南开大学出版社,2016.YOU W X,HE X D,ZHANG W J,et al. Comprehensive Scientific Survey of Ningxia Habahu National Nature Reserve[M]. Tianjin:Nankai University Press,2016(in Chinese).
[23]任莉丽,李立.黄旗海湿地生态环境需水量[J].内蒙古水利,2016(11):31-32.REN L L,LI L. Ecological environmental water demand in Huangqihai Wetland[J]. Inner Mongolia Water Resources,2016(11):31-32(in Chinese).
[24]张琬抒,周林飞,成遣.辽河河口湿地生态环境需水量研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2017,36(11):101-106(in Chinese).ZHANG W S,ZHOU L F,CHENG Q. Eco-environmental demand for water in wetlands at Liaohe estuary[J]. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2017,36(11):101-106(in Chinese).