西南山区河流河床结构及消能减灾机制
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摘要
青藏高原的持续抬升导致青藏高原周边河流下切。河流下切造成河床河岸失稳,崩塌滑坡及泥石流等灾害频发。通过十余年野外调查和试验研究发现,崩塌滑坡泥石流堰塞河流形成的自然坝实际上是河流下切的负反馈的结果。自然坝稳定后控制河流下切,保持河流稳定并且改善生态。这样的功能主要来自于自然坝上发育的河床消能结构。本文总结了河床结构和自然坝消能减灾的机理,归纳以阶梯-深潭为代表的河床结构消能率的量化计算方法,并提出下切河流综合管理中能量概算的理念及基本思路。本文还介绍人工阶梯-深潭系统防治泥石流灾害的成功实践,强调人工模拟自然坝消能结构应用在防灾减灾领域的可行性及有效性。最后,以消能理念为基础,提出西南下切河流开发和管理中应建立"串糖葫芦"式中型坝群库坝体系,以实现水电开发、消能减灾和改善生态的综合目标。
The continuous uplifting of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau results in the river incision on the margin of Qinghai-Tibet plateu. River incision leads to frequent disasters such as bank failures, avalanches, land-slides and debris flows. Based on the field investigations and experiments over the past decade,it is foundthat natural dams,which are formed after landslides or debris flows block the channel,perform as the neg-ative feedback to river incision. The natural dams are capable to control erosion and incision efficiently,sta-bilize the riverbed and improve the local ecology. The functions above stem from the bedforms developedon natural dams. The present paper summarizes the mechanism of bedforms and natural dams on energy dis-sipation and disaster mitigation. The quantification of energy dissipation rate of step-pool,which stands forbedforms,has been put forward. Furthermore,the concept and logic of energy budget in the integrated man-agement of incised rivers is demonstrated in the present paper. The successful application of artificial step-pool system in a debris flow gully is introduced,to illustrate the feasibility and efficiency of artificial ener-gy dissipaters mimicking natural dams in disaster prevention and mitigation. Last but not least,based onthe idea of energy dissipation,we suggest that the successive reservoir-dam system consisting of medium-sized dams should be applied in the development and management of the incised river in southwest China,to realize the comprehensive objective including dissipating flow energy,stabilizing the riverbed and promoting the ecology.
The continuous uplifting of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau results in the river incision on the margin of Qinghai-Tibet plateu. River incision leads to frequent disasters such as bank failures, avalanches, land-slides and debris flows. Based on the field investigations and experiments over the past decade,it is foundthat natural dams,which are formed after landslides or debris flows block the channel,perform as the neg-ative feedback to river incision. The natural dams are capable to control erosion and incision efficiently,sta-bilize the riverbed and improve the local ecology. The functions above stem from the bedforms developedon natural dams. The present paper summarizes the mechanism of bedforms and natural dams on energy dis-sipation and disaster mitigation. The quantification of energy dissipation rate of step-pool,which stands forbedforms,has been put forward. Furthermore,the concept and logic of energy budget in the integrated man-agement of incised rivers is demonstrated in the present paper. The successful application of artificial step-pool system in a debris flow gully is introduced,to illustrate the feasibility and efficiency of artificial ener-gy dissipaters mimicking natural dams in disaster prevention and mitigation. Last but not least,based onthe idea of energy dissipation,we suggest that the successive reservoir-dam system consisting of medium-sized dams should be applied in the development and management of the incised river in southwest China,to realize the comprehensive objective including dissipating flow energy,stabilizing the riverbed and promoting the ecology.
引文
[1]邓伟,唐伟.试论中国山区城镇化方向选择及对策[J].山地学报,2013(2):168-173.
[2] OUIMET W B,WHIPPLE K X,ROYDEN L H,et al. The influence of large landslides on river incision in a tran?sient landscape:Eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau(Sichuan,China)[J]. Geological Society of America Bul?letin,2007,119(11/12):1462-1476.
[3]张康.河床结构在推移质运动及河床演变中的作用[D].北京:清华大学,2012.
[4]王兆印,崔鹏,刘怀湘.汶川地震引发的山地灾害以及堰塞湖的管理方略[J].水利学报,2010,41(7):757-763.
[5]漆力健,王兆印,王旭昭,等.芦山地震引发的重力侵蚀分析[J].泥沙研究,2014(2):8-14.
[6]康志成,李焯芬,马蔼乃,等.中国泥石流研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
[7]李志威,余国安,徐梦珍,等.青藏高原河流演变研究进展[J].水科学进展,2016,27(4):617-628.
[8]吕立群,王兆印,徐梦珍,等.怒江泥石流扇地貌特征与扇体堵江机理研究[J].水利学报,2016,47(10):1245-1252.
[9] WANG Z Y,CUI P,YU G A,et al. Stability of landslide dams and development of knickpoints[J]. Environmen?tal Earth Sciences,2012,65(4):1067-1080.
[10]张康,王兆印,刘怀湘,等.裂点发育及其对堰塞坝的稳定性影响[J].山地学报,2011,29(4):474-482.
[11] YU G A,WANG Z Y,ZHANG K,et al. Restoration of an incised mountain stream using artificial step-pool sys?tem[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Research,2010,48(2):178-187.
[12]王兆印,漆力健,王旭昭.消能结构防治泥石流研究——以文家沟为例[J].水利学报,2012,43(3):253-263.
[13]刘怀湘,王兆印,刘乐.河床结构对堰塞坝稳定性的影响研究[J].水力发电学报,2011,30(3):98-103.
[14]刘怀湘,王兆印,刘乐,等.河床结构强度及其与水流能量关系的定量研究[J].水力发电学报,2011,30(5):114-118.
[15]帕尔米耶里,谭峰屹,郭佳.塔吉克斯坦萨雷兹堰塞湖减灾工程及其发展机遇[J].水利水电快报,2017,38(10):28-31.
[16]殷跃平.西藏波密易贡高速巨型滑坡特征及减灾研究[J].水文地质工程地质,2000,27(4):8-11.
[17] WANG Z Y,LEE J H W,MELCHING C S. River Dynamics and Integrated River Management[M]. SpringerBerlin Heidelberg,2015.
[18]徐江,王兆印.阶梯-深潭的形成及作用机理[J].水利学报,2004(10):48-55.
[19] CHIN A,WOHL E. Toward a theory for step pools in stream channels[J]. Progress in Physical Geography,2005,29(3):275-296.
[20]张晨笛,王兆印,李志威,等.单个阶梯-深潭破坏的力学模型[J].水利学报,2014,45(12):1399-1409.
[21] MONTGOMERY D R,BUFFINGTON J M. Channel-reach morphology in mountain drainage basins[J]. Geologi?cal Society of America Bulletin,1997,109(5):596-611.
[22] ZHANG C D,XU M Z,HASSAN M A,et al. Experimental study on the stability and failure of individual step-pool[J]. Geomorphology,2018,311:51-62.
[23] BLUCK B J. Bed forms and clast size changes in gravel-bed rivers[M]//Richards K S. River Channel Environ?ment and Process. Oxford:Blackwell,1987:159-178.
[24] STROM K B,PAPANICOLAOU A N. Morphological characterization of cluster microforms[J]. Sedimentology,2010,55(1):137-153.
[25] CHARTRAND S M,WHITING P J. Alluvial architecture in headwater streams with special emphasis on step-pool topography[J]. Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,2011,25(6):583-600.
[26] RECKING A,LEDUC P,LIéBAULT F,et al. A field investigation of the influence of sediment supply on step-pool morphology and stability[J]. Geomorphology,2012,139(139/140):53-66.
[27] CURRAN J C,WILCOCK P R. Characteristic dimensions of the step-pool configuration:An experimental study[J]. Water Resources Research,2005,41,W02030,doi:10.1029/2004WR003568.
[28] BILLI P,PRECISO E,SALEMI E. Rhythmic roughness elements and channel morphology of gravel bed rivers[J]. Zeitschrift Für Geomorphologie,2014,58(3):337-366.
[29]刘怀湘,王兆印,余国安,等.典型山区小流域河床结构分布研究[J].水利学报,2012,43(5):512-519.
[30] CHURCH M,ZIMMERMANN A. Form and stability of step-pool channels:Research progress[J]. Water Re?sources Research,2007,43(3),W03415,doi:10.1029/2006WR005037.
[31] WEICHERT R B,RETO B G,HANS-ERWIN M. Bed morphology and generation of step-pool channels[J].Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,2010,33(11):1678-1692.
[32] ZIMMERMANN A,CHURCH M,HASSAN M A. Step-pool stability:Testing the jammed state hypothesis[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Earth Surface,2010,115(F2). doi:10.1029/2009JF001365.
[33] ABRAHAMS A D,LI G,ATKINSON J F. Step-pool streams:adjustment to maximum flow resistance[J]. WaterResources Research,1995,31(10):2593-2602.
[34] CHIN A,PHILLIPS J D. The self-organization of step-pools in mountain streams[J]. Geomorphology,2007,83(3):346-358.
[35]李文哲,王兆印,李志威,等.阶梯-深潭系统消能机理的实验研究[J].水利学报,2014,45(5):537-546.
[36] WOHL E E,THOMPSON D M. Velocity characteristics along a small step-pool channel[J]. Earth Surf. Process?es Landforms,2000,25:353-367.
[37] COMITI F,CADOL D,WOHL E. Flow regimes,bed morphology,and flow resistance in self-formed step-poolchannels[J]. Water Resources Research,2009,45(4):546-550.
[38] WILCOX A C,WOHL E E,COMITI F,et al. Hydraulics,morphology,and energy dissipation in an alpine step-pool channel[J]. Water Resources Research,2011,47(7):197-203.
[39]李文哲,王兆印,李志威.阶梯-深潭系统消能率试验研究[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2013,45(S2):61-65.
[40]黄华东,漆力健,陈社鸿.阶梯-深潭消能率的模拟研究[J].西南民族大学学报(自然科学版),2012,38(1):132-136.
[41]张晨笛.阶梯-深潭系统的稳定性研究[D].北京:清华大学,2017.
[42]李文哲,李志威,王兆印.推移质输沙对阶梯-深潭系统消能的影响[J].水科学进展,2017,28(3):338-345.
[43] ZIMMERMANN A,CHURCH M. Channel morphology,gradient profiles and bed stresses during flood in a step-pool channel[J]. Geomorphology,2001,40(3):311-327.
[44] PASTERNACK G B,ELLIS C R,LEIER K A,et al. Convergent hydraulics at horseshoe steps in bedrock rivers[J]. Geomorphology,2006,82(1/2):126-145.
[45] RAJARATNAM N,CHAMANI M R. Energy loss at drops[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Research,1995,33(3):373-384.
[46] LIN C,HWUNG W Y,HSIEH S C,et al. Experimental study on mean velocity characteristics of flow over verti?cal drop[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Research,2007,45(1):33-42,doi:10.1080/00221686.2007.9521741.
[47] LENZI M A. Stream bed stabilization using boulder check dams that mimic step-pool morphology features inNorthern Italy[J]. Geomorphology,2002,45:243-260.
[48] WANG Z Y,ZHANG K. Principle of equivalency of bed structures and bed load motion[J]. International Journalof Sediment Research,2012,27(3):288-305.
[49] RICKENMANN D,RECKING A. Evaluation of flow resistance in gravel-bed rivers through a large field data set[J]. Water Resources Research,2011,47(7):209-216.
[50] ZIMMERMANN A. Flow resistance in steep streams:An experimental study[J]. Water Resources Research,2010,46(46):2973-2976.
[51]漆力健,王兆印,黄华东,等.人工阶梯-深潭防治地震区泥石流的探索[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2014,25(4):24-29,58.
[52] WANG Z Y,LEE H W,XU M Z. Eco-hydraulics and eco-sedimentation studies in China[J]. Journal of Hydrau?lic Research,2013,51(1):19-32.
[53] WILCOX A C,WOHL E E. Field measurements of three-dimensional hydraulics in a step-pool channel[J]. Geo?morphology,2007,83:215-231.
[54]张晨笛,王兆印,李志威,等.水库渗漏水流溶解氧与水温沿程恢复的试验研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2015,24(2):292-299.
[55]王兆印,程东升,何易平,等.西南山区河流阶梯-深潭系列的生态学研究[J].地球科学进展,2006,21(4):409-416.
[56]李志威,王兆印,余国安,等.雅鲁藏布大峡谷水电开发对边坡稳定性的影响[J].山地学报,2015(3):331-338.
[2] OUIMET W B,WHIPPLE K X,ROYDEN L H,et al. The influence of large landslides on river incision in a tran?sient landscape:Eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau(Sichuan,China)[J]. Geological Society of America Bul?letin,2007,119(11/12):1462-1476.
[3]张康.河床结构在推移质运动及河床演变中的作用[D].北京:清华大学,2012.
[4]王兆印,崔鹏,刘怀湘.汶川地震引发的山地灾害以及堰塞湖的管理方略[J].水利学报,2010,41(7):757-763.
[5]漆力健,王兆印,王旭昭,等.芦山地震引发的重力侵蚀分析[J].泥沙研究,2014(2):8-14.
[6]康志成,李焯芬,马蔼乃,等.中国泥石流研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
[7]李志威,余国安,徐梦珍,等.青藏高原河流演变研究进展[J].水科学进展,2016,27(4):617-628.
[8]吕立群,王兆印,徐梦珍,等.怒江泥石流扇地貌特征与扇体堵江机理研究[J].水利学报,2016,47(10):1245-1252.
[9] WANG Z Y,CUI P,YU G A,et al. Stability of landslide dams and development of knickpoints[J]. Environmen?tal Earth Sciences,2012,65(4):1067-1080.
[10]张康,王兆印,刘怀湘,等.裂点发育及其对堰塞坝的稳定性影响[J].山地学报,2011,29(4):474-482.
[11] YU G A,WANG Z Y,ZHANG K,et al. Restoration of an incised mountain stream using artificial step-pool sys?tem[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Research,2010,48(2):178-187.
[12]王兆印,漆力健,王旭昭.消能结构防治泥石流研究——以文家沟为例[J].水利学报,2012,43(3):253-263.
[13]刘怀湘,王兆印,刘乐.河床结构对堰塞坝稳定性的影响研究[J].水力发电学报,2011,30(3):98-103.
[14]刘怀湘,王兆印,刘乐,等.河床结构强度及其与水流能量关系的定量研究[J].水力发电学报,2011,30(5):114-118.
[15]帕尔米耶里,谭峰屹,郭佳.塔吉克斯坦萨雷兹堰塞湖减灾工程及其发展机遇[J].水利水电快报,2017,38(10):28-31.
[16]殷跃平.西藏波密易贡高速巨型滑坡特征及减灾研究[J].水文地质工程地质,2000,27(4):8-11.
[17] WANG Z Y,LEE J H W,MELCHING C S. River Dynamics and Integrated River Management[M]. SpringerBerlin Heidelberg,2015.
[18]徐江,王兆印.阶梯-深潭的形成及作用机理[J].水利学报,2004(10):48-55.
[19] CHIN A,WOHL E. Toward a theory for step pools in stream channels[J]. Progress in Physical Geography,2005,29(3):275-296.
[20]张晨笛,王兆印,李志威,等.单个阶梯-深潭破坏的力学模型[J].水利学报,2014,45(12):1399-1409.
[21] MONTGOMERY D R,BUFFINGTON J M. Channel-reach morphology in mountain drainage basins[J]. Geologi?cal Society of America Bulletin,1997,109(5):596-611.
[22] ZHANG C D,XU M Z,HASSAN M A,et al. Experimental study on the stability and failure of individual step-pool[J]. Geomorphology,2018,311:51-62.
[23] BLUCK B J. Bed forms and clast size changes in gravel-bed rivers[M]//Richards K S. River Channel Environ?ment and Process. Oxford:Blackwell,1987:159-178.
[24] STROM K B,PAPANICOLAOU A N. Morphological characterization of cluster microforms[J]. Sedimentology,2010,55(1):137-153.
[25] CHARTRAND S M,WHITING P J. Alluvial architecture in headwater streams with special emphasis on step-pool topography[J]. Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,2011,25(6):583-600.
[26] RECKING A,LEDUC P,LIéBAULT F,et al. A field investigation of the influence of sediment supply on step-pool morphology and stability[J]. Geomorphology,2012,139(139/140):53-66.
[27] CURRAN J C,WILCOCK P R. Characteristic dimensions of the step-pool configuration:An experimental study[J]. Water Resources Research,2005,41,W02030,doi:10.1029/2004WR003568.
[28] BILLI P,PRECISO E,SALEMI E. Rhythmic roughness elements and channel morphology of gravel bed rivers[J]. Zeitschrift Für Geomorphologie,2014,58(3):337-366.
[29]刘怀湘,王兆印,余国安,等.典型山区小流域河床结构分布研究[J].水利学报,2012,43(5):512-519.
[30] CHURCH M,ZIMMERMANN A. Form and stability of step-pool channels:Research progress[J]. Water Re?sources Research,2007,43(3),W03415,doi:10.1029/2006WR005037.
[31] WEICHERT R B,RETO B G,HANS-ERWIN M. Bed morphology and generation of step-pool channels[J].Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,2010,33(11):1678-1692.
[32] ZIMMERMANN A,CHURCH M,HASSAN M A. Step-pool stability:Testing the jammed state hypothesis[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Earth Surface,2010,115(F2). doi:10.1029/2009JF001365.
[33] ABRAHAMS A D,LI G,ATKINSON J F. Step-pool streams:adjustment to maximum flow resistance[J]. WaterResources Research,1995,31(10):2593-2602.
[34] CHIN A,PHILLIPS J D. The self-organization of step-pools in mountain streams[J]. Geomorphology,2007,83(3):346-358.
[35]李文哲,王兆印,李志威,等.阶梯-深潭系统消能机理的实验研究[J].水利学报,2014,45(5):537-546.
[36] WOHL E E,THOMPSON D M. Velocity characteristics along a small step-pool channel[J]. Earth Surf. Process?es Landforms,2000,25:353-367.
[37] COMITI F,CADOL D,WOHL E. Flow regimes,bed morphology,and flow resistance in self-formed step-poolchannels[J]. Water Resources Research,2009,45(4):546-550.
[38] WILCOX A C,WOHL E E,COMITI F,et al. Hydraulics,morphology,and energy dissipation in an alpine step-pool channel[J]. Water Resources Research,2011,47(7):197-203.
[39]李文哲,王兆印,李志威.阶梯-深潭系统消能率试验研究[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2013,45(S2):61-65.
[40]黄华东,漆力健,陈社鸿.阶梯-深潭消能率的模拟研究[J].西南民族大学学报(自然科学版),2012,38(1):132-136.
[41]张晨笛.阶梯-深潭系统的稳定性研究[D].北京:清华大学,2017.
[42]李文哲,李志威,王兆印.推移质输沙对阶梯-深潭系统消能的影响[J].水科学进展,2017,28(3):338-345.
[43] ZIMMERMANN A,CHURCH M. Channel morphology,gradient profiles and bed stresses during flood in a step-pool channel[J]. Geomorphology,2001,40(3):311-327.
[44] PASTERNACK G B,ELLIS C R,LEIER K A,et al. Convergent hydraulics at horseshoe steps in bedrock rivers[J]. Geomorphology,2006,82(1/2):126-145.
[45] RAJARATNAM N,CHAMANI M R. Energy loss at drops[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Research,1995,33(3):373-384.
[46] LIN C,HWUNG W Y,HSIEH S C,et al. Experimental study on mean velocity characteristics of flow over verti?cal drop[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Research,2007,45(1):33-42,doi:10.1080/00221686.2007.9521741.
[47] LENZI M A. Stream bed stabilization using boulder check dams that mimic step-pool morphology features inNorthern Italy[J]. Geomorphology,2002,45:243-260.
[48] WANG Z Y,ZHANG K. Principle of equivalency of bed structures and bed load motion[J]. International Journalof Sediment Research,2012,27(3):288-305.
[49] RICKENMANN D,RECKING A. Evaluation of flow resistance in gravel-bed rivers through a large field data set[J]. Water Resources Research,2011,47(7):209-216.
[50] ZIMMERMANN A. Flow resistance in steep streams:An experimental study[J]. Water Resources Research,2010,46(46):2973-2976.
[51]漆力健,王兆印,黄华东,等.人工阶梯-深潭防治地震区泥石流的探索[J].中国地质灾害与防治学报,2014,25(4):24-29,58.
[52] WANG Z Y,LEE H W,XU M Z. Eco-hydraulics and eco-sedimentation studies in China[J]. Journal of Hydrau?lic Research,2013,51(1):19-32.
[53] WILCOX A C,WOHL E E. Field measurements of three-dimensional hydraulics in a step-pool channel[J]. Geo?morphology,2007,83:215-231.
[54]张晨笛,王兆印,李志威,等.水库渗漏水流溶解氧与水温沿程恢复的试验研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2015,24(2):292-299.
[55]王兆印,程东升,何易平,等.西南山区河流阶梯-深潭系列的生态学研究[J].地球科学进展,2006,21(4):409-416.
[56]李志威,王兆印,余国安,等.雅鲁藏布大峡谷水电开发对边坡稳定性的影响[J].山地学报,2015(3):331-338.