珠江河口悬浮物中重金属时空变化特征及其影响因素
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摘要
在珠江河口开展了16个站位同步采样和观测,分析该河口不同区段悬浮物中6种重金属(Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb、As、Cd)含量的时空特征,并结合同步的水文调查资料进行统计分析,探讨其影响因素.结果表明,珠江口重金属含量枯水季节高于洪水季节,受流量、温度、粒度的影响;河口段重金属含量低于远口段与"过滤器效应"有关,主要是由枯水季节这两区段的盐度和含沙量差异导致的.运用富集系数和沉积物质量基准法对珠江口重金属进行评价.结果表明,两种评价方法均显示重金属枯水季节危害强于洪水季节,As、Zn生态风险大,Cd、As、Zn污染严重,远口段重金属污染程度高于河口段,远口段北江Cu、Zn、As、Cd污染程度明显高于西江和东江,分别为重度污染、严重～极重污染、严重污染、极重污染,与上游矿区有关,需要重点关注.河口段东四门和西四门的6种重金属污染程度相似,虎门污染最严重,与当地的工业发展有关.珠江口悬浮物中重金属来源与流域地质背景、工业以及矿区有关.
Simultaneous sampling and observation were conducted at 16 stations in the Pearl River Estuary,and the temporal and spatial characteristics of the contents of six heavy metals( Cr,Cu,Zn,Pb,As,and Cd) were analyzed. The influencing factors of suspended particulate matter( SPM) were explored through the combined results of our statistical analyses. With the influence of discharge,temperature and particle size,the content of heavy metals in the dry season is higher than that in flood season. Regarding the estuary filter,the content of heavy metals in the estuary segment was lower than that in the far mouth segment,which was principally caused by the difference in salinity and sediment concentration between the two segments during the dry season. Both the sediment quality standard and enrichment factor methods were used to evaluate heavy metals. The results showed that the threat of heavy metals in the dry season was stronger than that in the flood season. As and Zn were more harmful to the ecological risk,while Cd,As,and Zn were the more abundant pollutants in the Pearl River Estuary. Heavy metal pollution was more severe in the far mouth segment. The degree of pollution for Cu,Zn,As,and Cd— which are classified as heavy pollution,severe to extremely heavy pollution,severe heavy pollution,and extremely heavy pollution,respectively—in the Beijiang River were higher compared to the Xijiang River and Dongjiang River. The pollution level of the six heavy metals in the four eastern outlets and four western outlets were similar,and the most serious pollution in Humen may be related to local industrial development. The source of heavy metals in SPM of the Pearl River Estuary is related to geological background,industry,and the mining area.
Simultaneous sampling and observation were conducted at 16 stations in the Pearl River Estuary,and the temporal and spatial characteristics of the contents of six heavy metals( Cr,Cu,Zn,Pb,As,and Cd) were analyzed. The influencing factors of suspended particulate matter( SPM) were explored through the combined results of our statistical analyses. With the influence of discharge,temperature and particle size,the content of heavy metals in the dry season is higher than that in flood season. Regarding the estuary filter,the content of heavy metals in the estuary segment was lower than that in the far mouth segment,which was principally caused by the difference in salinity and sediment concentration between the two segments during the dry season. Both the sediment quality standard and enrichment factor methods were used to evaluate heavy metals. The results showed that the threat of heavy metals in the dry season was stronger than that in the flood season. As and Zn were more harmful to the ecological risk,while Cd,As,and Zn were the more abundant pollutants in the Pearl River Estuary. Heavy metal pollution was more severe in the far mouth segment. The degree of pollution for Cu,Zn,As,and Cd— which are classified as heavy pollution,severe to extremely heavy pollution,severe heavy pollution,and extremely heavy pollution,respectively—in the Beijiang River were higher compared to the Xijiang River and Dongjiang River. The pollution level of the six heavy metals in the four eastern outlets and four western outlets were similar,and the most serious pollution in Humen may be related to local industrial development. The source of heavy metals in SPM of the Pearl River Estuary is related to geological background,industry,and the mining area.
引文
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[19]王洪波.长江口颗粒态金属元素分布特征及其影响因素的探究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2017.Wang H B. The study on the distribution characteristics and controlling factors of particulate metal elements in the Changjiang Estuary[D]. Shanghai:East China Normal University,2017.
[20] Din Z B. Use of aluminium to normalize heavy-metal data from estuarine and coastal sediments of Straits of Melaka[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,1992,24(10):484-491.
[21] Boicourt W C. The estuary as a filter:physical processes[J].Estuaries,1983,6(3):252-337.
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[23]李航,肖唐付,双燕,等.云南金顶超大型铅锌矿区镉的水地球化学研究[J].地球化学,2007,36(6):612-620.Li H, Xiao T F, Shuang Y, et al. Hydrogeochemistry of cadmium in Jinding Pb-Zn mining district in Yunnan,China[J].Geochimica,2007,36(6):612-620.
[24]许大毛,张家泉,占长林,等.有色金属冶炼厂周边地表水和农业土壤中重金属污染特征与评价[J].环境化学,2016,35(11):2305-2314.Xu D M,Zhang J Q,Zhan C L,et al. Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in surface water and agricultural soil around the Nonferrous Metal Smeltery[J].Environmental Chemistry,2016,35(11):2305-2314.
[25]赖启宏.珠江三角洲多目标区域地球化学生态环境评价[D].广州:中国科学院广州地化研究所,2005.Lai Q H. Multi-goal regional geochemical assessment of ecological environment in Pearl River Delta of Guangdong province[D]. Guangzhou:Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2005.
[26]许振成,杨晓云,温勇,等.北江中上游底泥重金属污染及其潜在生态危害评价[J].环境科学,2009,30(11):3262-3268.Xu Z C,Yang X Y,Wen Y,et al. Evaluation of the heavy metals contamination and its potential ecological risk of the sediments in Beijiang river's upper and middle reaches[J].Environmental Science,2009,30(11):3262-3268.
[27]吴劲楠,龙健,刘灵飞,等.某铅锌矿区农田重金属分布特征及其风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2018,38(3):1054-1063.Wu J N,Long J,Liu L F,et al. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in farmland soil of a lead-zinc mining area[J]. China Environmental Science,2018,38(3):1054-1063.
[28]袁国伟.广东省电镀和清洁生产概况[A].见:2009穗港澳科技·产业(腐蚀防护)发展论坛论文集[C].广州:中国腐蚀防护学会,广州腐蚀防护学会,2009. 25-29.
[29]广东省统计局.广东统计年鉴-2016[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2016.Guangdong Provincial Bureau of Statistics. Guangdong statistical yearbook[M]. Beijing:China Statistics Press,2016.
[30]余葱葱,赵委托,高小峰,等.电镀厂周边地表水中重金属分布特征及健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2017,38(3):993-1001.Yu C C,Zhao W T,Gao X F,et al. Distribution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in surface water around electroplating factories[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(3):993-1001.
[2]罗宪林,杨清书,贾良文,等.珠江三角洲网河河床演变[M].广州:中山大学出版社,2002.Luo X L,Yang Q S,Jia L W,et al. River-bed evolution of the pearl river delta[M]. Guangzhou:Sux Yat-Sex University Press,2002.
[3]国家统计局环境保护部.中国环境统计年鉴-2016[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2016.National Bureau of Statistics Ministry of Environmental Protection. China statistical yearbook on environment-2016[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press,2016.
[4]辛成林,任景玲,张桂玲,等.黄河下游水体悬浮颗粒物中金属元素的地球化学行为[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(10):3127-3134.Xin C L,Ren J L,Zhang G L,et al. Geochemistry of metals in the suspended particles in the lower reach of the Huanghe[J].China Environmental Science,2015,35(10):3127-3134.
[5] Feng C H,Guo X Y,Yin S,et al. Heavy metal partitioning of suspended particulate matter-water and sediment-water in the Yangtze Estuary[J]. Chemosphere,2017,185:717-725.
[6] Suja S,Kessarkar P M,Fernandes L L,et al. Spatial and temporal distribution of metals in suspended particulate matter of the Kali estuary, India[J]. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science,2017,196:10-21.
[7] Hierro A,Olías M,Cánovas C R,et al. Trace metal partitioning over a tidal cycle in an estuary affected by acid mine drainage(Tinto estuary, SW Spain)[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2014,497-498:18-28.
[8]宋美英.珠江河口水体和沉积物中重金属的分布特征及风险评估[D].广州:暨南大学,2014.Song M Y. Distribution and assessment of heavy metals in water and sediments of the Pearl River Estuary[D]. Guangzhou:Jinan University,2014.
[9]谢文平,王少冰,朱新平,等.珠江下游河段沉积物中重金属含量及污染评价[J].环境科学,2012,33(6):1808-1815.Xie W P,Wang S B,Zhu X P,et al. Residues and potential ecological risk assessment of metal in sediments from lower reaches and estuary of Pearl River[J]. Environmental Science,2012,33(6):1808-1815.
[10]张亚南,贺青,陈金民,等.珠江口及其邻近海域重金属的河口过程和沉积物污染风险评价[J].海洋学报,2013,35(2):178-186.Zhang Y N,He Q,Chen J M,et al. Heavy metals'process in water and pollution risk assessment in surface sediments of the Zhujiang River Estuary[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica,2013,35(2):178-186.
[11]龚剑,李烨,黄静文,等.珠江广州-东莞河段重金属污染状况及分布特征[J].广州大学学报(自然科学版),2017,16(4):78-82.Gong J,Li Y,Huang J W,et al. Heavy metal pollution and its spatial distribution in the Guangzhou-Dongguan reach of the Pearl River[J]. Journal of Guangzhou University(Natural Science Edition),2017,16(4):78-82.
[12]李春初.中国南方河口过程与演变规律[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
[13]刘成,王兆印,何耘.水体沉积泥沙质量标准之探讨[J].泥沙研究,2005,(2):54-60.Liu C, Wang Z Y, He Y. Discussion on sediment quality standards in waters[J]. Journal of Sediment Research,2005,(2):54-60.
[14] Chapman P M, Allard P J, Vigers G A. Development of sediment quality values for Hong Kong special administrative region:a possible model for other jurisdictions[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,1999,38(3):161-169.
[15] Kessarkar P M,Shynu R,Rao V P,et al. Geochemistry of the suspended sediment in the estuaries of the Mandovi and Zuari rivers,central west coast of India[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2013,185(5):4461-4480.
[16]中国环境监测总站.中国土壤元素背景值[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1990. 331-379.
[17]付小明,任景玲,辛成林,等.调水调沙对黄河口颗粒态金属分布的影响[J].中国环境科学,2018,38(5):1867-1877.Fu X M,Ren J L,Xin C L,et al. Impacts of water-sediment regulation event on the distributions of particulate metals in the Huanghe(Yellow River)estuary[J]. China Environmental Science,2018,38(5):1867-1877.
[18]辛成林,任景玲,张桂玲,等.海南东部河流、河口及近岸水域颗粒态重金属的分布及污染状况[J].环境科学,2013,34(4):1315-1323.Xin C L,Ren J L,Zhang G L,et al. Distributions and pollution status of heavy metals in the suspended particles of the estuaries and coastal area of eastern Hainan[J]. Environmental Science,2013,34(4):1315-1323.
[19]王洪波.长江口颗粒态金属元素分布特征及其影响因素的探究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2017.Wang H B. The study on the distribution characteristics and controlling factors of particulate metal elements in the Changjiang Estuary[D]. Shanghai:East China Normal University,2017.
[20] Din Z B. Use of aluminium to normalize heavy-metal data from estuarine and coastal sediments of Straits of Melaka[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin,1992,24(10):484-491.
[21] Boicourt W C. The estuary as a filter:physical processes[J].Estuaries,1983,6(3):252-337.
[22]陈文彪,陈上群.珠江河口治理开发研究[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2013.
[23]李航,肖唐付,双燕,等.云南金顶超大型铅锌矿区镉的水地球化学研究[J].地球化学,2007,36(6):612-620.Li H, Xiao T F, Shuang Y, et al. Hydrogeochemistry of cadmium in Jinding Pb-Zn mining district in Yunnan,China[J].Geochimica,2007,36(6):612-620.
[24]许大毛,张家泉,占长林,等.有色金属冶炼厂周边地表水和农业土壤中重金属污染特征与评价[J].环境化学,2016,35(11):2305-2314.Xu D M,Zhang J Q,Zhan C L,et al. Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in surface water and agricultural soil around the Nonferrous Metal Smeltery[J].Environmental Chemistry,2016,35(11):2305-2314.
[25]赖启宏.珠江三角洲多目标区域地球化学生态环境评价[D].广州:中国科学院广州地化研究所,2005.Lai Q H. Multi-goal regional geochemical assessment of ecological environment in Pearl River Delta of Guangdong province[D]. Guangzhou:Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2005.
[26]许振成,杨晓云,温勇,等.北江中上游底泥重金属污染及其潜在生态危害评价[J].环境科学,2009,30(11):3262-3268.Xu Z C,Yang X Y,Wen Y,et al. Evaluation of the heavy metals contamination and its potential ecological risk of the sediments in Beijiang river's upper and middle reaches[J].Environmental Science,2009,30(11):3262-3268.
[27]吴劲楠,龙健,刘灵飞,等.某铅锌矿区农田重金属分布特征及其风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2018,38(3):1054-1063.Wu J N,Long J,Liu L F,et al. Spatial distribution and risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in farmland soil of a lead-zinc mining area[J]. China Environmental Science,2018,38(3):1054-1063.
[28]袁国伟.广东省电镀和清洁生产概况[A].见:2009穗港澳科技·产业(腐蚀防护)发展论坛论文集[C].广州:中国腐蚀防护学会,广州腐蚀防护学会,2009. 25-29.
[29]广东省统计局.广东统计年鉴-2016[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2016.Guangdong Provincial Bureau of Statistics. Guangdong statistical yearbook[M]. Beijing:China Statistics Press,2016.
[30]余葱葱,赵委托,高小峰,等.电镀厂周边地表水中重金属分布特征及健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2017,38(3):993-1001.Yu C C,Zhao W T,Gao X F,et al. Distribution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in surface water around electroplating factories[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(3):993-1001.