放牧方式对人工草地植被生物量及碳密度的影响
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摘要
以温带农牧交错区混播人工草地为研究对象,分析优势种羊草(Leymus chinensis)和紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)在不同放牧方式下地上、地下生物量的变化规律,研究放牧方式对优势种碳分配及人工草地碳密度的影响。结果表明:划区轮牧能够有效地缓解草地压力,合理的放牧制度可以提高人工草地牧草的生产力;不同的放牧制度在一定程度上可改变绵羊的采食规律;连续放牧使得草地植被碳密度和土壤碳密度均显著降低,划区轮牧与对照样地(禁牧管理)保持相当的水平。在该研究中,不同的放牧制度对于牧草生产力和碳密度影响显著,土壤碳密度占人工草地碳密度的比例较大且随土层深度增加而减少。
In this paper, mixed-sowing artificial grassland in the temperate agro-pastoral zone is taken as the research object, The changes of aboveground and underground biomass of Leymus chinensis and Medicago sativa L. under different grazing patterns were analyzed. The effects of carbon allocation on dominant species and carbon density of artificial grassland were researched. The results indicated that rotational grazing can effectively relieve the grassland pressure, and a reasonable grazing system can improve the grassland productivity. The palatability of sheep changed with the different grazing systems.Grazing patterns have different effects on grassland vegetation carbon density and soil carbon density. As a result of continue grazing, both the carbon density and soil carbon density of grassland vegetation were significantly reduced, and the rotational grazing was at the same level as that of the management of grazing prohibition. In the tested artificial grassland, the different grazing systems have significant effects on pasture productivity and carbon density. Soil carbon density accounts for a large proportion of the carbon density in artificial grassland and decreases with the increasing of soil depth.
In this paper, mixed-sowing artificial grassland in the temperate agro-pastoral zone is taken as the research object, The changes of aboveground and underground biomass of Leymus chinensis and Medicago sativa L. under different grazing patterns were analyzed. The effects of carbon allocation on dominant species and carbon density of artificial grassland were researched. The results indicated that rotational grazing can effectively relieve the grassland pressure, and a reasonable grazing system can improve the grassland productivity. The palatability of sheep changed with the different grazing systems.Grazing patterns have different effects on grassland vegetation carbon density and soil carbon density. As a result of continue grazing, both the carbon density and soil carbon density of grassland vegetation were significantly reduced, and the rotational grazing was at the same level as that of the management of grazing prohibition. In the tested artificial grassland, the different grazing systems have significant effects on pasture productivity and carbon density. Soil carbon density accounts for a large proportion of the carbon density in artificial grassland and decreases with the increasing of soil depth.
引文
[1]马文红,方精云,杨元合,等.中国北方草地生物量动态及其与气候因子的关系[J].中国科学(生命科学),2010,40(7):632-641.
[2]HALL D O,SCURLOCK J M O.Climate change and productivity of natural grasslands[J].Annals of Botany,1991,67(S1):49-55.
[3]王金.放牧干扰对混播人工草地的影响[J].甘肃畜牧兽医,2015,45(7):72-80.
[4]MASCHINSKI J,WHITHAM T G.The continuum of plant responses to herbivory:the influence of plant association,nutrient availability,and timing[J].American Naturalist,1989,134(1):1-19.
[5]STOLL P,EGLI P,SCHMID B.Plant foraging and rhizome growth patterns of Solidago altissima in response to mowing and fertilizer application[J].Journal of Ecology,1998,86(2):341-354.
[6]ORR R J,RUTTER S M,YARROW N H.Changes in ingestive behaviour of yearling dairy heifers due to changes in sward state during grazing down of rotationally stocked ryegrass or white clover pastures[J].Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2004,87(3):205-222.
[7]SEITHER M,WRAGE N,ISSELSTEIN J.Sward composition and grazer species effects on nutritive value and herbage accumulation[J].Agronomy Journal,2012,104(2):497-506.
[8]GRIGOLI A D,TODARO M,MICELI G D,et al.Effects of continuous and rotational grazing of different forage species on ewe milk production[J].Small Ruminant Research,2012,106(48):S29-S36.
[9]马文红,韩梅,林鑫,等.内蒙古温带草地植被的碳储量[J].干旱区资源与环境,2006,20(3):192-195.
[10]李学斌,樊瑞霞,刘学东.中国草地生态系统碳储量及碳过程研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(11):1845-1851.
[11]XU X,TIAN H,WAN S.Climate warming impacts on carbon cycling in terrestrial ecosystems[J].Journal of Plant Ecology,2007,31(2):175-188.
[12]PIAO S,FANG J,CIAIS P,ET AL.The carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems in China[J].China Basic Science,2010,458(7241):1009-1013.
[13]侯向阳,徐海红.不同放牧制度下短花针茅荒漠草原碳平衡研究[J].中国土壤与肥料,2010,44(6):50-57.
[14]NI J.Forage yield-based carbon storage in grasslands of China[J].Climatic Change,2004,67(2/3):237-246.
[15]朱玉浩,穆蓁,张艳艳,等.差额法和粪氮指数法对估测放牧绵羊采食量的影响研究[J].草地学报,2015,23(4):865-869.
[16]郭强,殷国梅,赵和平,等.放牧绵羊牧食行为及采食量研究[J].中国草地学报,2011,33(4):95-98.
[17]孙海霞,常思颖,陈孝龙,等.不同季节刈割羊草对绵羊采食量和养分消化率的影响[J].草地学报,2016,24(6):1369-1373.
[18]汪诗平.放牧绵羊行为生态学研究[J].草业学报,1997,6(1):10-17.
[19]汪诗平,李永宏.放牧率和放牧时期对绵羊排粪量、采食量和干物质消化率关系的影响[J].动物营养学报,1997,9(1):47-54.
[20]乌日娜.内蒙古典型草原放牧绵羊牧食行为和采食量及消化率[D]:呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2010.
[21]赵艳清.不同放牧制度对人工草地牧草营养和绵羊营养消化的影响[D]:呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2011.
[22]沈海花,朱言坤,赵霞,等.中国草地资源的现状分析[J].科学通报,2016,61(2):139-154
[23]王博杰,唐海萍,何丽,等.农牧交错区旱作条件下苜蓿和冰草人工草地稳定性研究[J].草业学报,2016,25(4):222-229.
[24]马文红,杨元合,贺金生,等.内蒙古温带草地生物量及其与环境因子的关系[J].中国科学,2008,38(1):84-92.
[25]董婷婷,宝音陶格涛.羊草人工草地生物多样性与生产力关系研究[J].中国草地学报,2012,34(3):34-41.
[26]王书转,郝明德,普琼,等.黄土区苜蓿人工草地群落生态与生产功能演替[J].草业学报,2014,23(6):1-10.
[27]马红彬,谢应忠.不同放牧强度下荒漠草原植物的补偿性生长[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(11):3645-3650.
[28]胡飞龙,闫妍,卢晓强,等.内蒙古草甸草原生物量碳分配格局[J].草业学报,2016,25(4):36-44.
[29]胡飞龙,闫妍,刘立,等.内蒙古典型草原生物量碳分配格局[J].草业学报,2017,26(4):33-42.
[30]杨勇,宋向阳,咏梅,等.不同干扰方式对内蒙古典型草原土壤有机碳和全氮的影响[J].生态环境学报,2015,24(2):204-210.
[31]胡向敏,侯向阳,陈海军,等.不同放牧制度下短花针茅荒漠草原根系碳储量动态[J].中国草地学报,2014,36(4):13-17.
[32]MOKANY K,RAISON R J,PROKUSHKIN A S.Critical analysis of root:shoot ratios in terrestrial biomes[J].Global Change Biology,2006,12(1):84-96.
[33]高翠萍,韩国栋,王忠武,等.内蒙古荒漠草原人工草地固碳效应分析[J].中国草地学报,2017,39(4):81-85.
[34]希吉勒.围封对草地生态系统碳储量影响的研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2012.
[2]HALL D O,SCURLOCK J M O.Climate change and productivity of natural grasslands[J].Annals of Botany,1991,67(S1):49-55.
[3]王金.放牧干扰对混播人工草地的影响[J].甘肃畜牧兽医,2015,45(7):72-80.
[4]MASCHINSKI J,WHITHAM T G.The continuum of plant responses to herbivory:the influence of plant association,nutrient availability,and timing[J].American Naturalist,1989,134(1):1-19.
[5]STOLL P,EGLI P,SCHMID B.Plant foraging and rhizome growth patterns of Solidago altissima in response to mowing and fertilizer application[J].Journal of Ecology,1998,86(2):341-354.
[6]ORR R J,RUTTER S M,YARROW N H.Changes in ingestive behaviour of yearling dairy heifers due to changes in sward state during grazing down of rotationally stocked ryegrass or white clover pastures[J].Applied Animal Behaviour Science,2004,87(3):205-222.
[7]SEITHER M,WRAGE N,ISSELSTEIN J.Sward composition and grazer species effects on nutritive value and herbage accumulation[J].Agronomy Journal,2012,104(2):497-506.
[8]GRIGOLI A D,TODARO M,MICELI G D,et al.Effects of continuous and rotational grazing of different forage species on ewe milk production[J].Small Ruminant Research,2012,106(48):S29-S36.
[9]马文红,韩梅,林鑫,等.内蒙古温带草地植被的碳储量[J].干旱区资源与环境,2006,20(3):192-195.
[10]李学斌,樊瑞霞,刘学东.中国草地生态系统碳储量及碳过程研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2014,23(11):1845-1851.
[11]XU X,TIAN H,WAN S.Climate warming impacts on carbon cycling in terrestrial ecosystems[J].Journal of Plant Ecology,2007,31(2):175-188.
[12]PIAO S,FANG J,CIAIS P,ET AL.The carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems in China[J].China Basic Science,2010,458(7241):1009-1013.
[13]侯向阳,徐海红.不同放牧制度下短花针茅荒漠草原碳平衡研究[J].中国土壤与肥料,2010,44(6):50-57.
[14]NI J.Forage yield-based carbon storage in grasslands of China[J].Climatic Change,2004,67(2/3):237-246.
[15]朱玉浩,穆蓁,张艳艳,等.差额法和粪氮指数法对估测放牧绵羊采食量的影响研究[J].草地学报,2015,23(4):865-869.
[16]郭强,殷国梅,赵和平,等.放牧绵羊牧食行为及采食量研究[J].中国草地学报,2011,33(4):95-98.
[17]孙海霞,常思颖,陈孝龙,等.不同季节刈割羊草对绵羊采食量和养分消化率的影响[J].草地学报,2016,24(6):1369-1373.
[18]汪诗平.放牧绵羊行为生态学研究[J].草业学报,1997,6(1):10-17.
[19]汪诗平,李永宏.放牧率和放牧时期对绵羊排粪量、采食量和干物质消化率关系的影响[J].动物营养学报,1997,9(1):47-54.
[20]乌日娜.内蒙古典型草原放牧绵羊牧食行为和采食量及消化率[D]:呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2010.
[21]赵艳清.不同放牧制度对人工草地牧草营养和绵羊营养消化的影响[D]:呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2011.
[22]沈海花,朱言坤,赵霞,等.中国草地资源的现状分析[J].科学通报,2016,61(2):139-154
[23]王博杰,唐海萍,何丽,等.农牧交错区旱作条件下苜蓿和冰草人工草地稳定性研究[J].草业学报,2016,25(4):222-229.
[24]马文红,杨元合,贺金生,等.内蒙古温带草地生物量及其与环境因子的关系[J].中国科学,2008,38(1):84-92.
[25]董婷婷,宝音陶格涛.羊草人工草地生物多样性与生产力关系研究[J].中国草地学报,2012,34(3):34-41.
[26]王书转,郝明德,普琼,等.黄土区苜蓿人工草地群落生态与生产功能演替[J].草业学报,2014,23(6):1-10.
[27]马红彬,谢应忠.不同放牧强度下荒漠草原植物的补偿性生长[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(11):3645-3650.
[28]胡飞龙,闫妍,卢晓强,等.内蒙古草甸草原生物量碳分配格局[J].草业学报,2016,25(4):36-44.
[29]胡飞龙,闫妍,刘立,等.内蒙古典型草原生物量碳分配格局[J].草业学报,2017,26(4):33-42.
[30]杨勇,宋向阳,咏梅,等.不同干扰方式对内蒙古典型草原土壤有机碳和全氮的影响[J].生态环境学报,2015,24(2):204-210.
[31]胡向敏,侯向阳,陈海军,等.不同放牧制度下短花针茅荒漠草原根系碳储量动态[J].中国草地学报,2014,36(4):13-17.
[32]MOKANY K,RAISON R J,PROKUSHKIN A S.Critical analysis of root:shoot ratios in terrestrial biomes[J].Global Change Biology,2006,12(1):84-96.
[33]高翠萍,韩国栋,王忠武,等.内蒙古荒漠草原人工草地固碳效应分析[J].中国草地学报,2017,39(4):81-85.
[34]希吉勒.围封对草地生态系统碳储量影响的研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2012.