颗粒饲料力学特性试验研究
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摘要
为了探究颗粒饲料力学特性,采集饲料企业生产的猪、禽和水产三大类配合饲料作为试验样品,对单颗粒饲料分别进行了轴向压缩、径向压缩和剪切试验。在三种不同的测试方式下水产配合饲料极限强度最大,禽配合饲料次之,猪配合饲料最小;随着长径比的增加,径向压缩极限抗张强度和剪切极限抗剪强度变化不大,轴向压缩极限抗压强度随着长径比的增加有减小的趋势;配合饲料的极限强度随着含水率的增加,均存在先增加后减少的趋势,极限强度存在最大值;饲料类别、测试方式和含水率对极限强度有显著影响。采用Design-expert设计响应曲面法,得到目标载荷和保压时间与含粉率之间的响应曲面关系。结果表明,颗粒配合饲料的含粉率与载荷和保压时间之间存在线性关系,目标载荷和保压时间对含粉率均有显著影响,且载荷比保压时间对含粉率的影响更显著。
In order to explore the mechanical properties of pellet feed,this paper took 3 types of formula feed produced by feed industry for pig,poultry and fish as experiment samples,and conducted axial compression,radial compression and shear tests,respectively. Under the 3 different test methods,the ultimate strength of aquatic formula feed was the highest,followed by poultry compound feed,and pig formula feed was the lowest. With the increase of aspect ratio,the ultimate strength of radial compression and shear did not change much,and the ultimate strength of axial compression tended to decrease with the increase of aspect ratio. With the increase of moisture content,the ultimate strength of pellet feed increased first then decreased,and the ultimate strength had the maximum value. Feed category,test method and moisture content had significant effects on ultimate strength. Adopting Design-expert response surface method,this paper obtained the response surface relationship among target load,dwell time and powder content rate. The results showed that there was a linear relationship between the powder content of pellet compound feed,payload and dwell time. The payload and dwell time had a significant effect on powder content,and the effect of payload on content of powder was more significant than that of dwell time.
In order to explore the mechanical properties of pellet feed,this paper took 3 types of formula feed produced by feed industry for pig,poultry and fish as experiment samples,and conducted axial compression,radial compression and shear tests,respectively. Under the 3 different test methods,the ultimate strength of aquatic formula feed was the highest,followed by poultry compound feed,and pig formula feed was the lowest. With the increase of aspect ratio,the ultimate strength of radial compression and shear did not change much,and the ultimate strength of axial compression tended to decrease with the increase of aspect ratio. With the increase of moisture content,the ultimate strength of pellet feed increased first then decreased,and the ultimate strength had the maximum value. Feed category,test method and moisture content had significant effects on ultimate strength. Adopting Design-expert response surface method,this paper obtained the response surface relationship among target load,dwell time and powder content rate. The results showed that there was a linear relationship between the powder content of pellet compound feed,payload and dwell time. The payload and dwell time had a significant effect on powder content,and the effect of payload on content of powder was more significant than that of dwell time.
引文
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[18]李艳聪,杨磊,万志生,等.颗粒饲料力学性能试验研究[J].饲料工业,2016,37(21):22-25.Li Y C,Yang L,Wang Z S,et al..Experimental study on mechanical properties of pellet feed[J].Feed Ind.Magazine,2016,37(21):22-25.
[19]Zafari A,Kianmehr M H.Factors affecting mechanical properties of biomass pellet from compost[J].Environ.Technol.,2014,35(1-4):478.
[20]Tumuluru J S,Tabil L G,Song Y,et al..Impact of process conditions on the density and durability of wheat,oat,canola,and barley straw briquettes[J].Bioenerg.Res.,2015,8(1):388-401.
[21]王功亮,姜洋,李伟振,等.基于响应面法的玉米秸秆成型工艺优化[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(13):223-227.Wang G L,Jiang Y,Li W Z,et al..Optimization of molding technology of corn stalks based on response surface methodology[J].Trans.Chin.Soc.Agric.Engin.,2016,32(13):223-227.
[22]黄晓鹏,万芳新,黄建龙,等.基于挤压模拟试验的苜蓿草颗粒成型工艺参数优化[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(11):354-358.Huang X P,Wang F X,Huang J L,et al..Optimization of process parameters for alfalfa grass pellet molding based on extrusion simulation test[J].Trans.Chin.Soc.Agric.Engin.,2011,27(11):354-358.
[23]宋欣,李艳聪,万志生,等.基于响应面法的鱼类饲料颗粒密度预测模型研究[J].饲料工业,2015,36(3):27-31.Song X,Li Y C,Wang Z W,et al..Study on prediction model of fish feed particle density based on response surface methodology[J].Feed Ind.Magazine,2015,36(3):27-31.
[24]夏先飞.旋转挤压制备稻秸固体成型燃料关键技术研究[D].南京:南京理工大学,博士学位论文,2015.Xia X F.Research on key technology of producing rice straw densification fuels via rotary extrusion[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Science and Technology,Doctor Dissertation,2015.
[25]吕东慧.麦秸颗粒制备及能源化成型添加剂的研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,博士学位论文,2014.Lv D H.Technology of manufacturing wheat straw pellets and the effect of binders on wheat straw fuel pellets[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,Doctor Dissertation,2014.
[26]Rumpf H.The strength of granules and agglomerates[A].In:Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Agglomeration[C].New York:Interscience,1962,379-418.
[27]Sekiguchi I.Test methods for evaluating the strength of granules and agglomerates[J].J.Res.Assoc.Powder Technol.Japan,2010,31(11):808-817.
[28]Beekman W J.Measurement of the mechanical strength of granules and agglomerates[J].Appl.Sci.,2000,125(3517):77-85.
[2]周洪彬,贺兵,魏建平,等.饲料颗粒品质影响因素探析[J].粮食与饲料工业,2016,12(2):46-49.Zhou H B,He B,Wei J P,et al..Factors affecting feed grain quality[J].Cereal Feed Ind.,2016,12(2):46-19.
[3]张晓亮,王红英.颗粒饲料加工质量影响因素分析及改善方法[J].农机化研究,2006(8):71-73.Zhang X L,Wang H Y.Analysis of factors affecting processing quality of pellet feed and methods of improvement[J].J.Agric.Res.,2006(8):71-73.
[4]Behnke K C,Beyer R S.Effect of feed processing on broiler performance[A].In:Proceedings of Interational Seminar on Poultry Production and Pathology[C].Santiago Chile,2002.
[5]盛亚白,程宏典,谢正军,等.GB/T 16765-1997颗粒饲料通用技术条件[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1997.
[6]Parsons A S,Buchanan N P,Blemings K P,et al..Effect of corn particle size and pellet texture on broiler performance in the growing phase[J].J.Appl.Poultry Res.,2006,15(2):245-255.
[7]Buchanan N P,Moritz J S.Main effects and interactions of varying formulation protein,fiber,and moisture on feed manufacture and pellet quality[J].J.Appl.Poultry Res.,2009,18(2):274-283.
[8]Briggs J L,Maier D E,Watkins B A,et al..Effect of ingredients and processing parameters on pellet quality[J].Poultry Sci.,1999,78(10):1464.
[9]Moritz J S,Beyer R S,Wilson K J,et al..Effect of moisture addition at the mixer to a corn-soybean-based diet on broiler performance[J].J.Appl.Poultry Res.,2001,10(4):347-353.
[10]马文智.颗粒饲料质量影响因素分析[J].中国饲料,2005(2):30-33.Ma W Z.Analysis of factors influencing pellet feed quality[J].Chin.Feed,2005(2):30-33.
[11]周根来,张海俊.影响颗粒饲料含粉率的因素及其控制[J].中国畜牧兽医,2010,37(5):37-40.Zhou G L,Zhang H J.Factors influencing the content of granular feed powder and its control[J].Chin.Anim.Husbvet.Med.,2010,37(5):37-40.
[12]Cavalcanti W B,Behnke K C.Effect of composition of feed model systems on pellet quality:A mixture experimental approach.I[J].Cereal Chem.,2007,82(82):455-461.
[13]Winowiski T.Pelleting key ingredient effects[J].Pigs Poultry,2007.
[14]Cutlip S E,Hott J M,Buchanan N P,et al..The effect of steam-conditioning practices on pellet quality and growing broiler nutritional value[J].J.Appl.Poultry Res.,2007,17(2):249-261.
[15]Wondra K J,Hancock J D,Behnke K C,et al..Effects of particle size and pelleting on growth performance,nutrient digestibility,and stomach morphology in finishing pigs[J].J.Anim.Sci.,1995,73(3):757-763.
[16]周华龙,李艳聪,华鹏,等.猪颗粒饲料力学性能试验研究[J].饲料工业,2016,37(21):30-31.Zhou L H,Li Y C,Hua P,et al..Experimental study on mechanical properties of pig pellets[J].Feed Ind.Magazine,2016,37(21):30-31.
[17]周根来,张海俊.影响颗粒饲料含粉率的因素及其控制[J].中国畜牧兽医,2010,37(5):37-40.Zhou G L,Zhang H J.Factors influencing the content of granular feed powder and its control[J].Chin.Anim.Husbvet.Med.,2010,37(5):37-40.
[18]李艳聪,杨磊,万志生,等.颗粒饲料力学性能试验研究[J].饲料工业,2016,37(21):22-25.Li Y C,Yang L,Wang Z S,et al..Experimental study on mechanical properties of pellet feed[J].Feed Ind.Magazine,2016,37(21):22-25.
[19]Zafari A,Kianmehr M H.Factors affecting mechanical properties of biomass pellet from compost[J].Environ.Technol.,2014,35(1-4):478.
[20]Tumuluru J S,Tabil L G,Song Y,et al..Impact of process conditions on the density and durability of wheat,oat,canola,and barley straw briquettes[J].Bioenerg.Res.,2015,8(1):388-401.
[21]王功亮,姜洋,李伟振,等.基于响应面法的玉米秸秆成型工艺优化[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(13):223-227.Wang G L,Jiang Y,Li W Z,et al..Optimization of molding technology of corn stalks based on response surface methodology[J].Trans.Chin.Soc.Agric.Engin.,2016,32(13):223-227.
[22]黄晓鹏,万芳新,黄建龙,等.基于挤压模拟试验的苜蓿草颗粒成型工艺参数优化[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(11):354-358.Huang X P,Wang F X,Huang J L,et al..Optimization of process parameters for alfalfa grass pellet molding based on extrusion simulation test[J].Trans.Chin.Soc.Agric.Engin.,2011,27(11):354-358.
[23]宋欣,李艳聪,万志生,等.基于响应面法的鱼类饲料颗粒密度预测模型研究[J].饲料工业,2015,36(3):27-31.Song X,Li Y C,Wang Z W,et al..Study on prediction model of fish feed particle density based on response surface methodology[J].Feed Ind.Magazine,2015,36(3):27-31.
[24]夏先飞.旋转挤压制备稻秸固体成型燃料关键技术研究[D].南京:南京理工大学,博士学位论文,2015.Xia X F.Research on key technology of producing rice straw densification fuels via rotary extrusion[D].Nanjing:Nanjing University of Science and Technology,Doctor Dissertation,2015.
[25]吕东慧.麦秸颗粒制备及能源化成型添加剂的研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,博士学位论文,2014.Lv D H.Technology of manufacturing wheat straw pellets and the effect of binders on wheat straw fuel pellets[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,Doctor Dissertation,2014.
[26]Rumpf H.The strength of granules and agglomerates[A].In:Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Agglomeration[C].New York:Interscience,1962,379-418.
[27]Sekiguchi I.Test methods for evaluating the strength of granules and agglomerates[J].J.Res.Assoc.Powder Technol.Japan,2010,31(11):808-817.
[28]Beekman W J.Measurement of the mechanical strength of granules and agglomerates[J].Appl.Sci.,2000,125(3517):77-85.