沙尘沉降可能阻滞泥炭地植被的自发演替
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摘要
以长白山区泥炭地的6种泥炭藓孢子和8种维管植物种子为受试材料,进行室内模拟实验,对比研究了沙尘沉降对泥炭藓孢子和维管植物种子萌发的影响。数据分析显示,施加沙尘抑制除锈色泥炭藓外其他所有泥炭藓孢子的萌发,在接近自然沉降的50 g/(m2·a)水平时,这些泥炭藓孢子的萌发率均下降一半以上。无论沙尘施加量如何,有4种维管植物种子均未萌发。施加沙尘抑制了狭叶杜香(Rhododendron tomentosum)和小白花地榆(Sanguisorba parviflora)种子的萌发,但却对宽叶杜香(Rhododendron palustre)和燕子花(Iris laevigata)种子的萌发呈现一定的促进趋势。研究表明,沙尘沉降可抑制泥炭地泥炭藓孢子和部分典型维管植物种子的萌发,但可能会对非典型的或喜营养的泥炭地维管植物种子萌发产生促进作用。所以,长期存在的沙尘沉降,可能通过提高泥炭地N、Ca水平和pH值的作用,抑制泥炭藓孢子定居,阻滞中国长白山区泥炭地自发演替的进程。
Peatlands usually are acid, nutrient-poor and mineral deficient. The effect of sand and dust with nutrients, mineral elements and high pH on plant population regeneration and vegetation succession in peatlands is unknown. The spores of six Sphagnum species and the seeds of eight vascular plants from the peatlands of the Changbai Mountains were chosen as experimental materials. We carried out an indoor simulation experiment to comparatively study the effect of sand and dust deposition on bryophyte spores and vascular plant seeds.Sand and dust addition inhibited spore germination in Sphagnum. At the level of 50 g/(m2· a) close to natural deposition in Hani Peatland, spore germination percentage decreased more than 50% compared with that without sand and dust addition in the bryophytes except S. fuscum. No matter how much sand and dust were added,the seeds of four vascular plants did not germinate. It decreased germination percentage of the seeds of Rhodo?dendron tomentosum and Sanguisorba parviflora but tended to facilitate seed germination in Rhododendron palus?tre var. dilatatum and Iris laevigata. Our study suggests that sand and dust deposition may inhibit the germination of Sphagnum spores and some typical peatland vascular plants but may be in favor of the seed germination of non-typical or minerotrophic peatland vascular plants. We hence put forward the hypothesis that by increasing the concentration of N and Ca and pH, long-lasting sand and dust deposition probably has inhibited Sphag?num spore establishment to retard the autogenic succession of peatlands in the Changbai Mountains.
Peatlands usually are acid, nutrient-poor and mineral deficient. The effect of sand and dust with nutrients, mineral elements and high pH on plant population regeneration and vegetation succession in peatlands is unknown. The spores of six Sphagnum species and the seeds of eight vascular plants from the peatlands of the Changbai Mountains were chosen as experimental materials. We carried out an indoor simulation experiment to comparatively study the effect of sand and dust deposition on bryophyte spores and vascular plant seeds.Sand and dust addition inhibited spore germination in Sphagnum. At the level of 50 g/(m2· a) close to natural deposition in Hani Peatland, spore germination percentage decreased more than 50% compared with that without sand and dust addition in the bryophytes except S. fuscum. No matter how much sand and dust were added,the seeds of four vascular plants did not germinate. It decreased germination percentage of the seeds of Rhodo?dendron tomentosum and Sanguisorba parviflora but tended to facilitate seed germination in Rhododendron palus?tre var. dilatatum and Iris laevigata. Our study suggests that sand and dust deposition may inhibit the germination of Sphagnum spores and some typical peatland vascular plants but may be in favor of the seed germination of non-typical or minerotrophic peatland vascular plants. We hence put forward the hypothesis that by increasing the concentration of N and Ca and pH, long-lasting sand and dust deposition probably has inhibited Sphag?num spore establishment to retard the autogenic succession of peatlands in the Changbai Mountains.
引文
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[14]郎惠卿,赵魁义,陈克林.中国湿地植被[M].北京:科学出版社,1999.[Lang Huiqing,Zhao Kuiyi,Chen Kelin.Wetland vegetation in China.Beijing:Science Press,1999.]
[15]Vitt D H,Wieder K,Halsey L A et al.Response of Sphagnum fuscum to nitrogen deposition:A case study of ombrogenous peatlands in Alberta,Canada[J].The Bryologist,2003,106(2):235-245.
[16]Bu Z J,Rydin H,Chen X.Direct and interaction-mediated effects of environmental changes on peatland bryophytes[J].Oecologia,2011,166(2):555-563.
[17]Boatman D J,Lark P M.Inorganic nutrition of the protonemata of Sphagnum papillosum Lindb.,S.magellanicum Brid.and S.cuspidatum Ehrh[J].New Phytologist,1971,70(6):1053-1059.
[18]Sundberg S,Rydin H.Habitat requirements for establishment of Sphagnum from spores[J].Journal of Ecology,2002,90(2):268-278.
[19]Clymo R S.The growth of Sphagnum:Some effects of environment[J].Journal of Ecology,1973,61(3):849-869.
[20]Vicherova H,Hájek M,Hájek T.Calcium intolerance of fen mosses:Physiological evidence,effects of nutrient availability and successional drivers[J].Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution&Systematics,2015,17(5):347-359.
[21]Andrus R E.Some aspects of Sphagnum ecology[J].Canadian Journal of Botany,1986,64(2):416-426.
[22]Gagnon Z E,Glime J M.The pH-lowering ability of Sphagnum magellanicum brid[J].Journal of Bryology,1992,17(1):47-57.
[23]Feng L,Bu Z J,Mallik A et al.Intermittent,not continuous waterlogging facilitates germinability maintenance of Sphagnum spores[J].Wetlands,2017,23(6):1015-1022.
[24]Verhoeven J T A,Liefveld W M.The ecological significance of organochemical compounds in Sphagnum[J].Acta Botanica Neerlandica,1997,46(2):117-130.
[25]Bu Z J,Li Z,Liu L J et al.Bryophyte spore germinability is inhibited by peatland substrates[J].Acta Oecologica,2017,78:34-40.
[26]张稳,王平,边红枫,等.浸种和冷冻处理对7种多年生泥炭沼泽植物种子萌发的影响[J].湿地科学,2014,12(5):612-617.[Zhang Wen,Wang Ping,Bian Hongfeng et al.Effect of soaking and freezing treatments on germination of seeds of seven perennial plants in peat bog.Wetland Science,2014,12(5):612-617.]
[27]Zhou W,Zheng Y,Meyers P A et al.Postglacial climate-change record in biomarker lipid compositions of the Hani peat sequence,Northeastern China[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2010,294(1-2):37-46.
[28]Zheng Y,Zhou W,Liu X et al.N-Alkan-2-one distributions in a northeastern China peat core spanning the last 16 kyr[J].Organic Geochemistry,2010,42(1):25-30.
[29]Bu Z J,Rydin H,Chen X et al.Direct and interaction-mediated effects of environmental changes on peatland bryophytes[J].Oecologia,2011,166(2):555-563.
[30]Bu Z J,Chen X,Rydin H et al.Performance of four mosses in a reciprocal transplant experiment:indication for peatland succession in NE China[J].Journal of Bryology,2013,35(3):220-227.
[2]Neff J C,Ballantyne A P,Farmer G L et al.Increasing aeolian dust deposition in the western United States linked to human activity[J].Nature Geoscience,2008,1(3):189-195.
[3]Ireland A W,Clifford M J,Boot R K et al.Widespread dust deposition on North American peatlands[J].Vegetation History Archaeobotany,2014,23(6):693-700.
[4]柴岫.泥炭地学[M].北京:地质出版社,1990.[Chai Xiu.Peatland Science.Beijing:Geology Publishing House,1990.]
[5]Rydin H,Jeglum J K.The biology of peatlands[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2013.
[6]Bubier J,Moore T,Bledzki L.Effects of nutrient addition on vegetation and carbon cycling in an ombrotrophic bog[J].Global Change Biology,2007,13(6):1168-1186.
[7]Clymo R S.The origin of acidity in Sphagnum Bogs[J].The Bryologist,1964,67(4):427-431.
[8]Breemen N V.How Sphagnum bogs down other plants[J].Trends in Ecology&Evolution,1995,10(7):270-275.
[9]Fia?kiewicz-Kozie?B,Smieja-Król B,Frontasyeva M et al.Anthropogenic and natural sources of dust in peatland during the Anthropocene[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6:2045-2322.
[10]Gruwez R,De Frenne P,De Schrijver A et al.Climate warming and atmospheric deposition affect seed viability of common juniper(Juniperus communis)via their impact on the nutrient status of the plant[J].Ecological Research,32(2):135-144.
[11]介冬梅,祝廷成,周守标,等.中国草原带与东亚沙尘暴[J].草地学报,2003,11(1):3-9.[Jie Dongmei,Zhu Tingcheng,Zhou Shoubiao et al.Steppe zone of China and sand-dust storm.Acta Agrestia Sinica,2003,11(1):3-9.]
[12]乔石英.长白山西麓哈尼泥炭沼泽初探[J].地理科学,1993,13(3):279-287.[Qiao Shiying.A prelinminary study on hani peat-mire in the west peat of the changbai mountain.Science Geographica Science,1993,13(3):279-287.]
[13]Laine J,Harju P,Timonen T et al.The intricate beauty of Sphagnum mosses-a Finnish guide for identification[J].Helsinki,Finland:University of Helsinki Department of Forest Sciences publications,2011:189-191.
[14]郎惠卿,赵魁义,陈克林.中国湿地植被[M].北京:科学出版社,1999.[Lang Huiqing,Zhao Kuiyi,Chen Kelin.Wetland vegetation in China.Beijing:Science Press,1999.]
[15]Vitt D H,Wieder K,Halsey L A et al.Response of Sphagnum fuscum to nitrogen deposition:A case study of ombrogenous peatlands in Alberta,Canada[J].The Bryologist,2003,106(2):235-245.
[16]Bu Z J,Rydin H,Chen X.Direct and interaction-mediated effects of environmental changes on peatland bryophytes[J].Oecologia,2011,166(2):555-563.
[17]Boatman D J,Lark P M.Inorganic nutrition of the protonemata of Sphagnum papillosum Lindb.,S.magellanicum Brid.and S.cuspidatum Ehrh[J].New Phytologist,1971,70(6):1053-1059.
[18]Sundberg S,Rydin H.Habitat requirements for establishment of Sphagnum from spores[J].Journal of Ecology,2002,90(2):268-278.
[19]Clymo R S.The growth of Sphagnum:Some effects of environment[J].Journal of Ecology,1973,61(3):849-869.
[20]Vicherova H,Hájek M,Hájek T.Calcium intolerance of fen mosses:Physiological evidence,effects of nutrient availability and successional drivers[J].Perspectives in Plant Ecology Evolution&Systematics,2015,17(5):347-359.
[21]Andrus R E.Some aspects of Sphagnum ecology[J].Canadian Journal of Botany,1986,64(2):416-426.
[22]Gagnon Z E,Glime J M.The pH-lowering ability of Sphagnum magellanicum brid[J].Journal of Bryology,1992,17(1):47-57.
[23]Feng L,Bu Z J,Mallik A et al.Intermittent,not continuous waterlogging facilitates germinability maintenance of Sphagnum spores[J].Wetlands,2017,23(6):1015-1022.
[24]Verhoeven J T A,Liefveld W M.The ecological significance of organochemical compounds in Sphagnum[J].Acta Botanica Neerlandica,1997,46(2):117-130.
[25]Bu Z J,Li Z,Liu L J et al.Bryophyte spore germinability is inhibited by peatland substrates[J].Acta Oecologica,2017,78:34-40.
[26]张稳,王平,边红枫,等.浸种和冷冻处理对7种多年生泥炭沼泽植物种子萌发的影响[J].湿地科学,2014,12(5):612-617.[Zhang Wen,Wang Ping,Bian Hongfeng et al.Effect of soaking and freezing treatments on germination of seeds of seven perennial plants in peat bog.Wetland Science,2014,12(5):612-617.]
[27]Zhou W,Zheng Y,Meyers P A et al.Postglacial climate-change record in biomarker lipid compositions of the Hani peat sequence,Northeastern China[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2010,294(1-2):37-46.
[28]Zheng Y,Zhou W,Liu X et al.N-Alkan-2-one distributions in a northeastern China peat core spanning the last 16 kyr[J].Organic Geochemistry,2010,42(1):25-30.
[29]Bu Z J,Rydin H,Chen X et al.Direct and interaction-mediated effects of environmental changes on peatland bryophytes[J].Oecologia,2011,166(2):555-563.
[30]Bu Z J,Chen X,Rydin H et al.Performance of four mosses in a reciprocal transplant experiment:indication for peatland succession in NE China[J].Journal of Bryology,2013,35(3):220-227.