投喂皇竹草和配合饲料对草鱼生长及肌肉营养成分的影响
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摘要
为探究短期内投喂优质牧草对大规格草鱼生长及肌肉营养成分的影响,分别以皇竹草、配合饲料在半径为5 m的圆形室内水泥池中饲养初始体质量为(2.0±0.1)kg的草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idellus(分别记为牧草组与配合饲料组),每天于8:30和16:30投喂两次,试验时间为3个月,试验结束时对其生长、体型和肌肉营养成分等指标进行了测定。结果表明:牧草组草鱼的增重率、肥满度、脏体指数和肝体指数均显著低于配合饲料组(P<0.05),而空壳率显著高于配合饲料组(P<0.05);两组草鱼肌肉中普通营养成分、矿物元素和氨基酸含量均无显著性差异(P>0.05),除月桂酸外其余脂肪酸含量均无显著性差异(P>0.05);牧草组和配合饲料组草鱼氨基酸组成基本一致,均含有16种氨基酸,氨基酸总量分别为19.53%和19.33%;牧草组必需氨基酸指数为83.85,配合饲料组必需氨基酸指数为83.67,其组成均符合FAO/WHO的标准;牧草组与配合饲料组草鱼肌肉中均含有19种脂肪酸,其中主要脂肪酸为棕榈酸、油酸和亚油酸,∑n-3 PUFA/∑n-6 PUFA值分别为25.80%和22.56%。研究表明,与配合饲料组相比,在不降低肌肉营养物质含量前提下,摄食牧草的草鱼具有出肉率高、体型好等优点,更符合商品鱼市场要求。
Grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus with body weight of( 2.0±0.1) kg were reared in a circular indoor cement pool with a radius of 5 meters and fed separately extruded feed and diet containing hybrid giant napier( Pennisetum sinese Roxb) with triplication to investigate the improved effect of dietary hybrid giant napier on growth and nutrient compositions in muscle of grass carp. The results showed that there were significantly lower weight gain rate,condition factor,viscera-somatic index and hepato-somatic index in the grass carp fed the diet containing hybrid giant napier than in the fish fed the formulated feed( P < 0.05),with significantly higher ratio of eviscerated body weight to total body weight in the grass carp fed the diet containing hybrid giant napier than in the fish fed the formulated feed( P<0.05). There were no significant differences in approximate composition,mineral elements,amino acids and fatty acids( except for lauric acids) in muscle between the fish fed the formulated feed and the fish fed the diet containing hybrid giant napier( P>0.05). There were almost the same amino acids composition including 16 amino acids in grass carp in the two groups,accounting for 19.53% and 19.33%,respectively. The grass carp fed the diet containing hybrid giant napier had the essential amino acid index of 83.85 and the fish fed the formulated feed had the essential amino acid index of 83.67,within the FAO/WHO standards. Nineteen fatty acids,primarily palmitic acid,oleic acid and linoleic acid,were found in muscle of the grass carp fed the two diets,with∑n-3 PUFA/∑n-6 PUFA ratio of 25. 80% in the fish fed the diet containing hybrid giant napier and 22. 56% in the fish fed the formulate diet. The findings indicated that the grass carp fed the diet containing hybrid giant napier had higher dressing rate and better body type than the fish fed the formulate diet did,corresponding with the demand of commodity market.
Grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus with body weight of( 2.0±0.1) kg were reared in a circular indoor cement pool with a radius of 5 meters and fed separately extruded feed and diet containing hybrid giant napier( Pennisetum sinese Roxb) with triplication to investigate the improved effect of dietary hybrid giant napier on growth and nutrient compositions in muscle of grass carp. The results showed that there were significantly lower weight gain rate,condition factor,viscera-somatic index and hepato-somatic index in the grass carp fed the diet containing hybrid giant napier than in the fish fed the formulated feed( P < 0.05),with significantly higher ratio of eviscerated body weight to total body weight in the grass carp fed the diet containing hybrid giant napier than in the fish fed the formulated feed( P<0.05). There were no significant differences in approximate composition,mineral elements,amino acids and fatty acids( except for lauric acids) in muscle between the fish fed the formulated feed and the fish fed the diet containing hybrid giant napier( P>0.05). There were almost the same amino acids composition including 16 amino acids in grass carp in the two groups,accounting for 19.53% and 19.33%,respectively. The grass carp fed the diet containing hybrid giant napier had the essential amino acid index of 83.85 and the fish fed the formulated feed had the essential amino acid index of 83.67,within the FAO/WHO standards. Nineteen fatty acids,primarily palmitic acid,oleic acid and linoleic acid,were found in muscle of the grass carp fed the two diets,with∑n-3 PUFA/∑n-6 PUFA ratio of 25. 80% in the fish fed the diet containing hybrid giant napier and 22. 56% in the fish fed the formulate diet. The findings indicated that the grass carp fed the diet containing hybrid giant napier had higher dressing rate and better body type than the fish fed the formulate diet did,corresponding with the demand of commodity market.
引文
[1]孟庆闻.鱼类学[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1989:223-224.
[2]农业部渔业渔政管理局.2016中国渔业统计年鉴[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2016.
[3]毕香梅,郁二蒙,王广军,等.摄食青草和人工配合饲料的草鱼肌肉营养成分分析及比较[J].广东农业科学,2011,38(1):132-134.
[4]黄世蕉,黄琪琰.投喂青料和添加剂对草鱼生长和脂肪代谢的影响[J].上海水产大学学报,1992,1(1-2):20-26.
[5]毛永庆,林鼎,刘永坚.饲料与塘养鱼类的生长、生物性状和成分关系[C]//中国粮油学会,饲料专业学会.第三届年会论文集(太原).太原:中国粮油学会,饲料专业学会,1990:117-123.
[6]陈丽婷.3种优质青饲料对草鱼饲养效果及投喂技术研究[D].长沙:湖南农业大学,2013.
[7]冯德庆.南方山区鱼用优质牧草筛选和饲喂草鱼效果研究[D].福州:福建农林大学,2009.
[8]程辉辉,谢从新,李大鹏,等.种青养鱼模式下的草鱼肌肉营养成分和品质特性[J].水产学报,2016,40(7):1050-1059.
[9]赵慧星.苏丹草施肥效果及对草鱼生长和品质的影响[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2007.
[10]张庆智,郑业鲁,丁迪云,等.皇草引种及其特征特性研究[J].广东农业科学,1991(3):40-42.
[11]Das M K,Fuentes R G,Taliaferro C M.Genetic variability and trait relationships in switchgrass[J].Crop Science,2004,44(2):443-448.
[12]姜琼,谢妤,赵友华.宜春引种皇竹草的营养成分和无机元素的实验测定与评价[J].宜春学院学报,2014,36(6):112-114.
[13]丁翠华.皇竹草特性及综合开发利用[J].现代化农业,2008,(12):33-34.
[14]武和平,周占琴,付明哲,等.皇竹草的利用价值和栽培技术[J].陕西农业科学,2003(4):70-71.
[15]廖朝兴,黄忠志.草鱼种在不同生长阶段对饲料蛋白质需要的研究[J].淡水渔业,1987(1):1-5.
[16]杨俊江.三个生长阶段斜带石斑鱼蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物需要量研究[D].湛江:广东海洋大学,2013.
[17]FAO/WHO.Energy and Protein Requirements[R].Nutrition Meetings Report Series.Rome:FAO,1973:52.
[18]中国预防医学科学院营养与食品卫生研究所.食物成分表[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1991.
[19]Pellett P L,Yong V R.Nutritional Evaluation of Protein Foods[M].Tokyo:The United National University Publishing Company,1980.
[20]郭建林,马恒甲,孙丽慧,等.不同精、青饲料比例对草鱼生长、形体及肌肉营养成分的影响[J].浙江海洋学院学报:自然科学版,2012,31(6):503-508.
[21]刘颖.饲料蛋白水平及蛋白质量对彭泽鲫养殖全期生长的影响[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2008.
[22]田丽霞,刘永坚,冯健,等.不同种类淀粉对草鱼生长、肠系膜脂肪沉积和鱼体组成的影响[J].水产学报,2002,26(3):247-251.
[23]邴旭文,蔡宝玉,王利平.中华倒刺鲃肌肉营养成分与品质的评价[J].中国水产科学,2005,12(2):211-215.
[24]陈琴,黄飞鹤.三种野生江河鱼类肌肉中矿物元素的组成分析[J].水产养殖,2001(1):22-24.
[25]程汉良,蒋飞,彭永兴,等.野生与养殖草鱼肌肉营养成分比较分析[J].食品科学,2013,34(13):266-270.
[26]Fauconneau B,Alami-Durante H,Laroche M,et al.Growth and meat quality relations in carp[J].Aquaculture,1995,129(1-4):265-297.
[27]邴旭文,王进波.池养南美蓝对虾与南美白对虾肌肉营养品质的比较[J].水生生物学报,2006,30(4):453-458.
[28]王咏星,钱龙,吕艳,等.白斑狗鱼肌肉氨基酸含量测定及其营养评价[J].食品科学,2010,31(11):238-240.
[29]张昌颖,李亮,李昌甫,等.生物化学[M].2版.北京:人民卫生出版社,1988:305-561.
[30]方富永,苗艳丽,梁文莉,等.野生与养殖黑鲷肌肉营养成分及品质的比较[J].营养学报,2012,34(3):286-288.
[31]尤宏争,邵蓬,高建忠,等.出口级黄板鳅(♀)×台湾泥鳅(♂)杂交种及其亲本肌肉营养成分分析比较[J].大连海洋大学学报,2017,32(2):198-204.
[32]戴阳军,刘峥兆,王雪锋,等.野生与养殖鳡鱼肌肉的营养成分比较[J].食品科学,2012,33(17):258-262.
[33]Mattson F H.单不饱和脂肪酸的作用[J].柴宁宁,译.国外医学卫生学分册,1990(3):160-163.
[34]Neuringer M,Anderson G J,Connor W E.The essentiality of n-3fatty acids for the development and function of the retina and brain[J].Annual Review of Nutrition,1988,8(1):517-541.
[35]Bernard-Gallon D J,Vissac-Sabatier C,Antoine-Vincent D,et al.Differential effects of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene expression in breast cell lines[J].British Journal of Nutrition,2002,87(4):281-289.
[36]韦娜,糜漫天.n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸不同比例对乳腺癌细胞脂代谢调控基因的影响[J].第三军医大学学报,2006,28(7):652-655.
[37]戴岚.ω-3脂肪酸让血管不硬化[J].健康指南:中老年,2013,(4):32-33.
[38]Fao R.[Fats and oils in human nutrition.Report of a joint expert consultation,Rome,19-26 October 1993].[French][J].Etude FAO:Alimentation et Nutrition(FAO),1996,57:19-26.
[2]农业部渔业渔政管理局.2016中国渔业统计年鉴[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2016.
[3]毕香梅,郁二蒙,王广军,等.摄食青草和人工配合饲料的草鱼肌肉营养成分分析及比较[J].广东农业科学,2011,38(1):132-134.
[4]黄世蕉,黄琪琰.投喂青料和添加剂对草鱼生长和脂肪代谢的影响[J].上海水产大学学报,1992,1(1-2):20-26.
[5]毛永庆,林鼎,刘永坚.饲料与塘养鱼类的生长、生物性状和成分关系[C]//中国粮油学会,饲料专业学会.第三届年会论文集(太原).太原:中国粮油学会,饲料专业学会,1990:117-123.
[6]陈丽婷.3种优质青饲料对草鱼饲养效果及投喂技术研究[D].长沙:湖南农业大学,2013.
[7]冯德庆.南方山区鱼用优质牧草筛选和饲喂草鱼效果研究[D].福州:福建农林大学,2009.
[8]程辉辉,谢从新,李大鹏,等.种青养鱼模式下的草鱼肌肉营养成分和品质特性[J].水产学报,2016,40(7):1050-1059.
[9]赵慧星.苏丹草施肥效果及对草鱼生长和品质的影响[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2007.
[10]张庆智,郑业鲁,丁迪云,等.皇草引种及其特征特性研究[J].广东农业科学,1991(3):40-42.
[11]Das M K,Fuentes R G,Taliaferro C M.Genetic variability and trait relationships in switchgrass[J].Crop Science,2004,44(2):443-448.
[12]姜琼,谢妤,赵友华.宜春引种皇竹草的营养成分和无机元素的实验测定与评价[J].宜春学院学报,2014,36(6):112-114.
[13]丁翠华.皇竹草特性及综合开发利用[J].现代化农业,2008,(12):33-34.
[14]武和平,周占琴,付明哲,等.皇竹草的利用价值和栽培技术[J].陕西农业科学,2003(4):70-71.
[15]廖朝兴,黄忠志.草鱼种在不同生长阶段对饲料蛋白质需要的研究[J].淡水渔业,1987(1):1-5.
[16]杨俊江.三个生长阶段斜带石斑鱼蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物需要量研究[D].湛江:广东海洋大学,2013.
[17]FAO/WHO.Energy and Protein Requirements[R].Nutrition Meetings Report Series.Rome:FAO,1973:52.
[18]中国预防医学科学院营养与食品卫生研究所.食物成分表[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,1991.
[19]Pellett P L,Yong V R.Nutritional Evaluation of Protein Foods[M].Tokyo:The United National University Publishing Company,1980.
[20]郭建林,马恒甲,孙丽慧,等.不同精、青饲料比例对草鱼生长、形体及肌肉营养成分的影响[J].浙江海洋学院学报:自然科学版,2012,31(6):503-508.
[21]刘颖.饲料蛋白水平及蛋白质量对彭泽鲫养殖全期生长的影响[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2008.
[22]田丽霞,刘永坚,冯健,等.不同种类淀粉对草鱼生长、肠系膜脂肪沉积和鱼体组成的影响[J].水产学报,2002,26(3):247-251.
[23]邴旭文,蔡宝玉,王利平.中华倒刺鲃肌肉营养成分与品质的评价[J].中国水产科学,2005,12(2):211-215.
[24]陈琴,黄飞鹤.三种野生江河鱼类肌肉中矿物元素的组成分析[J].水产养殖,2001(1):22-24.
[25]程汉良,蒋飞,彭永兴,等.野生与养殖草鱼肌肉营养成分比较分析[J].食品科学,2013,34(13):266-270.
[26]Fauconneau B,Alami-Durante H,Laroche M,et al.Growth and meat quality relations in carp[J].Aquaculture,1995,129(1-4):265-297.
[27]邴旭文,王进波.池养南美蓝对虾与南美白对虾肌肉营养品质的比较[J].水生生物学报,2006,30(4):453-458.
[28]王咏星,钱龙,吕艳,等.白斑狗鱼肌肉氨基酸含量测定及其营养评价[J].食品科学,2010,31(11):238-240.
[29]张昌颖,李亮,李昌甫,等.生物化学[M].2版.北京:人民卫生出版社,1988:305-561.
[30]方富永,苗艳丽,梁文莉,等.野生与养殖黑鲷肌肉营养成分及品质的比较[J].营养学报,2012,34(3):286-288.
[31]尤宏争,邵蓬,高建忠,等.出口级黄板鳅(♀)×台湾泥鳅(♂)杂交种及其亲本肌肉营养成分分析比较[J].大连海洋大学学报,2017,32(2):198-204.
[32]戴阳军,刘峥兆,王雪锋,等.野生与养殖鳡鱼肌肉的营养成分比较[J].食品科学,2012,33(17):258-262.
[33]Mattson F H.单不饱和脂肪酸的作用[J].柴宁宁,译.国外医学卫生学分册,1990(3):160-163.
[34]Neuringer M,Anderson G J,Connor W E.The essentiality of n-3fatty acids for the development and function of the retina and brain[J].Annual Review of Nutrition,1988,8(1):517-541.
[35]Bernard-Gallon D J,Vissac-Sabatier C,Antoine-Vincent D,et al.Differential effects of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene expression in breast cell lines[J].British Journal of Nutrition,2002,87(4):281-289.
[36]韦娜,糜漫天.n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸不同比例对乳腺癌细胞脂代谢调控基因的影响[J].第三军医大学学报,2006,28(7):652-655.
[37]戴岚.ω-3脂肪酸让血管不硬化[J].健康指南:中老年,2013,(4):32-33.
[38]Fao R.[Fats and oils in human nutrition.Report of a joint expert consultation,Rome,19-26 October 1993].[French][J].Etude FAO:Alimentation et Nutrition(FAO),1996,57:19-26.