蚌埠市臭氧污染评价及一次持续性污染过程分析
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摘要
利用2015年1月—2018年12月近4年的国控点大气污染物监测数据和同期气象观测数据,分析评价了蚌埠市近地面O_3污染的变化趋势及特征,并结合HYSPLIT后向气流轨迹模式及中尺度天气和预报模式(WRF-Chem)模拟预报结果,探讨了一次持续性O_3污染过程中,其他污染物、气象因素及外来传输对近地面O_3浓度的影响.同时,结合蚌埠市2015—2017年环境统计数据,分析了本地污染物排放对本地生成O_3的影响.结果表明:2015—2018年,蚌埠市近地面O_3-8 h第90百分位数由128μg·m~(-3)增长至177μg·m~(-3),呈逐年上升趋势;O_3-8 h超标率由2.28%增长至18.88%,以O_3为首要污染物的污染天数占全年污染天数的百分比由4.08%增长至50.83%,O_3成为影响蚌埠市环境空气质量的主要污染物之一.O_3污染过程期间,蚌埠市近地面以1～3 m·s~(-1)小风为主,O_3在NNW、E、SE、SSE、S方向超标较为明显.在京津冀及周边区域、长三角的中北部区域出现O_3连片污染的情况下,蚌埠市地面受偏东风、东南风和西北风影响,存在较为明显的外来污染传输过程.2015—2017年,蚌埠市工业企业数量由420家减少至257家,区域废气污染物中氮氧化物、烟(粉)尘和挥发性有机物排放量均大幅减少;机动车净增10.78万辆,机动车源排放在区域污染物排放总量中占比较大,且有逐年增加的趋势.由此可见,区域性的O_3污染及前体物输送是蚌埠市近年来O_3污染持续恶化的最主要原因,而在本地污染物(含前体物)排放量明显减少的情况下,本地机动车源排放量所占比例快速攀升,为本地O_3生成提供了大量前体物.今后,蚌埠市在O_3污染管控工作中应格外关注外源性、事件性的O_3污染及前体物输入,同时还应考虑控制本地机动车规模的快速增长.
Climatological characteristics and the long-term tendency of surface ozone(O_3) in Bengbu were investigated using air pollutants data and meteorological indices data. Both are obtained from the national monitoring stations over a 4-year period(Jan. 2015—Dec. 2018). By combining the outputs of HYSPLIT Backward Trajectory Model and Weather Research Forecast Model(WRF-Chem), the impacts of air pollutants(excluding O_3), meteorological indices and external transport on the surface O_3 concentration during a continuous event of O_3 pollution were analyzed. Meanwhile, statistical information of Bengbu′s air environment during 2015—2017 was used to study the effect of local pollutants emission on the generation of O_3. The results indicate that, during 2015—2018, the 90 th percentile of 8-hour average O_3 concentration has increased from 128 μg·m~(-3) to 177 μg·m~(-3), trending up year by year. The over-standard rate of O_3 has risen from 2.28% to 18.88% and the number of O_3 pollution days from 4.08% to 50.83%. Apparently, O_3 has become one of the major pollutants in Bengbu. Regarding the meteorological indices, most of the time wind speed was 1～3 m·s~(-1) when the O_3 pollution event occurred in Bengbu. O_3 concentration was high to over-standard level in wind directions of NNW, E, SE, SSE and S. Besides, O_3 concentration also rose significantly when O_3 pollution occurred over the Yangtze River Delta and meanwhile eastern/southeastern winds were prevailing in Bengbu, or when there was O_3 pollution in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding regions as well as prevailing northwestern winds in Bengbu, indicating an obvious external transport in the study area. During 2015—2017, industries in Bengbu has reduced from 420 to 257, leading to a sharp decrease of air pollutants including dust, NO_x, VOC, etc. However, 107.8 thousand more motor vehicles were introduced into the city and as a consequence, vehicle emission gradually increased and comprised a large proportion of the air pollutants which are important precursors of O_3 pollution. Overall, in view of the above-mentioned facts that O_3 pollution is primarily caused by external transport and vehicle emission precursors, we suggest these two aspects be specially concerned and car usage be properly controlled to mitigate O_3 pollution in Bengbu.
Climatological characteristics and the long-term tendency of surface ozone(O_3) in Bengbu were investigated using air pollutants data and meteorological indices data. Both are obtained from the national monitoring stations over a 4-year period(Jan. 2015—Dec. 2018). By combining the outputs of HYSPLIT Backward Trajectory Model and Weather Research Forecast Model(WRF-Chem), the impacts of air pollutants(excluding O_3), meteorological indices and external transport on the surface O_3 concentration during a continuous event of O_3 pollution were analyzed. Meanwhile, statistical information of Bengbu′s air environment during 2015—2017 was used to study the effect of local pollutants emission on the generation of O_3. The results indicate that, during 2015—2018, the 90 th percentile of 8-hour average O_3 concentration has increased from 128 μg·m~(-3) to 177 μg·m~(-3), trending up year by year. The over-standard rate of O_3 has risen from 2.28% to 18.88% and the number of O_3 pollution days from 4.08% to 50.83%. Apparently, O_3 has become one of the major pollutants in Bengbu. Regarding the meteorological indices, most of the time wind speed was 1～3 m·s~(-1) when the O_3 pollution event occurred in Bengbu. O_3 concentration was high to over-standard level in wind directions of NNW, E, SE, SSE and S. Besides, O_3 concentration also rose significantly when O_3 pollution occurred over the Yangtze River Delta and meanwhile eastern/southeastern winds were prevailing in Bengbu, or when there was O_3 pollution in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding regions as well as prevailing northwestern winds in Bengbu, indicating an obvious external transport in the study area. During 2015—2017, industries in Bengbu has reduced from 420 to 257, leading to a sharp decrease of air pollutants including dust, NO_x, VOC, etc. However, 107.8 thousand more motor vehicles were introduced into the city and as a consequence, vehicle emission gradually increased and comprised a large proportion of the air pollutants which are important precursors of O_3 pollution. Overall, in view of the above-mentioned facts that O_3 pollution is primarily caused by external transport and vehicle emission precursors, we suggest these two aspects be specially concerned and car usage be properly controlled to mitigate O_3 pollution in Bengbu.
引文
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奇奕轩.2017.北京北郊夏季臭氧及其前体物污染特征及影响因素研究[D].北京:中国环境科学研究院
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王璐,周新,魏永杰,等.2018.臭氧对气道疾病的影响及机制研究进展[J].国际呼吸杂志,38(5):387-391
Wang T,Xue L K,Brimblecombe P,et al.2017.Ozone pollution in China:A review of concentrations,meteorological influences,chemical precursors,and effects[J].Science of the Total Environment,575(1):1582-1596
许凡,区宇波,谢敏,等.2017.臭氧污染典型案例分析及减排策略探讨[J].中国环保产业,(8):40-44
姚青,孙玫玲,刘爱霞.2009.天津臭氧浓度与气象因素的相关性及其预测方法[J].生态环境学报,18(6):2206-2210
郑有飞,石茗化,吴荣军,等.2013.遮阴和臭氧浓度增加对冬小麦叶片光合作用的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,32(10):1925-1933
柴敏平,罗勇,商娟,等.2018.江西省城市空气臭氧污染状况及时空分布特征[J].江西科学,36(1):95-100
陈锦超.2017.合肥近地面臭氧浓度分布特征及影响因素[D].合肥:中国科学技术大学
陈仁杰,陈秉衡,阚海东.2010.上海市近地面臭氧污染的健康影响评价[J].中国环境科学,30(5):603-608
陈希.2016.中国地区臭氧长期变化趋势及与温度变化的关系[D].北京:中国地质大学
陈漾,张金谱,黄祖照.2017.广州市近地面臭氧时空变化及其与气象因子的关系[J].中国环境监测,(4):1-11
段玉森,张懿华,王东方,等.2011.我国部分城市臭氧污染时空分布特征分析[J].环境监测管理与技术,(23):34-39
何礼.2018.上海海陆风对臭氧污染的影响[D].上海:华东师范大学
贾海鹰,李矛,程兵芬,等.2017.长沙市城区臭氧浓度特征研究[J].环境科学与技术,40(2):168-173
Gallimore P J,Achakulwisut P,Pope F D,et al.2011.Importance of relative humidity in the oxidative ageing of organic aerosols:case study of the ozonolysis of maleic acid aerosol[J].Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics,11(23):12181-12195
梁永贤,尹魁浩,胡泳涛,等.2014.深圳地区臭氧污染来源的敏感性分析[J].中国环境科学,34(6):1390-1396
刘峰,朱永官,王效科.2008.我国地面臭氧污染及其生态环境效应[J].生态环境,17(4):1674-1679
Liu H,Liu S,Xue B,et al.2018.Ground-level ozone pollution and its health impacts in China[J].Atmospheric Environment,173:223-230
刘培桐.1995.环境学概论[M].北京:高等教育出版社
刘姝岩,包云轩,金建平,等.2018.重霾天气气溶胶辐射效应对近地面臭氧峰值的影响[J].高原气象,37(1):296-304
陆克定,张远航,苏杭,等.2010.珠江三角洲夏季臭氧区域污染及其控制因素分析[J].中国科学化学,40(4):407-420
彭超,廖一兰,张宁旭.2018.中国城市群臭氧污染时空分布研究[J].地球信息科学,20(1):57-67
奇奕轩.2017.北京北郊夏季臭氧及其前体物污染特征及影响因素研究[D].北京:中国环境科学研究院
Kavassalis S C,Murphy J G.2017.Understanding ozone-meteorology correlations:A role for dry deposition[J].Geophysical Research Letters,44(6):2922-2931
Stieb D M,Burnett R T,Beveridge R C,et al.1996.Association between ozone and asthma emergency department visits in Saint John,New Brunswick,Canada[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,104(12):1354
王磊,刘端阳,韩桂荣,等.2018.南京地区近地面臭氧浓度与气象条件关系研究[J].环境科学学报,38(4):1285-1296
王璐,周新,魏永杰,等.2018.臭氧对气道疾病的影响及机制研究进展[J].国际呼吸杂志,38(5):387-391
Wang T,Xue L K,Brimblecombe P,et al.2017.Ozone pollution in China:A review of concentrations,meteorological influences,chemical precursors,and effects[J].Science of the Total Environment,575(1):1582-1596
许凡,区宇波,谢敏,等.2017.臭氧污染典型案例分析及减排策略探讨[J].中国环保产业,(8):40-44
姚青,孙玫玲,刘爱霞.2009.天津臭氧浓度与气象因素的相关性及其预测方法[J].生态环境学报,18(6):2206-2210
郑有飞,石茗化,吴荣军,等.2013.遮阴和臭氧浓度增加对冬小麦叶片光合作用的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,32(10):1925-1933