脊柱矫形后近端交界性后凸的发生及预防策略
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摘要
背景:随着脊柱矫形技术的飞速发展,脊柱的后路选择性融合可以取得良好的临床效果,然而近端交界性后凸和近端交界性失败是脊柱畸形手术后常见的并发症。目的:详细阐述近端交界性后凸的进展因素,总结了预防策略以降低近端交界性后凸和近端交界性失败的发生率。方法:检索PubMed数据库1994年1月至2018年10月的相关文献,检索词分别为"Proximal junctional kyphosis,PJK"。排除陈旧、重复的观点,对检索的文献进行整理,共纳入59篇文献进行分析探讨。结果与结论:①近端交界性后凸的发生率多倾向于20%-40%;②近端交界性后凸的风险因素包括年龄、体质量指数、低骨密度、术前矢状位失衡、合并多种疾病、前后路联合手术、后方韧带复合体损伤及过度矫正等;③椎体成形术、横突钩、韧带增强等策略可降低近端交界性后凸的发生率。
BACKGROUND: With the rapid development of spinal orthopedic techniques, the posterior selective fusion of the spine can achieve good clinical results. However, proximal junctional kyphosis and proximal junctional failure are common complications after spinal deformity surgery.OBJECTIVE: To elaborate the progress factors of proximal junctional kyphosis, and summarize the prevention strategies to reduce the incidence of proximal junctional kyphosis and proximal junctional failure.METHODS: Relevant articles published from January 1994 to October 2018 were retrieved from PubMed databases. The keywords were "proximal junctional kyphosis, PJK". The old and repeated articles were excluded, and 59 eligible articles were included for review.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1) The incidence of proximal junctional kyphosis tends to be 20%-40%.(2) Risk factors for proximal junctional kyphosis include age, body mass index, low bone mineral density, preoperative sagittal imbalance, multiple diseases, combined anterior and posterior surgery, posterior ligament complex injury, and overcorrection.(3) Vertebroplasty, transverse hook, and ligament enhancement can reduce the incidence of proximal junctional kyphosis.
BACKGROUND: With the rapid development of spinal orthopedic techniques, the posterior selective fusion of the spine can achieve good clinical results. However, proximal junctional kyphosis and proximal junctional failure are common complications after spinal deformity surgery.OBJECTIVE: To elaborate the progress factors of proximal junctional kyphosis, and summarize the prevention strategies to reduce the incidence of proximal junctional kyphosis and proximal junctional failure.METHODS: Relevant articles published from January 1994 to October 2018 were retrieved from PubMed databases. The keywords were "proximal junctional kyphosis, PJK". The old and repeated articles were excluded, and 59 eligible articles were included for review.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1) The incidence of proximal junctional kyphosis tends to be 20%-40%.(2) Risk factors for proximal junctional kyphosis include age, body mass index, low bone mineral density, preoperative sagittal imbalance, multiple diseases, combined anterior and posterior surgery, posterior ligament complex injury, and overcorrection.(3) Vertebroplasty, transverse hook, and ligament enhancement can reduce the incidence of proximal junctional kyphosis.
引文
[1]Lowe TG,Kasten MD.An analysis of sagittal curves and balance after Cotrel-Dubousset instrumentation for kyphosis secondary to Scheuermann’s disease:a review of 32 patients.Spine.1994;19:1680-1685.
[2]Lee GA,Betz RR,Clements DH 3rd,et al.Proximal kyphosis after posterior spinal fusion in patients with idiopathic scoliosis.Spine.1999;24:795-799.
[3]Glattes RC,Bridwell KH,Lenke LG,et al.Proximal junctional kyphosis in adult spinal deformity following long instrumented posterior spinal fusion:incidence,outcomes and risk factor analysis.Spine.2005;30:1643-1649.
[4]Hostin R,McCarthy I,O’Brien M,et al.Incidence,mode,and location of acute proximal junctional failures after surgical treatment of adult spinal defor-mity.Spine.2013;38:1008-1015.
[5]O?Shaughnessy BA,Bridwell KH,Lenke LG,et al.Does a long-fusion"T3-sacrum"portend a worse outcome than a short-fusion"T10-sacrum"in primary surgery for adult scoliosis?Spine.2012;37:884-890.
[6]Bridwell KH,Lenke LG,Cho SK,et al.Proximal junctional kyphosis in primary adult deformity surgery:evaluation of 20 degrees as a critical angle.Neurosurgery.2013;72:899-906.
[7]Helgeson MD,Shah SA,Newton PO,et al.Evaluation of proximal junctional kyphosis in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis following pedicle screw,hook,or hybrid instrumentation.Spine.2010;35:177-181.
[8]Sacramento-Domínguez C,Vayas-Díez R,Coll-Mesa L,et al.Reproducibility measuring the angle of proximal junctional kyphosis using the first or the second vertebra above the upper instrumented vertebrae in patients surgically treated for scoliosis.Spine.2009;34:2787-2791.
[9]Rastegar F,Contag A,Daniels A,et al.Proximal junctional kyphosis:inter-and intra-observer reliability of radiographic measurements in adult spinal deformity.Spine(Phila Pa 1976).2017.doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000002261.
[10]Kim HJ,Lenke LG,Shaffrey CI,et al.Proximal junctional kyphosis as a distinct form of adjacent segment pathology after spinal deformity surgery:a systematic review.Spine.2012;37:S144-164.
[11]Hart RA,McCarthy I,Ames CP,et al.Proximal junctional kyphosis and proximal junctional failure.Neurosurg.Neurosurg Clin N Am.2013;24(2):213-218.
[12]Yagi M,Rahm M,Gaines R,et al.Characterization and surgical outcomes of proximal junctional failure in surgically treated patients with adult spinal deformity.Spine.2014;39:E607-614.
[13]Raman T,Miller E,Martin CT,et al.The effect of prophylactic vertebroplasty on the incidence of proximal junctional kyphosis and proximal junctional failure following posterior spinal fusion in adult spinal deformity:a 5-year follow-up study.Spine J.2017;17:1489-1498.
[14]Kim YJ,Bridwell KH,Lenke LG,et al.Proximal junctional kyphosis in adult spinal deformity after segmental posterior spinal instrumentation and fusion:minimum five-year follow-up.Spine.2008;33:2179-2184.
[15]Yagi M,Akilah KB,Boachie-Adjei O.Incidence,risk factors and classification of proximal junctional kyphosis:surgical outcomes review of adult idiopathic scoliosis.Spine.2011;36:E60-68.
[16]Maruo K,Ha Y,Inoue S,et al.Predictive factors for proximal junctional kyphosis in long fusions to the sacrum in adult spinal deformity.Spine.2013;38:E1469-1476.
[17]Sebaaly A,Sylvestre C,El Quehtani Y,et al.Incidence and risk factors for proximal junctional kyphosis:results of a multicentric study of adult scoliosis.Clin Spine Surg.2018;31:E178-E183.
[18]Nicholls FH,Bae J,Theologis AA,et al.Factors associated with the development of and revision for proximal junctional kyphosis in 440consecutive adult spinal deformity patients.Spine.2017;42:1693-1698.
[19]Luo M,Wang P,Wang W,et al.Upper thoracic versus lower thoracic as site of upper instrumented vertebrae for long fusion surgery in adult spinal deformity:a meta-analysis of proximal junctional kyphosis.World Neurosurg.2017;102:200-208.
[20]Liu Fe,Wang T,Yang SD,et al.Incidence and risk factors for proximal junctional kyphosis:a meta-analysis.Eur Spine J.2016;25:2376-2383.
[21]Lafage R,Schwab F,Glassman S,et al.Age-adjusted alignment goals have the potential to reduce PJK.Spine.2017;42:1275-1282.
[22]Yagi M,King AB,Boachie-Adjei O.Incidence,risk factors,and natural course of proximal junctional kyphosis:surgical outcomes review of adult idiopathic scoliosis.Minimum 5 years of follow-up.Spine.2012;37:1479-1489.
[23]Wang J,Zhao Y,Shen B,et al.Risk factor analysis of proximal junctional kyphosis after posterior fusion in patients with idiopathic scoliosis.Injury.2010;41:415-420.
[24]Kim HJ,Bridwell KH,Lenke LG,et al.Proximal junctional kyphosis results in inferior SRS pain subscores in adult deformity patients.Spine.2013;38:896-901.
[25]Anderson AL,McIff TE,Asher MA,et al.The effect of posterior thoracic spine anatomical structures on motion segment flexion stiffness.Spine.2009;34:441-446.
[26]Arlet V,Aebi M,Junctional spinal disorders in operated adult spinal deformities:present understanding and future perspectives.Eur Spine J.2013;22 Suppl 2:S276-295.
[27]Han S,Hyun SJ,Kim KJ,et al.Rod stiffness as a risk factor of proximal junctional kyphosis after adult spinal deformity surgery:comparative study between cobalt chrome multiple-rod constructs and titanium alloy two-rod constructs.Spine.Spine J.2017;17(7):962-968.
[28]Lau D,Clark AJ,Scheer JK,et al.Proximal junctional kyphosis and failure after spinal deformity surgery:a systematic review of the literature as a background to classification development.Spine.2014;39:2093-2102.
[29]Kim HJ,Bridwell KH,Lenke LG,et al.Patients with proximal junctional kyphosis requiring revision surgery have higher postoperative lumbar lordosis and larger sagittal balance corrections.Spine.2014;39:E576-580.
[30]Lafage R,Schwab F,Challier V,et al.Defining spino-pelvic alignment thresholds:should operative goals in adult spinal deformity surgery account for age?Spine.2016;41:62-68.
[31]Kim HJ,Iyer S.Proximal junctional kyphosis.J Am Acad Orthop Surg.2016;24:318-326.
[32]Lau D,Clark AJ,Scheer JK,et al.Proximal junctional kyphosis and failure after spinal deformity surgery:a systematic review of the literature as a background to classification development.Spine.2014;39(25):2093-2102.
[33]Park SJ,Lee CS,Chung SS,et al.Different risk factors of proximal junctional kyphosis and proximal junctional failure following long instrumented fusion to the sacrum for adult spinal deformity:survivorship analysis of 160 patients.Neurosurgery.2017;80:279-286.
[34]Kim DK,Kim JY,Kim DY,et al.Risk factors of proximal junctional kyphosis after multilevel fusion surgery:more than 2 years follow-up data.J Korean Neurosurg Soc.2017;60:174-180.
[35]Yagi M,Fujita N,Tsuji O,et al.Low bone-mineral density is a significant risk for proximal junctional failure after surgical correction of adult spinal deformity:a propensity score-matched analysis.Spine.2018;43:485-491.
[36]Diebo BG,Jalai CM,Challier V,et al.Novel index to quantify the risk of surgery in the setting of adult spinal deformity:a study on10,912 patients from the nationwide inpatient sample.Clin Spine Surg.2017;30:E993-E999.
[37]Scheer JK,Osorio JA,Smith JS,et al.Development of validated computer-based preoperative predictive model for proximal junction failure(pjf)or clinically significant pjk with 86%accuracy based on 510asd patients with 2-year follow-up.Spine.2016;41:E1328-E1335.
[38]Lange T,Schulte TL,Gosheger G,et al.Effects of multilevel posterior ligament dissection after spinal instrumentation on adjacent segment biomechanics as a potential risk factor for proximal junctional kyphosis:a biomechanical study.BMCMusculoskelet Disord.2018;19(1):57.
[39]Scheer JK,Lafage R,Schwab FJ,et al.Under correction of sagittal deformities based on age-adjusted alignment thresholds leads to worse health-related quality of life whereas over correction provides no additional benefit.Spine.2018;43:388-393.
[40]Lafage R,Bess S,Glassman S,et al.Virtual modeling of postoperative alignment after adult spinal deformity surgery helps predict associations between compensatory spinopelvic alignment changes,overcorrection,and proximal junctional kyphosis.Spine.2017;42:E1119-E1125.
[41]Masevnin S,Ptashnikov D,Michaylov D,et al.Risk factors for adjacent segment disease development after lumbar fusion.Asian Spine J.2015;9(2):239-244.
[42]Lafage R,Line BG,Gupta S,et al.Orientation of the upper-most instrumented segment influences proximal junctional disease fol owing adult spinal deformity surgery.Spine.2017;42:1570-1577.
[43]Martin CT,Skolasky RL,Mohamed AS,et al.Preliminary results of the effect of prophylactic vertebroplasty on the incidence of proximal junctional complications after posterior spinal fusion to the low thoracic spine.Spine Deform.2013;1:132-138.
[44]Kebaish KM,Martin CT,O'Brien JR,et al.Use of vertebroplasty to prevent proximal junctional fractures in adult deformity surgery:a biomechanical cadaveric study.Spine J.2013;13:1897-1903.
[45]Theologis AA,Burch S.Prevention of acute proximal junctional fractures after long thoracolumbar posterior fusions for adult spinal deformity using 2-level cement augmentation at the upper instrumented vertebra and the vertebra 1 level proximal to the upper instrumented vertebra.Spine.2015;40:1516-126.
[46]Ghobrial GM,Eichberg DG,Kolcun JPG,et al.Prophylactic vertebral cement augmentation at the uppermost instrumented vertebra and rostral adjacent vertebra for the prevention of proximal junctional kyphosis and failure following long-segment fusion for adult spinal deformity.Spine J.2017;17:1499-1505.
[47]Watanabe K,Lenke LG,Bridwell KH,et al.Proximal junctional vertebral fracture in adults after spinal deformity surgery using pedicle screw constructs:analysis of morphological features.Spine.2010;35:138-145.
[48]Verlaan JJ,Oner FC,Slootweg PJ,et al.Histologic changes after vertebroplasty.J Bone Joint Surg Am.2004;86-A(6):1230-1238.
[49]Kim YJ,Bridwell KH,Lenke LG,et al.Proximal junctional kyphosis in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis following segmental posterior spinal instrumentation and fusion:minimum 5-year follow-up.Spine.2005;30:2045-2050.
[50]Pahys JM,Vivas AC,Samdani AF,et al.Assessment of proximal junctional kyphosis and shoulder balance with proximal screws versus hooks in posterior spinal fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.Spine.2018;43:E1322-E1328.
[51]Clements DH,Betz RR,Newton PO,et al.Correlation of scoliosis curve correction with the number and type of fixation anchors.Spine.2009;34:2147-2150.
[52]Newton PO,Yaszay B,Upasani VV,et al.Preservation of thoracic kyphosis is critical to maintain lumbar lordosis in the surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.Spine.2010;35:1365-1370.
[53]Hassanzadeh H,Gupta S,Jain A,et al.Type of anchor at the proximal fusion level has a significant effect on the incidence of proximal junctional kyphosis and outcome in adults after long posterior spinal fusion.Spine Deform.2013;1(4):299-305.
[54]Safaee MM,Deviren V,Dalle Ore C,et al.Ligament augmentation for prevention of proximal junctional kyphosis and proximal junctional failure in adult spinal deformity.J Neurosurg Spine.2018;28:512-519.
[55]Pham MH,Tuchman A,Smith L,et al.Semitendinosus graft for interspinous ligament reinforcement in adult spinal deformity.Orthopedics.2017;40:e206-e210.
[56]Zaghloul KM,Matoian BJ,Denardin NB,et al.Preventing proximal adjacent level kyphosis with strap stabilization.Orthopedics.2016;39:e794-7999.
[57]Zhao J,Yang M,Yang Y,et al.Proximal junctional kyphosis in adult spinal deformity:a novel predictive index.Eur Spine J.2018;27:2303-2311.
[58]Zhu ZZ,Chen X,Qiu Y,et al.Adding satellite rods to standard2-rod construct with the use of duet screws:an effective technique to improve surgical outcomes and preventing proximal junctional kyphosis in posterior-only correction of scheuermann kyphosis.Spine.2017.
[59]Hart R,McCarthy I,O?brien M,et al.Identification of decision criteria for revision surgery among patients with proximal junctional failure after surgical treatment of spinal deformity.Spine.2013;38:E1223-1227.
[2]Lee GA,Betz RR,Clements DH 3rd,et al.Proximal kyphosis after posterior spinal fusion in patients with idiopathic scoliosis.Spine.1999;24:795-799.
[3]Glattes RC,Bridwell KH,Lenke LG,et al.Proximal junctional kyphosis in adult spinal deformity following long instrumented posterior spinal fusion:incidence,outcomes and risk factor analysis.Spine.2005;30:1643-1649.
[4]Hostin R,McCarthy I,O’Brien M,et al.Incidence,mode,and location of acute proximal junctional failures after surgical treatment of adult spinal defor-mity.Spine.2013;38:1008-1015.
[5]O?Shaughnessy BA,Bridwell KH,Lenke LG,et al.Does a long-fusion"T3-sacrum"portend a worse outcome than a short-fusion"T10-sacrum"in primary surgery for adult scoliosis?Spine.2012;37:884-890.
[6]Bridwell KH,Lenke LG,Cho SK,et al.Proximal junctional kyphosis in primary adult deformity surgery:evaluation of 20 degrees as a critical angle.Neurosurgery.2013;72:899-906.
[7]Helgeson MD,Shah SA,Newton PO,et al.Evaluation of proximal junctional kyphosis in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis following pedicle screw,hook,or hybrid instrumentation.Spine.2010;35:177-181.
[8]Sacramento-Domínguez C,Vayas-Díez R,Coll-Mesa L,et al.Reproducibility measuring the angle of proximal junctional kyphosis using the first or the second vertebra above the upper instrumented vertebrae in patients surgically treated for scoliosis.Spine.2009;34:2787-2791.
[9]Rastegar F,Contag A,Daniels A,et al.Proximal junctional kyphosis:inter-and intra-observer reliability of radiographic measurements in adult spinal deformity.Spine(Phila Pa 1976).2017.doi:10.1097/BRS.0000000000002261.
[10]Kim HJ,Lenke LG,Shaffrey CI,et al.Proximal junctional kyphosis as a distinct form of adjacent segment pathology after spinal deformity surgery:a systematic review.Spine.2012;37:S144-164.
[11]Hart RA,McCarthy I,Ames CP,et al.Proximal junctional kyphosis and proximal junctional failure.Neurosurg.Neurosurg Clin N Am.2013;24(2):213-218.
[12]Yagi M,Rahm M,Gaines R,et al.Characterization and surgical outcomes of proximal junctional failure in surgically treated patients with adult spinal deformity.Spine.2014;39:E607-614.
[13]Raman T,Miller E,Martin CT,et al.The effect of prophylactic vertebroplasty on the incidence of proximal junctional kyphosis and proximal junctional failure following posterior spinal fusion in adult spinal deformity:a 5-year follow-up study.Spine J.2017;17:1489-1498.
[14]Kim YJ,Bridwell KH,Lenke LG,et al.Proximal junctional kyphosis in adult spinal deformity after segmental posterior spinal instrumentation and fusion:minimum five-year follow-up.Spine.2008;33:2179-2184.
[15]Yagi M,Akilah KB,Boachie-Adjei O.Incidence,risk factors and classification of proximal junctional kyphosis:surgical outcomes review of adult idiopathic scoliosis.Spine.2011;36:E60-68.
[16]Maruo K,Ha Y,Inoue S,et al.Predictive factors for proximal junctional kyphosis in long fusions to the sacrum in adult spinal deformity.Spine.2013;38:E1469-1476.
[17]Sebaaly A,Sylvestre C,El Quehtani Y,et al.Incidence and risk factors for proximal junctional kyphosis:results of a multicentric study of adult scoliosis.Clin Spine Surg.2018;31:E178-E183.
[18]Nicholls FH,Bae J,Theologis AA,et al.Factors associated with the development of and revision for proximal junctional kyphosis in 440consecutive adult spinal deformity patients.Spine.2017;42:1693-1698.
[19]Luo M,Wang P,Wang W,et al.Upper thoracic versus lower thoracic as site of upper instrumented vertebrae for long fusion surgery in adult spinal deformity:a meta-analysis of proximal junctional kyphosis.World Neurosurg.2017;102:200-208.
[20]Liu Fe,Wang T,Yang SD,et al.Incidence and risk factors for proximal junctional kyphosis:a meta-analysis.Eur Spine J.2016;25:2376-2383.
[21]Lafage R,Schwab F,Glassman S,et al.Age-adjusted alignment goals have the potential to reduce PJK.Spine.2017;42:1275-1282.
[22]Yagi M,King AB,Boachie-Adjei O.Incidence,risk factors,and natural course of proximal junctional kyphosis:surgical outcomes review of adult idiopathic scoliosis.Minimum 5 years of follow-up.Spine.2012;37:1479-1489.
[23]Wang J,Zhao Y,Shen B,et al.Risk factor analysis of proximal junctional kyphosis after posterior fusion in patients with idiopathic scoliosis.Injury.2010;41:415-420.
[24]Kim HJ,Bridwell KH,Lenke LG,et al.Proximal junctional kyphosis results in inferior SRS pain subscores in adult deformity patients.Spine.2013;38:896-901.
[25]Anderson AL,McIff TE,Asher MA,et al.The effect of posterior thoracic spine anatomical structures on motion segment flexion stiffness.Spine.2009;34:441-446.
[26]Arlet V,Aebi M,Junctional spinal disorders in operated adult spinal deformities:present understanding and future perspectives.Eur Spine J.2013;22 Suppl 2:S276-295.
[27]Han S,Hyun SJ,Kim KJ,et al.Rod stiffness as a risk factor of proximal junctional kyphosis after adult spinal deformity surgery:comparative study between cobalt chrome multiple-rod constructs and titanium alloy two-rod constructs.Spine.Spine J.2017;17(7):962-968.
[28]Lau D,Clark AJ,Scheer JK,et al.Proximal junctional kyphosis and failure after spinal deformity surgery:a systematic review of the literature as a background to classification development.Spine.2014;39:2093-2102.
[29]Kim HJ,Bridwell KH,Lenke LG,et al.Patients with proximal junctional kyphosis requiring revision surgery have higher postoperative lumbar lordosis and larger sagittal balance corrections.Spine.2014;39:E576-580.
[30]Lafage R,Schwab F,Challier V,et al.Defining spino-pelvic alignment thresholds:should operative goals in adult spinal deformity surgery account for age?Spine.2016;41:62-68.
[31]Kim HJ,Iyer S.Proximal junctional kyphosis.J Am Acad Orthop Surg.2016;24:318-326.
[32]Lau D,Clark AJ,Scheer JK,et al.Proximal junctional kyphosis and failure after spinal deformity surgery:a systematic review of the literature as a background to classification development.Spine.2014;39(25):2093-2102.
[33]Park SJ,Lee CS,Chung SS,et al.Different risk factors of proximal junctional kyphosis and proximal junctional failure following long instrumented fusion to the sacrum for adult spinal deformity:survivorship analysis of 160 patients.Neurosurgery.2017;80:279-286.
[34]Kim DK,Kim JY,Kim DY,et al.Risk factors of proximal junctional kyphosis after multilevel fusion surgery:more than 2 years follow-up data.J Korean Neurosurg Soc.2017;60:174-180.
[35]Yagi M,Fujita N,Tsuji O,et al.Low bone-mineral density is a significant risk for proximal junctional failure after surgical correction of adult spinal deformity:a propensity score-matched analysis.Spine.2018;43:485-491.
[36]Diebo BG,Jalai CM,Challier V,et al.Novel index to quantify the risk of surgery in the setting of adult spinal deformity:a study on10,912 patients from the nationwide inpatient sample.Clin Spine Surg.2017;30:E993-E999.
[37]Scheer JK,Osorio JA,Smith JS,et al.Development of validated computer-based preoperative predictive model for proximal junction failure(pjf)or clinically significant pjk with 86%accuracy based on 510asd patients with 2-year follow-up.Spine.2016;41:E1328-E1335.
[38]Lange T,Schulte TL,Gosheger G,et al.Effects of multilevel posterior ligament dissection after spinal instrumentation on adjacent segment biomechanics as a potential risk factor for proximal junctional kyphosis:a biomechanical study.BMCMusculoskelet Disord.2018;19(1):57.
[39]Scheer JK,Lafage R,Schwab FJ,et al.Under correction of sagittal deformities based on age-adjusted alignment thresholds leads to worse health-related quality of life whereas over correction provides no additional benefit.Spine.2018;43:388-393.
[40]Lafage R,Bess S,Glassman S,et al.Virtual modeling of postoperative alignment after adult spinal deformity surgery helps predict associations between compensatory spinopelvic alignment changes,overcorrection,and proximal junctional kyphosis.Spine.2017;42:E1119-E1125.
[41]Masevnin S,Ptashnikov D,Michaylov D,et al.Risk factors for adjacent segment disease development after lumbar fusion.Asian Spine J.2015;9(2):239-244.
[42]Lafage R,Line BG,Gupta S,et al.Orientation of the upper-most instrumented segment influences proximal junctional disease fol owing adult spinal deformity surgery.Spine.2017;42:1570-1577.
[43]Martin CT,Skolasky RL,Mohamed AS,et al.Preliminary results of the effect of prophylactic vertebroplasty on the incidence of proximal junctional complications after posterior spinal fusion to the low thoracic spine.Spine Deform.2013;1:132-138.
[44]Kebaish KM,Martin CT,O'Brien JR,et al.Use of vertebroplasty to prevent proximal junctional fractures in adult deformity surgery:a biomechanical cadaveric study.Spine J.2013;13:1897-1903.
[45]Theologis AA,Burch S.Prevention of acute proximal junctional fractures after long thoracolumbar posterior fusions for adult spinal deformity using 2-level cement augmentation at the upper instrumented vertebra and the vertebra 1 level proximal to the upper instrumented vertebra.Spine.2015;40:1516-126.
[46]Ghobrial GM,Eichberg DG,Kolcun JPG,et al.Prophylactic vertebral cement augmentation at the uppermost instrumented vertebra and rostral adjacent vertebra for the prevention of proximal junctional kyphosis and failure following long-segment fusion for adult spinal deformity.Spine J.2017;17:1499-1505.
[47]Watanabe K,Lenke LG,Bridwell KH,et al.Proximal junctional vertebral fracture in adults after spinal deformity surgery using pedicle screw constructs:analysis of morphological features.Spine.2010;35:138-145.
[48]Verlaan JJ,Oner FC,Slootweg PJ,et al.Histologic changes after vertebroplasty.J Bone Joint Surg Am.2004;86-A(6):1230-1238.
[49]Kim YJ,Bridwell KH,Lenke LG,et al.Proximal junctional kyphosis in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis following segmental posterior spinal instrumentation and fusion:minimum 5-year follow-up.Spine.2005;30:2045-2050.
[50]Pahys JM,Vivas AC,Samdani AF,et al.Assessment of proximal junctional kyphosis and shoulder balance with proximal screws versus hooks in posterior spinal fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.Spine.2018;43:E1322-E1328.
[51]Clements DH,Betz RR,Newton PO,et al.Correlation of scoliosis curve correction with the number and type of fixation anchors.Spine.2009;34:2147-2150.
[52]Newton PO,Yaszay B,Upasani VV,et al.Preservation of thoracic kyphosis is critical to maintain lumbar lordosis in the surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.Spine.2010;35:1365-1370.
[53]Hassanzadeh H,Gupta S,Jain A,et al.Type of anchor at the proximal fusion level has a significant effect on the incidence of proximal junctional kyphosis and outcome in adults after long posterior spinal fusion.Spine Deform.2013;1(4):299-305.
[54]Safaee MM,Deviren V,Dalle Ore C,et al.Ligament augmentation for prevention of proximal junctional kyphosis and proximal junctional failure in adult spinal deformity.J Neurosurg Spine.2018;28:512-519.
[55]Pham MH,Tuchman A,Smith L,et al.Semitendinosus graft for interspinous ligament reinforcement in adult spinal deformity.Orthopedics.2017;40:e206-e210.
[56]Zaghloul KM,Matoian BJ,Denardin NB,et al.Preventing proximal adjacent level kyphosis with strap stabilization.Orthopedics.2016;39:e794-7999.
[57]Zhao J,Yang M,Yang Y,et al.Proximal junctional kyphosis in adult spinal deformity:a novel predictive index.Eur Spine J.2018;27:2303-2311.
[58]Zhu ZZ,Chen X,Qiu Y,et al.Adding satellite rods to standard2-rod construct with the use of duet screws:an effective technique to improve surgical outcomes and preventing proximal junctional kyphosis in posterior-only correction of scheuermann kyphosis.Spine.2017.
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